Digital integrated circuits rEvolution
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction Introduction
Digital Integrated Circuit Design: The past, the present and the future » What made Digital IC design what it is today » Why is designing digital Ics different today than it was before? » Will it change in the future?
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction The First Computer
The Babbage Difference Engine (1832) 25,000 parts cost: £17,470
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction ENIAC - The first electronic computer (1946)
Balistic calculator (Used during 2° World War)
18000 valves 1500 relais 30 tons 200 KW
$ 486.804,22 (1946)
During 10 years of opeating life 19000 valves had to be replaced
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction The transistor revolution
First transistor
Shockley, Brattain, Bardeen
Bell Labs, 1948
Same Functionality of vacuum tubes but less power and compact, reliable and fast.
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction The first Integrted Circuit
Improvement on technology process : » Planar Transistors (BJT)
Integration of many transistors on the same semiconductor Phase shift oscillator – substrate Jack Kilby (1958)
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction The first integrated circuit
ECL 3-input Gate Technology: bipolar Motorola 1966
Noyce –Fairchil Co-Founder
Idea: Planar transistor Process in a single shot several transistor Manufactoring steps Doping Oxidation Lithografy Etching Deposition Beginning of the IC REVOLUTION!!! Etc
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction Transistor – Transistor Logic
TTL is a class of digital circuits built from bipolar junction transistors (BJT) and resistors. Became very popular after 1963 (Texas) 7400 and 5400 series Main issue: » Speed » Power
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction MOS transistor
Patented : 1935 (IGFET) . . .Reinvented in late ‘60 . First working device : ‘70
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction Microprocessors
Intel 4004 (1971) 2300 transistors 3x4mm 10um process PMOS <1 MHz operation
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction Microprocessors
Intel 4004 (1971) 2300 transistors 3x4mm 10um process PMOS <1 MHz operation
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction Intel Core 2 Microprocessor
Intel Core 2 (2006), 291M transistors, 65CMOS, 143mm² 3GHz
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction Transistor Counts
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction Intel SRAM Prototype Chip (2009)
22nm 364MB SRAM > 2.9B transistor 3rd generation High-K + Metal Gate
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction Moore’s Law
In 1965, Gordon Moore noted that the number of transistors on a chip doubled every 18 to 24 months He made a prediction that semiconductor technology will double its effectiveness every 18 months N O I T C
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P 2 M 1 O Electronics, April 19, 1965.
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Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction Cost per Transistor
cost: ¢-per-transistor 1 0.1 Fabrication capital cost per transistor (Moore’s law)
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Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction Scaling
Transistor count is the most common measure of integrated circuit complexity. » Intel's 10-core XeonWestmere-EX 2.5 Billion » Xilinx currently holds the "world-record" for an FPGA containing 6.8 Billion transistors.
More integration due transistor scaling: » More compact devices » faster » Less power hungry
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction 65nm CMOS Technology
PMOS (gate 65nm)
8 Metal Layers for local/global interconnects
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction Evolution in Complexity
memories
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction Frequency
10000 Doubles every Now it’s over! 1000 ) 2 years z h M
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Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction Power Dissipation Prediction (2000)
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction Power density
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Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction Not enough cooling
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction Why Scaling?
Technology shrinks by 0.7/generation With every generation can integrate 2x more functions per chip; chip cost does not increase significantly Cost of a function decreases by 2x But … » How to design chips with more and more functions? » Design engineering population does not double every two years… Hence, a need for more efficient design methods » Exploit different levels of abstraction
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction Design Abstraction Levels
SYSTEM
MODULE
+
GATE
CIRCUIT
DEVICE G S D n+ n+
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction Not Only Microprocessors (cell phone…)
Small Power Signal RF RF
Power Managemen t
Analog Baseband
Digital Baseband (DSP + MCU)
26 Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction Challenges in Digital Design
“Microscopic Problems” “Macroscopic Issues” • Ultra-high speed design • Time-to-Market Interconnect • Millions of Gates • Noise, Crosstalk • High-Level Abstractions • Reliability, Manufacturability • Reuse & IP: Portability • Power Dissipation • Predictability • Clock distribution. • Verification
Everything Looks a Little Different …and There’s a Lot of Them! ?
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction