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UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Indirect Complaints in Japanese and English Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8566d49m Author Brenish, Shana Publication Date 2013 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Indirect Complaints in Japanese and English A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Asian Languages and Cultures by Shana Brenish 2013 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Indirect Complaints in Japanese and English by Shana Brenish Doctor of Philosophy in Asian Languages and Cultures University of California, Los Angeles, 2013 Professor Noriko Akatsuka, Chair This paper looks at indirect complaints in Japanese and English from a conversational analysis perspective. It is a study of 83 indirect complaints from Japanese and English conversations. In section one, I will discuss how complainers deal with the negativity that is associated with indirect complaints. Issues of face and self-presentation will be discussed. Section two examines the role that the non-affected party of a complaint has in the construction of complaints. It looks at their responses as well as other ways in which they contribute to complaints. I will talk also about conversational preference in section two and will look at what happens when multiple preferences in regards to responses to complaints are at variance with each other. Furthermore, I will discuss how knowledge functions in indirect complaints. Section three focuses on how complaints are not limited to one complainer or one complaint at a time. Complaints may consist of multiple complainers. Furthermore, separate but related complaints may occur simultaneously or in succession. In the final section, I will talk about the function of ii complaints and explore how complaints do conversational work beyond venting frustrations. It will be seen that though complaining in itself is an action, other actions can be performed as well when complaining. Some of the general findings of this dissertation are as follows. Indirect complaints are the result of co-construction between the parties involved and their outcome is highly subject to negotiation between these parties. Both complainers and addressees may adjust their tone and stance as they negotiate the complaint. Furthermore, this study reveals how indirect complaints fit within the scheme of negative and positive conversational acts. While speakers approach complaints as if they are doing a negative conversational act, complaints are actively pursued by speakers as they have positive aspects as well. Finally this dissertation shows that interpretation stands as an integral part of the construction of complaints. While a particular speech phenomenon may consistently appear in the context of complaints, the function of that phenomenon may vary greatly from complaint to complaint and is subject to interpretation. iii The dissertation of Shana Brenish is approved. Sung-Ock Shin Sohn Hongyin Tao Steven E. Clayman Noriko Akatsuka, Committee Chair University of California, Los Angeles 2013 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Transcription Symbols viii Glossary x 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Some Preliminaries on Complaints and Conversation Analysis 1 1.2. Defining Indirect Complaints 2 1.3. Data 3 1.4. Literature Review 5 1.5. Contents of this Dissertation 7 2. Dealing with the Negativity of Complaints 9 2.1. Introduction 9 2.2. Downplaying a Complaint 10 2.3. Speaking Positively within a Complaint 19 2.3.1. Stating the Good Points of a Person or Situation 20 2.3.2. Finding the Silver Lining 32 2.2.3. Summary of Speaking Positively 41 2.4. Characterizing Complaining as an Act one Should not Do 42 2.5. Routinized Expressions 58 2.6. Summary of Dealing with the Negativity of Complaints 62 3. Role of the Non-affected Party 64 3.1. Introduction 64 3.2. Listener Responses 64 3.2.1. Responding by downplaying a complaint 69 v 3.2.2. Responding positively to a complaint 81 3.2.2.1. Stating the positive aspects of a person or situation 81 3.2.2.2. Finding the silver lining 92 3.2.2.3. Indicating positive aspects of the speaker’s circumstances in general 102 3.2.2.4. Summary of responding positively to a complaint 107 3.2.3. Responding with humor 107 3.2.4. Responding by characterizing complaining as a negative act 129 3.2.5. Backtracking from one’s response 131 3.2.6. Summary of listener’s responses 138 3.3. Beyond merely responding: Other roles of the non-affected party 140 3.3.1. Introduction 140 3.3.2. Adding on to a complaint 140 3.3.2.1. Summary of adding on to a complaint 160 3.3.3. Instigating a complaint 160 3.3.3.1. Summary of instigating a complaint 214 3.4. Summary of the role of the non-affected party 215 4. Beyond one complainer and one complaint 217 4.1. Introduction 217 4.2. Second complaints 217 4.2.1. Second complaints which do not diminish the original complaint 223 4.2.2. Second complaints which interrupt the first complaint 244 4.2.3. Objecting to a second complaint 264 vi 4.2.4. Unsympathetic second complaints 275 4.2.5. Anti-second complaints 284 4.2.6. Conclusion of second complaints 288 4.3. Co-complaints 289 4.3.1. Introduction 289 4.3.2. Repetition in co-complaints 290 4.3.3. Humor in co-complaints 306 4.3.4. Summary of co-complaints 323 4.4. Summary of beyond one complainer and one complaint 323 5. Functions of complaints 324 5.1. Introduction 324 5.2. Complaints as explanations 325 5.3. Complaints as a defense 335 5.4. Indirect complaints functioning as direct complaints: The indirect / direct complaint 345 5.5. Hypothetical complaints and negotiation 364 5.6. Summary of functions of complaints 379 6. Conclusion 381 References 384 vii TRANSCRIPTION SYMBOLS [ ] - overlapping speech = - no break or pause, latching speech (.) - micropause . - falling or final intonation contour ? - rising intonation contour , - continuing intonation contour - - - truncated word or intonation contour :: - prolongation or stretching of sound word - (underlining) stress, emphasis WOrd - (capitalization) especially loud talk ° ° - markedly quieter talk <> - compressed or rushed speech >< - slow or drawn out speech (.h) - inhalation (hx) - exhalation hhh - breathing @ - laughter <@ @> - said with laughter X - indiscernible speech <E E> - English used by Japanese speakers <X X> - uncertain hearings <Q Q> - quoted speech marked by changed in voice viii (( )) - ambient noises, descriptions, comments ix GLOSSARY ACC accusative direct object particle o ADV adverbial form ku, ni ASP aspect -te iru -te aru AUX auxiliary -te oku -te miru BCH backchannel CAUS causative CLS classifier counter nin, mai, etc. COND conditional CONJ conjunctive te DAT dative indirect object ni DES desiderative tai, conditional + ii DIR direction e, ni DRT directive directive -te EMPH emphatic moo, nante etc. EVID evidential soo, rashii, yoo, mitai GEN genitive no HON honorific IEP interactive and emotive ne, yo , sa, zo particle IMP imperative INJ interjection ara, ano, are, uses of sono koo ano INSTR instrumental instrumental de x LOC locative ni, de MOD modal have to, may NEG negative NC negative command na NML nominalizer NOM nominative ga PASS passive PAST past tense POL polite desu / masu form POT potential PRED predicative formative copula and its forms PRS presumptive yoo, oo, shoo, deshoo Q question ka QUOT quotative marker to, -tte RY Renyoo form SE sentence extender no wake mono STA stative -te iru kekkon shite iru TAG ja nai, deshoo TARI tari etc., things like that TE -te non-conditional te TEMP temporal TIT title TOP topic marker wa xi TP time particle ni VOL volitional form yoo, oo, mashoo xii VITA Shana Brenish graduated Phi Betta Kappa from the University of Pittsburgh in 1995. She was a dual major and holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in Japanese Studies and Anthropology. She also received a certificate in Latin American Studies. She was awarded a Master of Arts degree in East Asian Languages and Cultures from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1997. After teaching English for several years at Poole Gakuin University in Sakai, Japan, she reenrolled in the East Asian Languages and Cultures program at UCLA to pursue her Doctor of Philosophy degree. She specialized in Japanese linguistics and was particularly interested in the area of conversation analysis. While at UCLA, she worked as a teaching associate of Japanese language. She currently is an instructor of Japanese Language at Fullerton College, Long Beach City College, and West Los Angeles College. xiii 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. SOME PRELIMINARIES ON COMPLAINTS AND CONVERSATION ANALYSIS Complaining is the conversational act of expressing dissatisfaction about someone or something. While linguists generally use the term “complaining” to refer to this act, there are also various synonymous layman terms which denote this action as well, such as ‘griping’, ‘moaning’, ‘bitching’, ‘bellyaching’, and ‘whining’. Researchers have generally divided complaints into two different types: direct and indirect. While both types signify the expression of dissatisfaction, they differ in their audience. Speakers express direct complaints in the presence of the person who they believe is responsible for the less than satisfactory situation or perceived offense. The addressee is thought to be able to affect a change in the situation (for studies on direct complaints in conversation; Dersley and Wootton (2000); Laforest (2002, 2009); Schgeloff (2005); Tatsuki (2000). In the case of indirect complaints, however, the offending party is not present. The speakers are only expressing their grievances to the addressee, not holding them accountable for them. It is the indirect complaint that will be the focus of my dissertation research. For my dissertation research, I will look at indirect complaints in Japanese and English from a conversation analysis perspective.
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