The use in modern Japanese of the grammatical particles known as kakari-joshi and fuku-joshi
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Authors Wallace, Delight Johnstone, 1944-
Publisher The University of Arizona.
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Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/318573 THE USE IN MODERN JAPANESE OF m GRAI©mTICAE/PARTICLES
KNOWN AS KAKARI-JOSHI AND FUKU-JOSHI
Delight Johnstone Wallace.
. A Thesis'Submitted toth e Faculty of the
i^KARTNiENf DF ORIENTAL STtDIES z"
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of
.. MASTER OF ARTS
In the Graduate College
THE.UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA
1/9 S O STATEMENT BY AUTHOR
This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of re quirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library- to be made available to borrowers . under rules of the Library.
Brief.quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judg ment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholar ship. -In all other, instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. .
SIGNEDt
APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR-
This thesis has been approved on the date shown below: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
. N(jr primary debt of gratitude is owed to Dr. Don C. Bailey of
the Oriental Studies Department, without whom this paper would be
neither begun nor finished. I would also like to acknowledge with my
thanks the long hours put into this project by my two native speakers,
Shioji Hiroki and Tom Okita* Ky typist, Laurie Womack, deserves great
thanks for her time and effort. And lastly, thanks go to my family who
had to live with me throughout the writing of this paper. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT . / . * . . • 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 ° ° 6 ° ° ° ■° 0 « 0 V
INTRODUCTION . . * . . • 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 ° » ° ° 6 ° ° ° ° ° 1
Fuku-Josbi and Kakari-Joshi 0 oo e 0 o 0 • o » ° O 7
FUKLWOSHI c o o o o 0 0 O 0 0 O O 0 6 0 0 . 0 » 0 • ° • 11
c . 0 Bakari 0 Q o » „ 0 O 0 o o o o 0 o o 31
Dake o © . o © © © O O O O O O o 0 O O o o o O o o 0 0 ■ 0 0 18
Hodo 00 © o ©■a O 0 .0 o o o' 0 • 0 0 ■O 0 O o . o o o o 0 21 ICa o d o o d b o o o - 0 .0 O 0 O O 4 O c ■ 6 o O o O O O 0 O . 21 FmZL O O O O O O 0 o o o o o o e • 0 0 0 o 0 0 O 0 O 0 o .26 Kurai (Gurai) , O 0 .0 O o Q o » 0 O O 0 0 O 0 0 . 28
Made . , » , . » o O o 0 0 o o o O 0 0 O 0 0 O 0 0 o 0 d 3 0 Nado (Nazo„ Nanzo, Nanka ). ., . . o. O O 0 o 0 0 O 0 O o O 3 1 Nomx d o o o o o d o ,o o o b o o O 0 © 0 0 o O O o o 0 ' 35 ITana . o © o & © o 0 O . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 O 0 0 o O O 36 ZUtSU 0, 6 0 O 0 O 0 0 0 0 0 ,0 • ° ' 0 • 0 6 0- 39
KAKARi-JOSHI © © © ©0 0 0 0 d; • o o o 0 o- ° ° ° 0 ° ° 11
DattG o o o o-o 0 o - o', o o o o o o 0 0 o o ‘ 0 ■ 0 11 D©mp .O 0 O O 0-0 o O 9 0 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O O d O o 0 12 Kosp o o d o o o o O O O O 0 O 0 ° °, 6 0 < ,0 0 0 0 . b 1 1 1,7 Mo o o o o b o o 0.0 0- 0 0 0 o 0 4 / c 0 ; 0 N an t0 © © © © - o 0 O O O 0 . 0 0 . ’. 0 0 0° 56
Na.ri (Nari to) 0 O 0 o o o o o o 0 O .0 OO O o 0 0 0 0 o 5 6 Sae © © o o.o o o o o o o o o o O 0 0 O OO OO 0 o o 57 Shxka © o o.o © 0 O 0 O 0 O 0 o O 0 o o o 0 0 O O o O o 5 8 S hxmo © o o o o 0 o o o o o o o 0 O o »O o 0 O o O 0 59
S ura o o © © o © O o 0-0 6 0 o o 0 O -o 0 0 o O o o- o O o 60 b Tara (Ttara) o o- o o d 0 O O O 0 o o o 0 * 61 Teba (Tte.ba) © * 0 0 0-0 0 o o o O -o 0 O O 0 O O O o O 0 62
lot© © o o oo o 6 o o 0 o o o o e - e O 0 0 0 ■ a o 0 O O „ 62
Tte o o.o o o o O O 0 . O O' o ‘ 0 o o o 0 o o o 0 0 a o o 0 62 . i ° . \° o 0 O O 0 0 o .o o b 0 ° • • « •• .» « • 63
LIST OF COLLOCATIONS ‘ USING FUKU-30SHI- e • ■0 • e 0 o ° . 0 0 7 1
LIST OF COLLOCATIONS USING KA.KAHI-JOSKI 0 . 0 0 o O d o b , 75
a 0 ■ 8 , LIST OF: REFERENCES 3 0 o b 0 0-0 o b o . o b ; 76 ABSTRACT
The classes of particles in modern Japanese known as fuku-joshi
(adverbial particles) and kakari-joshi (governing'particles) are subject to the same confusions in classification, and definition as the particle as a general class. Basically, the particle is an uninflected, bound morph, or word, which carries no content of itself, but modifies the word, phrase or sentence it follows, and distinguishes between the ncon ten t” words of the sentence, Fuku-joshi enhance the words they follow by limiting: the scope of their meaning, They are most often-translated
"only," or "just," The scope of this category is a subject for debate0
It is often thought to include those particles which are here classified under a d istin c t heading,. k ak ari-josh i. These p a rtic le s .are. emphatic' i n ' nature and though occurring sentence-medial-ly may "govern" the tone or . even the cohstruction of the whole sentence. They may most often be translated "even," or with an exclamation point. These two. types of particles are delineated and classified in this paper with-examples of their usage extracted from the Kbkuritsu Eokugo Eenkyuujo (National . language research institute), Report No, 3, Gendaigo no Joshi, Jodooshi—
Yoohoo to .Jitsurei (Present-day particles and inflected suffixes— examples and usage).
v CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The use in modern Japanese of the particles known as kakari-
joshi and fuku-joshi is an ill-defined and controversial area of Japa
nese linguistic studyo. Necessary to understanding the difficulties
.involved in a' discussion of these two classes of particles is. a reali
zation of the essential differences that exist in defining the scopej,
function, and basic characteristics of the particle as a general.word
classo :
The Japanese early had to deal with the existence of the par ticle or 3oshio. The first recorded realization of the necessity of
the particle occurs in a footnote by Ootorao no Yakamochi to his poem in the Manydoshu (Vol« 19, poem Ul?6) in which he allows that the par
ticles mo, no, wa, te, ni, and 0, are not included, with the implica- tion that for correct interpretation the reader must add theme This convention of writing poetry in imitation of Classical Chinese which does not have such rela tio n a l words as p a rtic le s led to the n ecessity of placing okototen, or function-word marks, in various quadrants of the Chinese graph to show which.particle must-follow the Chinese graph
I., Matsumura Akira, “Joshi ni tsuite"- (Concerning particles), . Kokubungaku (Japanese literature studies), Jan. (1967), 8.
' . . ' . ■ : • 1 . " . 2
to show its relation to the other graphs so that a Japanese might read
the poeMe Sometimes instead of using okototen5 the necessary particle was added in a smaller size than the Chinese graph, this process being 2 called kogakij, "small writing.u
Subsequently from the Heian period through the Muromachi pe
riod studies in which the ioshi or tenioha (a composite term made up of
the particle te, niy o, and wa or ha as it is basically pronounced in
the kana syllabaries) were discussed in terms of their relationship to
poetry were much in vogue* In the waka and renga, the early poetical
forms which were not in imitation of Classical; Chinese poetry5 the
syllable count of each line was very important, so that the predomi
nantly monosyllabic particles were considered of obvious importance.
Jun Toku-in’s Yakumo Mishoo (Miscellaneous Notes by the Emperor) was
characteristic of this type of study, but, being mainly a treatise on -
poetry, only slight mention is made of tenioha. Teniha. Taigais.hoo
(General. Notes on te-ni-ha) was a more scholarly treatise from the
Kamakura Period.^ In 1773 Fujitani Nariakira published Ayuishoo (Ayui
Notes) in five volumns. Ayui is a term originally meaning 'legging1 and applied by Fujitani to mean 1 suffix. 1 This work is noteworthy as
' 2. Ibid.,, 8.
3o Kokugo Gakkai (Japanese language society), comp., Kokugo == gaku. Jiten (Dictionary of Japanese language studies), (Tokyos Tookyoodoo, 1963), 66$,
ho Ibid., 66$. ' ■ ' ■ ••■■■ ' ' 3 the discussion of the meaning and usage of each particle was fairly
detailed and particles were distinguished from auxiliary verbs within
the category tenioha. It was not until the Meiji Period that the term
tenioha was used to refer only to particles, with the publication of
the dictionary, Genkai (sea of words) by Ootsuki Fumihiko in 1890®
Before this time tenioha was used to include jodooshi (inflected suf- . fixes), katsuyoogobi (inflected finals), and setsubigo (conjunctive finals), along with the joshic
The term jo sh i seems to have f ir s t appeared in a lexicon in
1908 in Kanazawa Shoozaburo1s Jirin (Forest of words), but was popu la rized by Yamada Yoshio's Nihon Burn.pooron (On Japanese grammar) pub- 5 . v lished the next year® Coincidental with the use of the term joshi . came what is now considered to be the traditional view of the defini tion and classification of the particles, This approach is attributed.
to Yamada Yoshio and Hashimoto Shinkishi as they were the most respect ed philologists of their timeo; The traditional definition is as fol lows? the particle is a bound form which 11 (l) from the standpoint of form, is not inflected, (2) from the standpoint of semantics, cannot express meaning independently, being dependent on other ’concept words’
to demonstrate its meaning, and (3) from the standpoint of function,
is adjunct to independent words, clarifies their meanings and is used
to indicate the relationships between them®’’ This quote can validly be considered as reflecting the traditional definition of joshi, as it
is taken from the Kokugogaku jiten (Dictionary of Japanese language
studies), and in turn from its general article on particles which
should of necessity reflect the generally accepted opinion*
So Matsumura.-Akira ( 1967) , 80 Regarding the c la s s ific a tio n of jo sh i, Yamada and. Hashimoto differ.slightly both in terms of the basis of classification and the number of categories, Yamada1s classification, as. found in his Nihon
Bunpooron, i s based bn what part of speech the j os hi accompany and what relationships they indicate. His six categories are: -;
1» Kaku-joshi—case particles*
2, Fuku-joshi—adverbial particles.,
3, Se ts.uz.oku-j os hi—conjunctive particles,
he Kakari-joshi—governing particles, ■_..
Shuu-j os hi—final particles, • 6 6, Kantoo-j os hi—expletive particles.
Hashimoto Shinkichi, in his Kokugogaku-gairon (Introduction to '/.
Japanese language studies), has based his classification of particles on the relationships they determine and upon their immediate constit^ uents. He has a nine part classifications
1, • Fuku-jos hi—^adverbial particles,
2, Kaku-j os hi—case p a r tic le s,
3o Setsuzoku-ioshi'—conjunctive particles,
It, . Kakari-j os hi—governing particles, , ..
3o Shuu-joshi—final particles,
6a Kantoo-joshi—expletive particles,'
7, Juntai-joshi--nominalizing particles.
8, • Heritsu-joshi-—-enumerative particles,
pa Junfukutai-j os hi- - (rentai-j os hi.)—attributive particles,
6, Kokugo Gakkai (Japanese language so c ie ty ) (1963), !?hOo , '■ ; ;V ■' 5 Hashimoto la te r s e t up, as a tenth category, junfuku-joshi, 7 uadverballzing particleson Many school grammars have used Yamaha's
six part classification. In fact there ares onie four part classifica
tions in which the final and. expletive particles are included together to create one category. Case particles include the. nominal!zing par ticles to form the second class, the conjunctive particles constitute the third class and in the fourth class adverbial, adverbali.zing, • ennumerative, and governing p a rtic le s are lumped togeth er, However,
Hashimoto'S' classification is basically the one used in the Report'#3 o f the Kokuritsu Kokugo Kenkyuujo (National language in stitu te ), en titled Gendaigo no Joshi, Jodooshi—Yoohoo to Jitsurei (Present day particles and inflected suffixes—usage and examples) from which the sentences have been extracted and translated to make up the main body of this paper. It should be noted, however, that the junfukutai- and junfuku-joshi categories have not been included in the Kokuritsu kokugo kenkyuujo (KKK) study, ;■
■ The traditional approach to the description of joshi as out- : ' lined above has been disputed by modern linguists with the tools of modern structural analysis at hand. Their classifications of parti cles vary basically as the following classification of Bernard Bloch w ill show,. Yet it is interesting, that most modern analyses accept the basic segmentation which allows the particle to exist as a separate though bound morph or word. In the final analysis the rationale for giving the particle word-status is the intuition of.the native speaker,
7- Ibid,, 51t0o In segmenting the Japanese sentence, a basic sentence unit is the 8 bunsetsu, a term coined by Hashimoto Shinkichi, that phrase unit lying between a sentence and a words This concept is important in an analysis of the particle as the bunsetsu is made up of the free form plus an almost obligatory particleo In some analyses (that of the KKK for instance) it is the subtraction of the free form morpheme from the bunsetsu which leaves the particle as an isolated word0 Bernard
Bloch's concept of the "facultative phrase" or pause group is very similar to the coneept Of bunsetsu, and yet his classification of par- ' tid es, which depends in large part upon this concept, does not resem- ble Hashimoto's parts of speech classifiestione Some particles, ac cording to Bloch, apply only to the pause group in which they occur while some refer to the larger units of sentences and clauses„ In his classification a seemingly single particle may occur in two different categorieso This is, however, simply a case of using these homonyms as distinct particles, a solution sought by most analyses, including that of the KKKo His categories are as follows s
lo Sentence particles—which follow the predicate nucleus in a sentence-final clause.
80 Hashimoto Shinkichi, Hashimoto Shinkichi Hakushi Chosaku- shuu. Vol. I I , Kbkugohoo Joosetsu (Complete works of Dr. Hashimoto Shinkichi, vol.. II, Elements of Japanese Grammar), (Tokyo; Iwanami Shoten, 19U8), 5- 9. Hiroshi Miyaji, "Definition and Usage of Particles in Contemporary Japanese," The Journal-Newsletter of the A ssociation of. ' Teachers of Japanese, Vol. TV, No. 3, (1967) , 18. —^ 2„ Clause particles—which follow the predicate nucleus in a non-
final clause 0 3o Referent Particlese
ho Quotative particles.
5o Conjunctive particles.
The last three categories handle particles which act on pause groups 10 indicating the relationships between them.:
Fuku-J os hi and Kakari-J oshi
The two types of particles dealt with here are fuku-,j os hi and
kakari-joshi, the adverbial and governing particles. These two cate
gories are of particular interest because they are both elusive in
definition and because the various particles listed under them appear
to overlap5 to logically come under either heading. Therefores sin
gling them out for consideration together would seem a valid under
taking. The adverbial particle is the more easily defined of the two
particles and consequently a discussion of this particle w ill be
undertaken first. ■
Yamada Yoshio who is responsible for the term fuku-joshi has
defined th is p a rtic le as one which m odifies or enhances the meaning of
an inflectible or non-inflectable word. It acts upon the preceding
word or phrase as if it were a non-inflectible word, as in the fol-
. lowing examples:
1. Kawara bakari da. (It*s just tiles).
10. Bernard Bloch, “Studies, in Colloquial Japanese, Part II, Syntax," Language, Monograph 22 (ipho), 208-228. 2«, Warau bakari da. (He just laughs) „
Fuku-joshi characteristically have a conditioning (jootaiteki) meaning u - : according to Yamada0
Hashimoto Shinkichi has b a sica lly accepted Yamada1s d e fin itio n of fuku-joshi, but applies it only to specific cases of the whole class of particles, Fuku-joshi may follow or precede case particles or may surplant them as in the following examples $
1, Kimi ni dake oshieyoo, (I'll teach it only to you),
2, Kimi dake n i oshieyoo, ( I ' l l teach i t to only you),
3, Kimi dake oshieyoo, ( I ' l l teach only you),
The f ir s t example performs, what Hashimoto terms a fuku-joshi function,. merely the adverb adverbial function of limiting the preceding phrase*
However, in the second example, dake performs a. ju n ta itek i, or nominal- izing function. All that precedes a particle like dake, and note that it may be a phrase, as in; Shinpai shita hodo no (To the extent of worrying), becomes a nominal plirase which then functions as a sin gle non-inflectible word. He feels that in the third case the function of 15 dake cannot be determined because of t he absence of the case particle.
This is the point in Hashimoto's argument that makes one wonder i f i t is not the Case particles following the fuku-joshi that carries the nominalizing effect* However, such a dual adverbial-nominal role in . which the unit resulting from the addition of a fuku-joshi to either an inflected or non-inflected word functions like a substantive, can
11, KpkUgo Gakkai (Japanese language so ciety ) (1963), 272,
12, Ibid,, 272, be illustrated by a double translation of the following5
lo Miru dake da, . I'm just looking» (Adverbial translation).
2o Miru dake da. It's just looking (that I'm doing). (Nominal- izing translation).^
In the Kokuritsu kokugo kenkyuujo study from-which the examples of fuku-joshi in this paper are taken, this juntaiteki function is not recognized for particles such as dake, hodo, kara, etc., and thus the
■ "■ lh juntai-joshi category of the report contains, only the particle no.
The new text, Ggndalgo-Kotengo Joslii-Jodooshi Shoosetsu .(Present-day and classical particles and inflected suffixes—-a detailed study) by . ' ' - .' 15 Matsumua Akira recognizes no such category as juntai-joshi.
Both Yamada and Hashimoto.recognize a limiting or restrictive quality in fuku-joshi (that which Yamada calls conditioning). This . may be easily observed in all of the following, fuku-joshi, listed as they appear in this papers
1. bakari .
20 dake. ,
■ 13. Ekoyama Tsuneaki and Matsumura Akira, comp. , Nihon Bumpoo Jiten (Dictionary of Japanese grammar),1 (Tokyo: Meiji Shoin, 1963), .
lit. Kokuritsu Kokugo Kenkyuujo (Mational language research institute), comp.. Report. No. 3, Gendaigo no Joshi, .Jodooshi—Yoohoo to Jitsurei (Present-day particles and inflected, suffixes—usage and examples), (Tokyo: Shuuei Shuppan, 1951), 171.
. 15 o Matsumura. Akira., comp., Gendaigo-Kotengo Jos hi-Jodooshi ' .. Shoosetsu (Present-day and classical particles and inflected suf fixes—a detailed study), (Tokyo: Gakutoosha, 1969), U-6. 10
3 « hodo
li. ka
5 e k ir l
60 kurai (gurai)
7o nado (nazOj nanzo, nanka)
80 nomi
9 o made
10o yara
11o zutsu
While ka is not so clearly.limiting as the other particles, it does qualify in the sense that it limits the interrogative to an indefinite function or meaningd Matsumura differs in his classification of fuku- joshij in thats in his aforementioned text, he includes shika and sae
(which the KKK Report and therefore this paper include with kakari-joshi) and yet does not list either zutsu or nomi in.any of his joshi cate g o ries.
The term kakari-joshi or governing particles, comes from the ; terra kakari-musubi which is the concept of the connection between the final verb of the sentence and.the sentence-medial particle. The most, obvious example of this link occurs in the use of the particle shika which occurs only in conjunction with a negative verb. Thus such a particle is said to govern the construction of the rest of the sen- tence, in that it influences and restricts the speaker's choice of a ■ verb formo The concept of the essential dynamic nexus of verbal
lb , Kokugo Gakkai (Japanese language so ciety ) (1963)» 138, ■ 11 quality or copularity as it is primary in construction of a sentence
is called in Japanese chinjutsu0 The view held of this concept seems ;
to d iffe r from scholar to scholar. However, in contrast to the fa c-
tual or narrative elements (the jojutsu) on an utterance, it is con
ceived of as the devices marshalled by the speaker both to animate or
relate the basic concept-words to each other and to superimpose upon
the whole, the speaker’s feelings about his utterance. Accordingly,
in order to accomplish this large if nebulous order, the location of
chinjutsu is variously, held fo be within the inHeetible words gener- •
ally, within the inflected suffixes, within particles (particularly
the final or expletive particles), within the intonation, and even
w ithin the. subjective choice of one word over another.Thus , a kakari-
joshi limits and restricts the chinjutsu of the sentence in much the
same way that a fuku-joshi limits and restricts the jojutsu, or narra- .
tive element.of the sentence which lies in the subject,, its modifiers
and the adverbs. This functional similarity of kakari and fuku-joshi' in
terms of their restrictive quality has led to some philologists, such as
Yasuda Kiyomon, to include kakari-joshi with fuku-joshi. Tokeida Mootoki
feels that this limiting quality is of primary importance and that both
kakari-joshi and fuku-joshi, and possibly even heritsu-jos h i■(enumerat-
ing particles) ought to be discussed as 11 joshi which express limitation.'^*®
The.kakari-joshi.which are listed below as those which w ill be.
dealt with in this paper, are those which the. KKK Report Number 3.in- -'
eludes as governing particles:
-17. Ibid., 650. .
/ .. " 18. Ibid., 139. • 1 , datte
2. demo
3 . koso
it. mo ■
3 . nante 6 ,. nari
7. sae
8. sh ik a .
9 . shimo
10. sura
11, -t(t)a r a . 12, t(t)e b a
13. to te
lit. t.te.
13= wa -v There are two p a rticles on th is l i s t which, are particularly■unamenable to classification, Wa and mo are not considered;case particles by any
prominent authorities, but are usually included as kakarl-joshi,
Matsumura1s category of kakari-joshi includes them even though most of the particles included on the above list do not appear in his section on kaikari-joshio Matsushita Daizaburoo and Sakuma Kanae have each estab lished'separate categories for these "topic-" (as distinct from "subject-") designating particles0 And yet even they hint.that because these par ticles specify the general subject (daimokugo) they have some influence on the construction of the sentence. If this is so then these particles would have to be included among the kakari-.joshi as Yamada and Hashimoto have statedo"^ However, th is debate is far from closed and the c la s s i fication of wa, and to a lesser degree, mo, may still be considered uncertain.
The following sentences have been chosen from the selection pro vided in The National Language Research I n s titu te 's Report Number 3 ,
Gendaigo no Joshij Jodooshi—-Yoohoo to Jitsurei, unless otherwise indi cated, The various headings for the different usages of each particle are translations or adaptations of those headings found in the KKK Report,
Sometimes slight changes or additions have been made for the sake of clarification. CHAPTER 2
FUKU-JOSHI -
T ■ ' Bakari
Indicating degree or approximation follow ing q u antitative words
Example 1: Soo iu ojoosama wa^ tatami.no ue o funde inai yoo
na karusa de5 sutto chikayotte yuki> kusuribin o motte modotte kuru to,
hanbun bakari h aftte ita kohaku-»iro. no,- o-ktisuri .o sakasa ni. sh ite,,
ensaki kara niwa e sutete shimaimashitab -.
Now that you ask me, when the ojoosama, so lightly as if she .:
weren’t treading on the tatami, had quietly approached and brought back
the medicine bottle, she emptied from the edge of the veranda into the
garden the medicine bottle, filled about (almost) half way with amber-
color eds medic ine<.
Limits the scope of the application, . follow ing various words
Example 1 : Tokpro ga koko n i noberarete iru yoo na koto wa
sekai no ooku no kuniguni de wa mochiron, Nihon demo shuusen irai sudeni
ippan chishikinin no aida de wa jooshikika shite iru kotogara bakari
de aruo : ■ ' ' : ; ^ :
By the way, however, the kinds of things mentioned here are
merely those things which, of course, are common knowledge among the
lo The. following examples have been taken from the Kokuritsu ■ Kogugo Kenyuujo. (hereafter abbreviated, as KKK) Report (1951) 5 201-203o run-of-the-mill educated , and informed in many countries of the worldj,
and which, since the war, have already become common knowledge among
intellectuals generally in Japan0
. Example 2 ; Too no Suzan wa masumasu kare n i netsu. o agete,
matsuwari-tsuku bakari da0
The Susan we1 re talking about became more and more enamored of
- him and ju st ta g s,along a fter him, .
Bakari de_wa_nai
Example I s Soren wa Maasharu keikaku ya Kita Taiseiyoo Jooyaku
, ni miru Sei1oogawa no gunjiteki keizaiteki danketsu. no uchi ni, taiso
hoo'isen no kiken o kanjite iru bakari de haku, sarani Sei-Oo shihon-
shugikoku no keiki kootai o. yosoo sum tokoro kara, sono keiki kaifu-
kusaku to sh ite s e i 1Oogawa ga iyoiyo gunbi kyooka o hakaru mono to m ite,
sensoo ni taisuru fuankan o tsuyomete. im 0
Not only does the Soviet Union feel, t he danger of an anti-Soviet
. war of containment within the West European military and economic unity
they see in such things as the Marshall Plan.and the NATO Treaty but,
furthermore, they have strengthened.-:their apprehension about warj an- ■
ticipating a depression among Western capitalist nations, they see.the . .
West’s increased build up of military installations as a plan for the
recovery of prosperity.
Bakari-ka., (More colloquial. and, emphatic than -. ‘’’bakari de wa nal ) —3
Example 1 : Kare’wa benkyoo o shinai bakari ka shigoto mo sh in a i.
Not only won’t he study, he won't work e ith e r 0 16
Example 2 ; Sore ga nodo va pitarl shaberanal bakari ka, hajime .■
. wa hita-kakushi ni kakushite yaganda.
Well, this time not only has he shut up like a clam, but for a
while he's been stubbornly covering up,
..o-Te bakari iru,
Example 1 ; Sonna ni asonde bakari in a id e, sukoshi wa benlgroo
shi nasal, ,
Instead of just playing around, do study some, •
Bakari ni.. (Conjunctive usage)
Example I s Roodoo-kumiai ga kore o kobanda bakari n i, -Shakai
Minshutoo kakuryoo n o s o o ta ijin ga okori5 sore ga kekkydku minshu-shugi
no teki no tame ni michi o hiraku kien o tsukatta,.
Just because the labor union rejected it, the mass resignation
of the Social Democratic cabinet occurred and that, as a result, pro
vided the opportunity for the enemies of democracy.to get their foot in
the dooro-
Expressing an impending situation.
Example I s Sukkari nizukuri o shite, hakobi-dasu bakari ni natte
iruo
I've completely finished packing and am ready to carry it out,
. -N bakari . /
Example Is Aite wa kubi o katamukete, makoto ni fushigi na o- .
tazune da to iwan bakari no kao o suru0. The other.guy cocked his head/with an about-to-say-"What a strange question'* expression on his face*
Example 2 ; Tatamj n i h ita i o suri-tsu k e su r i-tsu k i5 gookyuu sen bakari no wabikata datta.
The way he apologized was to rub his head back and forth on the • tatami on the verge of violent tears,
.To_ba^|ri-. Example I s Koowa kaigi to iu yoo na kokuminteki kadai o karugam- shiku toriatsukai,: sore mo kokkai kaikaichuu wa yatoo ni enryo Shite ka moku-shi, heikai to naru ya matte ita to bakari ni ichiji no seiryakuteki toori-tooryaku da majime na kokumin ni aranu yume o idakesetari suru0
They treated lightly a matter of such national concern as the
Peace Conference, and. while the Diet was in session, perhaps out of re gard for the Opposition Party, they remained silent about itj and, as if just waiting for the session to end, as a temporary political expediency, they had the people embrace a fa ls e dream*
Example 2 ; Tanaka-san ga yuuwai de am to bakari, kenji wa
2 • - hanashitsuzuketa*
The prosecuting attorney kept on talking just as if Mr* Tanaka were guilty*
Indicating a situation that has just occurred
•Example l i Obsaka Sakaisuji de saru juuyokka shoogo goro onna- jimu-in futari o jidoosha de osoi, girikoo kara hikidashita bakari,no
■ ■ 2* This example has been elicited from our.native speaker, Shioji Hiroki. . ' ' ' ■ : ; ; v v ; 18:; genlcin yaku pokuman1 en o goodatsu sh it a gyanguda.n jiken ga aru. About noon of the lltth in Osaka's Sakaisuji there was a gang incident in whieh^- using a car, they attacked two women office workers ' and robbed them of about 60,000 yen they had:just withdrawn from the banks.
Dake3
Delineating the degree or extent of the situation, action or thing.
Example I s Mnshu-shugi to iu kotoba naraba dare mo ga sh itte iruo Shikashi minshu-shugi no hontoo no imio shitte iru hito ga, dore dake aru daroo ka.
Everybody knows the term "democracy, 11 but I wonder just how many persons know the true meaning of democracy.
•qoo ooo dake *00
'Example 1 ; . Kane o mookereba mookeru dake, ningenga iyashiku naru no ga ippan de aru®
Generally speaking, the more -money one makes . the meaner one gets®
Examnle 2% Ano h ito n i aeba au dake aitakunaku naru®
The_more'■ . '.1 ' meet ' that guy the less I. want, to meet ' hdmio -- k " - '
o .00Bake sore dake® ® ®.
Example 1 : Ano mise wa takai® Ga ne ga takai dake sore dake- ;' shina. ga yasui ..koto, mo tashika da® •
3® The following examples have been taken from the KKK Report- - . (I9 5 l), 6I4-660 '
. It® This .example has been e lic it e d from our native speaker, Shioji Hiroki, ;-,". 19
That store is expensive. And you may be sure that the quality
is Just as cheap as the price is high.! '
Example 2s Tanaka-san no nooto -wa gojuu-en desu. Shimizu-san
' v ' ■ no nooto wa nana-juu-go-en desu* Shimizu-san no nooto wa nijuu-go-en bun dake sore dake a tu si desu, .
Tanaka1s notebook is f if t y yen, Shimizu* s is seven ty-five yen ,
Shimizu's notebook is twenty-five yen's ..worth thicker (thicker just by the amant of tw enty-five y en )c
Example 3 ° Kawa no mizu wa ame ga fureba furu dake sore dake fueru, .
. The water in the river increases only by as much as it rains,
, . oDekiru dake,,,
... Example.1; Ooi-ni hatsugen shite itadaku kikai o dekiru dake tsukuru to iu henshuubu no ito daroo to omoimasu.
It appears to be the intent of the editorial offices to create as far .as possible opportunities to.have you speak out fully, •
, , .Dake no koto wa aru
Example, 1 : Kono kazokti kaigi wa mainichiyoobi gogo hirakareta,
Soshite toki to shite awaya kenka sawagi no naroo to shita koto mo atta gas kaigi o hiraku dake no koto wa. atta.
This, family council was held every'Sunday. And at time it nearly;wound up in a squabble, but it was worth the trouble to hold, the co u n cils. 20
Dake a tte .
Example 1 ; Da ga shikashi5 sasuga wa ten sai gaka Takizawa E iji kun no saku dake atte, korya subarashii hyoohonzu da0
But this is a splendid sample chart just because it is the work- of the talented a r tis t Takizawa E iji (by virtue df i t s being. <,«,) „
.Dake n i.
Example I s Chuukyoo-gawa ga korio yoo: na jinbutsu n i kyooryoku o motometa koto wa hajimete de aru dake ni toku ni.chuumoku saPeru,
It is all the more noteworthy just because this is the first time the Chinese Communist side.has sought the cooperation of this sort o f person.
Limiting the scope to that expressed immediately before
Example 1; Koto ni kyooiku bumon n i kanshite wa gakkoo dake kyooiku suru ba de wa nai no de aru.
In particular, as far. as educati. onal fields are concerned, the school alone (solely) is not the place for education,
. Example 2s Nan to naku fu ta r i dake de hanashitaku natta.
Somehow I began to want to talk, just the two of us.
Dake de (wa) nai.
Example I s Koto wa kyooiku bumon dake de.wa n a i.
This matter is not only the province of education.
. Example 2: ■ Kore wa Chuugoku jinmin no shoori de aru dake de naku
Zensekai jinmin no shoori de aru. 21
This Is not just a v ic to r y , for the Chinese people.. It is a
victory for the people of the .whole world.
Hodo'V.
Indicating approximate qunatity or degrees following the pre-noun ko-so-a-do series.
Example 1; Sono jinsei kooroo no ue ni dore hodo no meian ga
atta de aroo ka.
How many3 one wonders s were the pains and pleasures o f his l i f e 1s
. path? -
Example 2: Hawaii kanojo no uchi 'hi, kore hodo mo shikkari to,
ch i-n i-a sh i-o -tsu k eta kangawkata ga hisonde ita no ka to miharu omoi de -
aru0
It was eye opening to find a practical way of thinking lurking
this strong in this sweet ..little girl, .
Having brought up a given matter, indicates degree of action or condition (of that matter.).
Example I s Okuyakashii kappa, ga, amai taishuu to to k e-a tte,
nayamashii hodo ni, kanojo no hana o utsu no deshita.
The elegant scent, blending with her sweet body odor, bombarded
.his nose almost distressingly (to the point of being a tease). .
Example 2; Kazue wa soo tazuneta.tsumori deshita ga, kuchi kara
• soto e koe ni natte deta ka, denakatta no ka wakaranai hodo,.deta to
shite mo, sore wa, hikui koe datta no desu..
Kazue meant to have inquired, but, assuming she did speak, her
$0 The following examoles have been taken from.the KKK Report Ci95i)s 205-206o ■ ■ 22
voice was go low that it was impossible to tell whether sound left her
mouth or not.
Hodo no koto wa nai
Example 1: Masahiro-kun no hoo wa. . .shinpai shita hodo no koto wa nalo , Ureshi-soo ni nikoniko waratte iru de wa nai ka«
There's no call to worry about Masahiro0 Wasn't he grinning as
i f he were happy?
Nani hodo no....omo nai . ' _
Example 1: Kojin no s e ij it s u nado nani hodo no koto de mo n a i, •
Such things as individual sincerity amount, to nothing at a ll.
Example 2 g Hi;to no issho n i kane nado nani hodo no- mono de mo ' ■ ' . 6 ,v-. O :;:■■■ ■ . ■ ■ naio
In a man's l i f e money■and the lik e have no sig n ifica n ce whatso- ,
ever.
Expressing a basis for comparative degrees
Example 1 ; Rinyuu to iu no wa seigo shichihachikagetsu n i naru to bonyuu bakari de wa te tsu sonota no akachan no hatsuiku ni hitsuyoo : na seibun ga fuSofcu sh ite kuru tame to 5 ima made hodo suibun o hitsuyoo to shinaku n ari5..bonyuu no suiban: ga oosugite hitsuyoo na yoobun ga
tori-nikuku naru tame ni hajimeru no desu,
. The reasons, for weaning are;; (1) after the child is seven to
eight.months oldwith mother's milk alone there w ill be a lack of iron
6o This example has been e lic ite d from our native speaker, . . Tom O kita. . ' ' \ ' 23 and other elements necessary for a baby’s development, (2) when not so much fluid as hitherto is necessary, there is too much fluid content in mother’s milk and the intake of necessary nourishment becomes difficult*
Hodo,».-wa n a i- •
Example It Hataraita ato de guttari-to tsukarete ie ni kaette
k ite , sanjoo hitoma no jibun no kashima de fu ta ri de kaki-komu shokuji hodo, oishii mono wa arimasen deshita *
There •was nothing SO d elicio u s as to come home from, work u tterly : exhausted and, in our own s ix by nine ( three mat) room, to eat together*
Example 2 g Shigoto no ato no tsumetai bijru hodo oishii mono wa nai* - 7 There is nothing so delicious as a cold beer after work*
Used when a rise in the degree of one thing or situation is equaled by proportionate rise in the other thing or situation,
■ Example Is Mingen to iu mono wa, kane o mookeru hodo, kechi- kusaku naru mono da*
The more money people earn, the stingier they get*
o * * “*5s * ooo hodo
Example I s Sore n i, tsukuzuku to nagamereba nagameru hodo, , ojoo- sama wa, utsukushiku, kedakaku, shitoyaku na no desu*
And besides, the more you watch the ojoosama, the more beautiful, d ig n if ied and la d y -lik e she seems *
7o This example has been e lic ite d from our native speaker, Tom Old. ta * . . . Following an in terrogative, forms an in d e fin ite
Example I s Kaku byooto no akari ga. nanika o sasayaku yoo ni
shiznka ni yurete iru«
The lanterns of each ■ward are quietly swaying as if whispering : somethingo
Example 2; Shikashi futari wa, dooshitara jutsu ga tokeru no ka wakaranai no de, (akirameta)
But sin ce neither understood how the magic might be figured out^
(they gave up).
Ikura-ka . nanda-ka. naze-ka. .
Example 1; Sore de wa dooshite-mo ikura-ka kurui ga demasu kara .. -;-.y : 10 . ■■ - - . • (hoka no hoohoo o kangaete kudasai)»
Well then, since some discrepancies w ill turn up no matter what:x you do, (please think up another method)e
Example 2; . Uraganashii omoi ni sasowarete, sonna mono ornoi ni . shizunde iru uchi ni, Kazue wa, nanda-ka hidoku nemutaku natte kimashita0
Seduced by sad thoughts,while deep in that kind of reflection,
Kazue,.without knowing why, became extremely sleepy.
So The following e xamples have been taken, from the KKK Report (195%), ll-l^ o 9, This sentence has been completed by our native speaker, Shioji Hiroki,
10, This sentence has been completed by our native speaker,. Shioji Hiroki, . Example 3 : Watashi mo, naze^ka namida ga afurete k ite , sMkata
ga nakatta.
For no particular reason my tears, too, began to well up and I
couldn’t do anything about it.
Kanj-ka nashi ni« nani-ka (suru koto) (kangaeru koto) nashi ni '(sim ilar to nani ga 'nashi 'rii)
Example 1 : Onaka no su ite iru kodorao wa, nani-ka: nashi n i tsukue ■ " ; ' 11 ' no ue no tabemono o tab eta,
The hungry ch ild ate the food on the table without a second
thought. . .
