Digital Integrated Circuits Revolution

Digital integrated circuits rEvolution

Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction Introduction

Digital Integrated Circuit Design: The past, the present and the future » What made Digital IC design what it is today » Why is designing digital Ics different today than it was before? » Will it change in the future?

Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction The First Computer

The Babbage Difference Engine (1832) 25,000 parts cost: £17,470

Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction ENIAC - The first electronic computer (1946)

Balistic calculator (Used during 2° World War)

18000 valves 1500 relais 30 tons 200 KW

$ 486.804,22 (1946)

During 10 years of opeating life 19000 valves had to be replaced

Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction The transistor revolution

First transistor

Shockley, Brattain, Bardeen

Bell Labs, 1948

Same Functionality of vacuum tubes but less power and compact, reliable and fast.

Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction The first Integrted Circuit

 Improvement on technology process : » Planar Transistors (BJT)

 Integration of many transistors on the same semiconductor Phase shift oscillator – substrate Jack Kilby (1958)

Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction The first integrated circuit

ECL 3-input Gate Technology: bipolar Motorola 1966

Noyce –Fairchil Co-Founder

Idea: Planar transistor  Process in a single shot several transistor  Manufactoring steps  Doping  Oxidation  Lithografy  Etching  Deposition Beginning of the IC REVOLUTION!!!  Etc

Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction Transistor – Transistor Logic

 TTL is a class of digital circuits built from bipolar junction transistors (BJT) and resistors.  Became very popular after 1963 (Texas) 7400 and 5400 series  Main issue: » Speed » Power

Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction MOS transistor

Patented : 1935 (IGFET) . . .Reinvented in late ‘60 . First working device : ‘70

Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction Microprocessors

Intel 4004 (1971) 2300 transistors 3x4mm 10um process PMOS <1 MHz operation

Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction Microprocessors

Intel 4004 (1971) 2300 transistors 3x4mm 10um process PMOS <1 MHz operation

Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction Intel Core 2 Microprocessor

Intel Core 2 (2006), 291M transistors, 65CMOS, 143mm² 3GHz

Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction Transistor Counts

Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction Intel SRAM Prototype Chip (2009)

 22nm  364MB SRAM  > 2.9B transistor  3rd generation High-K + Metal Gate

Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction Moore’s Law

 In 1965, Gordon Moore noted that the number of transistors on a chip doubled every 18 to 24 months  He made a prediction that semiconductor technology will double its effectiveness every 18 months N O I T C

N 16 U

F 15

F 14 E O

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T 10 U N N

I 9

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P 2 M 1 O Electronics, April 19, 1965.

C 0 9 2 3 4 5 7 9 1 3 5 0 1 6 8 0 2 4 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 6 6 6 7 7 7 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction Cost per Transistor

cost: ¢-per-transistor 1 0.1 Fabrication capital cost per transistor (Moore’s law)

0.01

0.001

0.0001

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0.0000001 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012

Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction Scaling

 Transistor count is the most common measure of integrated circuit complexity. » Intel's 10-core XeonWestmere-EX  2.5 Billion » Xilinx currently holds the "world-record" for an FPGA containing 6.8 Billion transistors.

 More integration due transistor scaling: » More compact devices » faster » Less power hungry

Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction 65nm CMOS Technology

PMOS (gate 65nm)

8 Metal Layers for local/global interconnects

Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction Evolution in Complexity

memories

Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction Frequency

10000 Doubles every Now it’s over! 1000 ) 2 years z h M

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c Pentium ® proc

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LeadLead MicroprocessorsMicroprocessors frequencyfrequency doublesdoubles everyevery 22 yearsyears

Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction Power Dissipation Prediction (2000)

Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction Power density

10000 Rocket ) 2 Nozzle m

c 1000 / W

( Nuclear

y t i Reactor s 100 n Courtesy, Intel e D

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PowerPower densitydensity tootoo highhigh toto keepkeep junctionsjunctions atat lowlow temptemp

Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction Not enough cooling

Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction Why Scaling?

 Technology shrinks by 0.7/generation  With every generation can integrate 2x more functions per chip; chip cost does not increase significantly  Cost of a function decreases by 2x  But … » How to design chips with more and more functions? » Design engineering population does not double every two years…  Hence, a need for more efficient design methods » Exploit different levels of abstraction

Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction Design Abstraction Levels

SYSTEM

MODULE

GATE

CIRCUIT

DEVICE G S D n+ n+

Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction Not Only Microprocessors (cell phone…)

Small Power Signal RF RF

Power Managemen t

Analog Baseband

Digital Baseband (DSP + MCU)

26 Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction Challenges in Digital Design

“Microscopic Problems” “Macroscopic Issues” • Ultra-high speed design • Time-to-Market  Interconnect • Millions of Gates • Noise, Crosstalk • High-Level Abstractions • Reliability, Manufacturability • Reuse & IP: Portability • Power Dissipation • Predictability • Clock distribution. • Verification

Everything Looks a Little Different …and There’s a Lot of Them! ?

Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction