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THE USE in MODERN JAPANESE of M GRAI©Mticae/PARTICLES The use in modern Japanese of the grammatical particles known as kakari-joshi and fuku-joshi Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Wallace, Delight Johnstone, 1944- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 30/09/2021 13:56:02 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/318573 THE USE IN MODERN JAPANESE OF m GRAI©mTICAE/PARTICLES KNOWN AS KAKARI-JOSHI AND FUKU-JOSHI Delight Johnstone Wallace. A Thesis'Submitted toth e Faculty of the i^KARTNiENf DF ORIENTAL STtDIES z" In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of .. MASTER OF ARTS In the Graduate College THE.UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1/9 S O STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of re­ quirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library- to be made available to borrowers . under rules of the Library. Brief.quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judg­ ment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholar­ ship. -In all other, instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNEDt APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR- This thesis has been approved on the date shown below: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . N(jr primary debt of gratitude is owed to Dr. Don C. Bailey of the Oriental Studies Department, without whom this paper would be neither begun nor finished. I would also like to acknowledge with my thanks the long hours put into this project by my two native speakers, Shioji Hiroki and Tom Okita* Ky typist, Laurie Womack, deserves great thanks for her time and effort. And lastly, thanks go to my family who had to live with me throughout the writing of this paper. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT . / . * . • 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 ° ° 6 ° ° ° ■° 0 « 0 V INTRODUCTION . * . • 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 ° » ° ° 6 ° ° ° ° ° 1 Fuku-Josbi and Kakari-Joshi 0 oo e 0 o 0 • o » ° O 7 FUKLWOSHI c o o o o 0 0 O 0 0 O O 0 6 0 0 . 0 » 0 • ° • 11 c . 0 Bakari 0 Q o » „ 0 O 0 o o o o 0 o o 31 Dake o © . o © © © O O O O O O o 0 O O o o o O o o 0 0 ■ 0 0 18 Hodo 00 © o ©■a O 0 .0 o o o' 0 • 0 0 ■O 0 O o . o o o o 0 21 ICa o d o o d b o o o - 0 .0 O 0 O O 4 O c ■ 6 o O o O O O 0 O . 21 FmZL O O O O O O 0 o o o o o o e • 0 0 0 o 0 0 O 0 O 0 o .26 Kurai (Gurai) , O 0 .0 O o Q o » 0 O O 0 0 O 0 0 . 28 Made . , » , . » o O o 0 0 o o o O 0 0 O 0 0 O 0 0 o 0 d 3 0 Nado (Nazo„ Nanzo, Nanka ). ., . o. O O 0 o 0 0 O 0 O o O 3 1 Nomx d o o o o o d o ,o o o b o o O 0 © 0 0 o O O o o 0 ' 35 ITana . o © o & © o 0 O . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 O 0 0 o O O 36 ZUtSU 0, 6 0 O 0 O 0 0 0 0 0 ,0 • ° ' 0 • 0 6 0- 39 KAKARi-JOSHI © © © ©0 0 0 0 d; • o o o 0 o- ° ° ° 0 ° ° 11 DattG o o o o-o 0 o - o', o o o o o o 0 0 o o ‘ 0 ■ 0 11 D©mp .O 0 O O 0-0 o O 9 0 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O O d O o 0 12 Kosp o o d o o o o O O O O 0 O 0 ° °, 6 0 < ,0 0 0 0 . b 1 1 1,7 Mo o o o o b o o 0.0 0- 0 0 0 o 0 4 / c 0 ; 0 N an t0 © © © © - o 0 O O O 0 . 0 0 . ’. 0 0 0° 56 Na.ri (Nari to) 0 O 0 o o o o o o 0 O .0 OO O o 0 0 0 0 o 5 6 Sae © © o o.o o o o o o o o o o O 0 0 O OO OO 0 o o 57 Shxka © o o.o © 0 O 0 O 0 O 0 o O 0 o o o 0 0 O O o O o 5 8 S hxmo © o o o o 0 o o o o o o o 0 O o »O o 0 O o O 0 59 S ura o o © © o © O o 0-0 6 0 o o 0 O -o 0 0 o O o o- o O o 60 b Tara (Ttara) o o- o o d 0 O O O 0 o o o 0 * 61 Teba (Tte.ba) © * 0 0 0-0 0 o o o O -o 0 O O 0 O O O o O 0 62 lot© © o o oo o 6 o o 0 o o o o e - e O 0 0 0 ■ a o 0 O O „ 62 Tte o o.o o o o O O 0 . O O' o ‘ 0 o o o 0 o o o 0 0 a o o 0 62 i . \° \° . o 0 O O 0 0 o .o o b 0 ° • • « •• .» « • 63 LIST OF COLLOCATIONS ‘ USING FUKU-30SHI- e • ■0 • e 0 o ° . 0 0 7 1 LIST OF COLLOCATIONS USING KA.KAHI-JOSKI 0 . 0 0 o O d o b , 75 a 0 ■ 8 , LIST OF: REFERENCES 3 0 o b 0 0-0 o b o . o b ; 76 ABSTRACT The classes of particles in modern Japanese known as fuku-joshi (adverbial particles) and kakari-joshi (governing'particles) are subject to the same confusions in classification, and definition as the particle as a general class. Basically, the particle is an uninflected, bound morph, or word, which carries no content of itself, but modifies the word, phrase or sentence it follows, and distinguishes between the ncon­ ten t” words of the sentence, Fuku-joshi enhance the words they follow by limiting: the scope of their meaning, They are most often-translated "only," or "just," The scope of this category is a subject for debate0 It is often thought to include those particles which are here classified under a d istin c t heading,. k ak ari-josh i. These p a rtic le s .are. emphatic' i n ' nature and though occurring sentence-medial-ly may "govern" the tone or . even the cohstruction of the whole sentence. They may most often be translated "even," or with an exclamation point. These two. types of particles are delineated and classified in this paper with-examples of their usage extracted from the Kbkuritsu Eokugo Eenkyuujo (National . language research institute), Report No, 3, Gendaigo no Joshi, Jodooshi— Yoohoo to .Jitsurei (Present-day particles and inflected suffixes— examples and usage). v CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION The use in modern Japanese of the particles known as kakari- joshi and fuku-joshi is an ill-defined and controversial area of Japa­ nese linguistic studyo. Necessary to understanding the difficulties .involved in a' discussion of these two classes of particles is. a reali­ zation of the essential differences that exist in defining the scopej, function, and basic characteristics of the particle as a general.word classo : The Japanese early had to deal with the existence of the par­ ticle or 3oshio. The first recorded realization of the necessity of the particle occurs in a footnote by Ootorao no Yakamochi to his poem in the Manydoshu (Vol« 19, poem Ul?6) in which he allows that the par­ ticles mo, no, wa, te, ni, and 0, are not included, with the implica- tion that for correct interpretation the reader must add theme This convention of writing poetry in imitation of Classical Chinese which does not have such rela tio n a l words as p a rtic le s led to the n ecessity of placing okototen, or function-word marks, in various quadrants of the Chinese graph to show which.particle must-follow the Chinese graph I., Matsumura Akira, “Joshi ni tsuite"- (Concerning particles), . Kokubungaku (Japanese literature studies), Jan. (1967), 8. ' . ' . ■ : • 1 . " . 2 to show its relation to the other graphs so that a Japanese might read the poeMe Sometimes instead of using okototen5 the necessary particle was added in a smaller size than the Chinese graph, this process being 2 called kogakij, "small writing.u Subsequently from the Heian period through the Muromachi pe­ riod studies in which the ioshi or tenioha (a composite term made up of the particle te, niy o, and wa or ha as it is basically pronounced in the kana syllabaries) were discussed in terms of their relationship to poetry were much in vogue* In the waka and renga, the early poetical forms which were not in imitation of Classical; Chinese poetry5 the syllable count of each line was very important, so that the predomi­ nantly monosyllabic particles were considered of obvious importance.
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