. Example 2 ; Sore ga Nihon kokumin n i taisuru "zooyo11 de aru no
ka, Nihon seifu ni taisuru '’Kashitsukekin” de aru no ka, jitsu wa izen
to sh ite meikaku de wa naku, nani-ka nashi n i seifu wa dore o uketotte
tsukatte iru kakko n i .nafte i t a 0
The fact is that it was not yet clear whether it was a gift to
the Japanese people or a loan to the Japanese government, but it seemed
that the Japanese government had accepted it and was using it without
regards for the consequences<>
Following other words which express conjecture or a fe elin g of doubt, carries a meaning of ’’perhaps” . dr the subjunctive mood of English.
Example i s Ki-no-sei ka, kaoiro ga sukoshi aozamete sabishii soo
de, Kazue o mite iru me ga, namida de urunde demo iru yoo na no desu.
Perhaps it was (it might have.been) my fancy, but his complexion :
11. ' This.example has. been e lic ite d from our native speaker, Shioji Kiroki. . v ■ ■ 26 was a little pale and sad and it did even seem that the eyes with which i; he .was looking at Kazue.were dimmed, with tears,.
Example 2; Gobyooki ni sawaranu yoo ni .sulcoshi zutsu o-k ik i- / suru watakushi no toi ni, shizuka ni kotawte kudasaru, Omoinashi ka
Junko-san no hitome wa, kirakira to nurete iru yoo ni, watakushi ni wa omowareta.
To the questions that I asked a few at a time so as not to af fect her illness, she quietly replied. Perhaps it was my imagination but it seemed to me that Junko's-pupils were sparkling with tears,
Kamo shirenai, ■ '
Example Is Sore wa j iyuu no kotenteki gainen de am to itte mo yoi kamo shirenai.
Perhaps one may say that it is the classical concept of freedom,
.. K iri12 . Expressing a sense of limitation.
Example 1 : Futari k ir i de soo y a tte , kata no koranu seken- banashi o shite iru no o, kare wa kono ue mo naku arigatai mono ni omowarete naranakatta.
He couldn't help thinking that there was nothing more welcome than engaging in light talk—just the two of them.
Example 2: "Osewa-ni-narimashita, Hayamizu-san," Keikichi wa, . rei no toori, damatte unazuita kiri deshita,.
“ Thank you very much for your help, Mr, Hayamizu," K eikichi , ■ ju st nodded his head s ile n t ly , as usual.
12, The .following example's have been taken from the KKK Report (1951), Uo-ui, ■ / - . 2?
■ Example 3 : “Ma, ,Ken-chan tara} 11 Yasue wa soo it t a k ir ij Isolde
tsukue no futa o ooimashita.-
Just as Yasue said, Ken-chan is itl,11 he hurriedly closed
the lid of the desk.
Generally acting in concert "with a negative verb, carries a meaning of " sin ce,11 "therefore," "afterwards," or "as of*"
Example 1: Etsuo fuifu to narande Isamu ga suwatte iru,
Yuketsu o shite kureta kiri, byooin ni mo kao o das zu, kyoo no shootai
ni mo Etsuo no kage ni kakurete suwatte iru no datta, ""
, Isamu sat beside Etsuo and his wife. Since giving me a blood
transfusion he had not shown his face in the hospital and even on today’s
visit by invitation he was sitting hidden behind Etsuo,
Example. 2 ; (with a positive verb)s Shookichi wa, gakkoo wa kyoo 13 kiri fuyu-yas.umi ni hairu, '
For Shookichi the school winter recess starts as of today.
Sore(k)kiri •
Example .1; "Omine-sama. Tashika n i choodai itashimasu."
Tsutsut to dete itta. Sorekkiri, moo Ono no sugata mb Omine-sama mo
Ryuukokuji kaiwai kara mattaku mirarenai,
"Omine-sama, I 111 d e fin ite ly take it ." He s te a lth ily went out,
. From then on neither hide nor hair . of Ono or Omine was se e n :around t h e •
Ryuukokuji (temple) anymore,.:.
13o This'example- has been e lic ite d from our native speaker, Shioji Fhroki, Kurai (Qurai)^
Indicating approximate amount or degree.
Example 1; Myooshun no Sangi-in senkyo ni wa Hinjitoo to shite
wa hachi-juu-mei kurai no toosen o mokuhyoo to suru.
The Minjitoo (Democratic Liberal Party) aims to have about
eighty elected persons in the election for the Sangi-in (House of Coun
cilors) next springo-
Example 2; Ato, dono kurai kakarimasu kashira, .
About how much longer do you suppose it w ill take?
Indicating the extent or degree of a condition or an action:
Example 1 : Sumi-kara-sumi-made umorete mieru kurai na no
d eshita.
I t almost seemed to be buried under, every nook and corner0
Example 2; fa no kisetsu ni is a rinyuu-keika no ichi nichi de
susumu tokoro demo, natsu wa ni-san nichi kakeru kurai ni shimashooo
Although,it is the progress made by one day of the process of
weaning in other seasons, in summer let's nearly take two or three days.
- -Kurai dakara (By:emphasizing an extreme case/ it _ _ sets up the argument that the other cases w ill • follow the same pattern) " ' ' ' •
. Example 1; Sonna koto o iu kurai dakara, aitsu nani o shi-dekasu
ka wakaranaio Judging from the fact that he has said such a thing, there1s no telling what he might do,
lU« The following examples have been taken from the KKK Reoort . , (1951), hi-1,3. Providing a basis for comparison.
Example 1 : Hayabamai ga sakunen kurai hayaku dereba kootensuru to omou.
I think the .situation w ill improve if the rice show up as early as last year,
• Example 2; . Nanishiro, ooki na uchi kurai mo aru kyooso nan dakara ne.
Because, . you know, it was a gigantic elephant, as_ big as_ a house.
Kurai.. ..wa nai. kurai. ...wa mare de',' kurai....wa sukunai
Example 1 ; Kyoo no Nihon de wareware kurai j iyiju n i nan demo yareru mono wa n a il
In present day Japan nobody can do things as freely as we can.
Weakening or. softening a.statem ent by illu s tr a tio n
Example I s Warera ni kawatte saiban sarete iru no da to iu kimochi gurai wa atte mo you no de wa nai ka.
Isn’t it better that, we, rather feel (more or less, feel) that they have been tried in our place, ■
. . . Kurai- nara
Example 1; Kare noypo ningen to soko e iku kurai nara shinda hoo ga y o i,
.I would rather die than go there with a man lik e him. 30 • Made^
Indicating the spatial extent of the action or condition, -
. Example 1 : Nani h ito tsu , Icoko made wa kikoete kimasen.
One hears nothing (out« as far as) here.
Example 2 ; Ooyoo no kata ...wa uketsuke made.
For those of you who have business please come to (as far as) the information desk.
...Kara.,,.made, (functions Hike a case particle)-
Example I s Mizokuchi kara Asakusa made ichijikan no doraibu wa,
Masahiro-kun- n i to tte umarete hajimete no tanoShii keiken daroo.
An hour’s drive from Mizokuchi to Asakusa w ill p r o b a b ly be for .
Masahiro the first pleasant experience since he was born.
Indicating the temporal extent of the action or condition.
Example 1: Rinyuu o aki made npbashite yoj baal to warui baai to arimasu.
There are cases when i t ’s good andlcasesA when i t ’s bad to post-*- pone weaning u n t il.f a l l .
Example 2; Shikashi, wareware to sh ite mottomo chuumoku seneba naranu.no wa kyootei seiritsu ni itaru made no Soren no taido no kyuuhen d e a r i, sono sh in ’i de aru.
However, what we most have to pay atten tion to is the sudden change in Russian attitude and their true feelings prior to the-con-.. elusion of the agreement.
l5 . The follow ing examples' have been.taken from the KKK Report (1931 ), 206-208 . ; ' . ;■ 31 », .Made - nl •„
Example 1 ; J ik i kokkai made ni Mihju to Mnshu Inukal-ha to no
goodoo wa ari-eru kamo shiren ai, .
It may be that there can be a merger between the Liberal Demo
cratic Party (Minshuu Jimintoo) and the Inukai faction of the Democratic
Party (Minshuutoo) by the next session of the Diet,
Example 2 ; “Yukkui dekiru tsumori datta kedo, sanji-han made, n l
kaeranakerya naranai no yo,n
“It was my intention to be able to stay longer, but I have to
return home b^ three-thirty,
Itsumade.mo • '
Example 1; Kazue mo, nazeka, jibun demo wakaranai nakidashisdo
na kimochi de, ojoosama to mukai-atta mama, itsumademo j it t o damari-
konde im ashita,
Feeling as if she were about to cry—for reasons she herself
didn’t understand—Kazue, also, s till facing the Gjoosama, subsided into
motionless silence for a (an indefinite period of) time,
o o oKara,. . .made,.
Example 1: Zensai kara dezaato-koosu m ade,,.
From appetizers to dessert,„,
Limiting
Example 1 s Sono nagasa no hanbun gurai made d a ita i onaji fukasa
. ni nui, . ;
Sew a seam of about the same width to approximately the .halfway . :
point of the length, . , . ' . . 32
Example 2: Jiko no seinpo o kyokugen ni made tenkai shi-eta to lu tegotae sonomono no uchi ni aru.
(Satisfaction) lies in the challenge itself of having been able to display one’s own abilities to the utmost,
...Made ni. (indicating the extremity of the degree) :
Example 1 ; Mata kono sho wa toku ni kyoosan-shugi nomi o hihah
shite iru wake de wa naku5 Hitoraa ya'Musorini jidai no iwayuru Fashi- zumm. ,hi tsuite mp kanpu-naki made ni hihan shisatte iru no de aru.
' This doesn’t mean that this book particularly criticizes Commun ism alone, but also scathingly (to the:extentrof leaving nothing un criticized) criticizes the so-called Fascism of the Hitler-Mussolini
Period.
...Made mo. . (indicating the.extremity of the degree).
. Example I s "Anata wa ..sonna ni made mo boku no koto o omotte kudasaru n desu ka.”
”Do you think about me that much (to that extent)? 1’
Example 2 ; Sakana wa. hen na a ji ga suru dake de naku3 n io i 16 made m owaruio
It’s not just that the fish tastes funny, even it ’s smell is bad.
Made (no koto) da
Example 1 ; Teiden shitara nete shimau made da.
When there’s a power failure I just go to sleep.
16o.; This example has been e lic ite d from our native speaker, Tom Okita. - 33
Example 2 : Sonna in takai.no nara, kawanai made no koto da.
IVhen (if) it's that expensive we just don't (won't) buyit «
. . »Made- t o o . nai (made no koto wa nai)
Example 1: .¥aga too mo Kyoosantoo to wa ai-irenai koto wa iu made mo nai.
It goes without saying that my party also is not compatible with the Communist Party,
Example 2 ; Korio kurasu wa tetsuya sh ite benkyoo sum made no . koto wa nai, " V
For this class you don't have to study all night,^ .
• Doko made■
Example I s Anna koto o iu nante doko made zuuzuushii n daroo.
How impudent can you get,.saying things like that. ■ 18 Example 2; ..Kare wa doko made tsu yoi no ka wakaranai.
There's no telling how strong he is,
Aku made.
Example I s Misuta Teiraa wa aku. made mo kanojo to omo n i toobyoo shi, kenkoo no shoori o ete kara hontoo no kekkon o suru no da,..to, maru ikkanen byooin de hatarakinagara kanojo no zenkai o matte iru, .
Mr. Taylor persistently (to the utmost) fought off her illness at her side:, (Saying) that they'd achieve a real marriage after she'd achieved a health victory; and he waited for her complete recovery for a full year, while working at the hospital.
' 17. This example has -been e lic ite d from our native speaker,. Tom Okita. l8 . This example has been e lic ite d .from our native speaker, Tom Okita. 3k: Presenting and emphasizing an extreme case and implying other unexpressed cases.
Example 1; Shikashi, sukkari uma no tsumori ni natte iru saimin- jutsu-shi a'a s uma no kuse made arawashite, atoashi de pokari (to ketta) o
However, the hypnotist who completely believed him self to be a horse, exhibited even the behavior of a horse, (kicking out) 1 crack * with his hind legs*
Nado (Nazo, Nanzo, Nanka)^
Exemplification and epitomization. Setting up one thing as exemplary of its class,.
Example 1 : Abekawa mochi nado goku yoi mono desu.
■ Such things as Abekawa rice cakes would be very good.
Example. 2 s . Shuuberuto, "Mikansei1* nanka daisuki.
I very much like such things as Shubert! s “Unfinished Symphony011
S etting up a l l previously, enumerated things as exemplary (representative)
. Example 1: A jisa i ya benitsubaki ya shakuyaku ya kakitsubata nado, hana no saki-midareta hirobiro to sh ita niwa no naka o (tanoshiku aruita),,'^
¥e (enjoyed walking) through the spacious gardens in which such flowers as hydrangea, red camellias, peonies, iris (and the like) were blooming in profusion,
19o The following examples.have been taken from the KKK Report (1951),131-133. 20o - This sentence has been completed ..by bur native speaker, Tom Okita, ' Example 2; Ka ya hae ja nanka. irdru to , boku wa yahari Icami
nanka ga nai no da to iu ki ga sh ite kuru n .da. '• •
■ When I see the likes of mosquitos and flies I start to feel as
i f there were no God or whatever (Power) a fter alio -
A manner of speaking which makes light of or reduces the force of what has ju st been c ite d , removing i t to the realm of illustration or abstraction rather ■ than an actual situation.
Example 1; Watakushi wa gunkoku-shugi ni doku-sareta hitobito no sokuseki o nokosoo nado to iu is hi.wa mochiron motte inai«
To be sure I have no intentldri of doing any such thing as;;re-
taining traces of persons poisoned by militarismo
Example 2 : Shiirareta kekkon nanka, shitaku arimasen wa ne, yappario
I won’t, have, anything at all to do laith any such thing as a forced marriagef : .
. Nomi^: ■
Expressing limitation of something,
• Example I s Mata kono sho wa toku ni kyoosan-shugi noml o hihan
shite iru wake de wa naku, Hitoraa. ya Musorini jidai no iwayuru Fashi-
zumu rd tsuite mo kanpu-naki made ni hihan shi satte iru no de aru.
This is not to say,that this book particularly criticizes Com
munism alone, but also scathingly criticises the so-called Fascism of
the. - H itler-M ussplini ■'peidpdo vrif .
. • 21 o The following examples have been taken from the KKK Heport (19<1), 179-180. ..,;, : - ' . ' 36 Example.2; Puroretaria dokusai no noto de wa, sonzai shi-eru
seitoo wa tada .hitotsu, Kyoosantoo aru nomi de am.
Under the dictatorship of the proletariat, the only party able
to exist is the Communist Party alone.
Nomj narazu.
Example 1 : Ga, sore haku sh ite kojin wa ikirarenu nomi narazu, shakai mo mata, sone naku shite sonzai shi-enu de arooe
But, -without it, not only cannot the individual exist, (but) neither can society* .
Conjunctive use of nomi narazu.
Example 1: Wareware wa.sude•ni, ..„ soto kara ataerareta jiyuu wa, ooo jiyuu to sh ite wa mansoku na mono de wa nai koto o m ita. Nomi narazu kano seijiteki jiyoo mo, ..» genjitsu ni wa naritatanai.koto ga shirareru de aroo „
¥e have already observed that freedom bestowed from without is ■ not satisfactory as freedom* And not only that, but (furthermore) it is realized that in truth such political freedom is not real* . ;
, Tara22
Following an interrogative word,. indicating indefiniteness or uncertainty.
- Example. 1: Te o furi kao o yugamete nanika sakende iru ga ^ nan- •... no-koto yara wakaranai*
He is waving his 'hands, making a face and shouting somthing, but . what/'(it is) I don't know,
22 * The following examples have been taken from the-KKK Report (195D, 225-226* v ; 37 Example 2; Kyuushin bunshi. dake ga '•‘Tennoosei o ta o se l!V to
iu koto o iidasu no desu ga, ippan ni wa nan no koto yara sappari waka-.
ranai. '
Only the radical elements are saying: "Down with the emperor
systemlR but in general one . can't make anything of it at all,
Wa doko e ■vara-
Example 1 : Katte no tsuyogari ya puraido wa doko e yara, ima %a niko no Daifukumochi ni kokoro o ugokasareru no de atta*
Previous bravado and pride cast aside, now.he’s moved by (a gift,
of even) two "daifuku" rice cakes«
Example 2 : Kinoo made no shinpai wa doko e yara, kyoowa ■ koofuku-s oo-ni kurashite iru0
Yesterday’s worries all forgotten, today he lives in seeming happinesso
D oo^ara..
Example 1: Futari ga..,hanashinagara aruite iku uchi ni doo yara michi o machigaeta-rashiku, tondemonai tokoro e dete shimaimashita„
While the two of them were walking along talking, apparently • they took the wrong road somehow and ended up in an unlikely place0
Example 2 : Sono meshitaki mo, doo yara hitorimae ni natta koro
0osaka ni haitta no da ga„ '
That-apprentice too had entered Osaka about the time that.he'd barely come of age. ' •
' Example. 3 ° .Akegata kara ame ga yande doo yara wa sukoshi wa
harema no miesso na asa de aru. The rain le t up at dawn and i t ' s a morning when i t appears that
we ju st might have a few clear periods.
Nani yaray
. Example.1; Nani yara nazomekashii kotoba o nokoshite, ikibotoke wa choodo sebone no atari ni hane demo haete kita yoo ni, ukiuki-to
Ryuukokuji ni kaette itta 0
Leaving behind somewhat enigmatic words, the saintly priest - went jauntily back to the Ryuukokuji, just as if he'd sprouted wings
near his backbone„
Example 2 : Kono ikibotoke ga muramichi o shirota.bi ni feru to- ura no setta, kesa no sode no naka hi juzu :o tsumaguri-nagara, nahi yara
okonai-sumashita kao de aruite yuku to,.,.
As the saintly priest, with a somehow smugly benign expression," went walking down the village streets wearing white tabi in felt lined setta (sandals), while fingering the beads of his rosary within the
sleeves of his s u r p lic e ,.
Itsunomaniyara. .
Example 1 : . . .Karadajuu o atsuku s h ite , itsunomaniyara te o
agetari, ashibumi shitari shite, kokoro kara tokekonde utatte imashita.
All aglow, I was pouring my whole heart into my singing, un
consciously raising my hands and stamping my feet and the like.
To vara. ■ (Deliberately muddling the sentence to reduce the emphasis on a certain thing) , "■ '
Example 1 :• Katsute Kasumingaura de wa pairotto no saiyoo ni
tekiseikentei to yara o yatte ita. ' . Previously.at Kasumingaura they were doing some-sort-of* apti
tude test for employing pilots,
Zutsu^ .
Indicating repetition of equivalent things or matters '
Example 1 : Eakase wa matte iru kanja o h ito r i zutsu ir e ta .
The doctor admitted the waiting patients one by one,
. Example 2 : Zengayu ga taberareru koro ni nareba, matchibakodai.
no shokopan ni jooshitsu no tennen bata o nutta mono, ya, (areba usugiri
no ch iisu o soeru) goku yawarakaku n ita ryooshitsu no udon mo yoku,
mochi mo yanarakaku n ite sukoshi zutsu agemasu.
When..he gets so that he can. eat heavy rice gruel we'll give him
a little each of such things as matchbox-size pieces of bread spread
with top quality natural butter (accompanied by thinly sliced cheese if
you have it.)—good quality wheat noodles (udon) boiled very soft are a ll
right too—or rice cakes (mochi) boiled soft.
Example 31 Kono remshuu o hanjikan gurai zutsu mainichi yaru
' :to, sono kooka wa. mekimeki arawarete kuru yOo. ' If you'll do these exercises daily, each about a half-hours the
results will really appear,
. Indicating the distribution of equivalents
Example 1 : Zenki kaku hooan ni o ite wa, izure-mo bengoshi
shikaku .o gensoku to sh ite "Nihon kckumin taru sei-n en sha de a tte,
shihoo shuushuusei no shuushuu o oita mono" to shita ue (kaku an no
23, The following examoles have been taken from the KKK Report (1959),. 60-61, \ ho Dai-yon-joo) jakkan zutsu no reigai o kitei shite iru (doo Dai-Go joo) no de aru„
In all of the previously mentioned bills (article four of each),
in addition to stipulating "an adult Japanese citizen who has completed
judicial training" as a general principal for the qualification of law
yers (they) have provided for some exceptions each (article five of each).
Ni..ozutsu. ■
Example 1; Me de-sorottara, tochoo shinai yoo ni- hfatari no
yoi tokoro ni dashite, honba sanyo-mai no koro roku-senchi heihoo n i■
hitokabu zutsu ishoku shimasUo
When all the buds are out, I put them.in a sunny place so they won’t get too leggy and when they have three to four leaves I.transplant
them, one for each (every) six square centimeters».
Example 2s "Kazoete mitara, tarinai n da, Sannin ni futatsu
zutsu gurai shika nai n da yo,"
.. "When I tried counting them, there wefen’t enough (to go around),
We’ve only got about two for every three persons (two for each three •
person group)0" CHAPTER 3
KAKART-JOSHI '
Datte^
Indicating things which seem to be particular at first glance but which in reality are not excep- . tions-but merely things'which are similar in circumstance to other general.cases.
. Example 1 : Koko no taishoo d a tte, ammari matomo ja arimasen.
Even .the boss here is not very honest.
Example 2 ; Ima netsubyoo de shinikakete iru yatsu-ra datte, jibun dake wa shinan to kataku omoi-konde irun la nai ka.
Isn't it so that now even the fellow who is dying of fever is firmly convinced,that he alone w ill not die.
Example 3 : Ima no kono j i s e i wa, yoppodo benkyoo dita kangaete minai 10, oya hi datte wakaranai koto ga zuibun takusan aru mono ne«.
At the present time3 there are plenty of cases where these trends are not understandable even to parents unless they study them and ponder them a. lo t and see,
Ikura,,,datte.
Example 1: .Ikura keishichoo datte nengara-nenju oomonodane ga aru hazu wa arimasen yo,
No matter how much of a metropolitan police office it is, there is no reason to expect big news all the time,
1, The following examples have been taken from the KKK Report (1951), 66-68, '
h i Un
jo in in g a pair of word to make them representative of other comparable, but non-s"bated instances
Example I s Okaasan, its u Tookyoo n i kaeru no? Moo otomodachi
. wa minna kaetchatta "wa yo, Uragami~san datte, Sugiyama-sah datte0e0
Mother, when are we returning- to Tokyo? Already all our friends
have returnedI Even Uragami-san and (even) Sugiyama-san,.„
Following an indefinite and in conjunction with an affirmative'word, expresses complete affirmation- '
Example 1 : nWarui wa, m urijii suru no, uta nante ki ga muita
tok i ja nakucha utae ua shiriai wa, bkaasama tachi m itai ni itta r a , dare •
datte utaenaku naru ja nai no«n
“You mustn't! Forcing her! With things: like songs, you can’t
. sing at all if you're not in the mood. If you urge (her) like your
mother and your guests (are doing), -wouldn't-anyone at all get so she
couldn't sing?"
Following an in d e fin ite or. a word of number, quantity or degree, and in conjunction with a negative word, expresses complete negation. .
Example 1 s Uchi no okamisan wa watashi no shita koto ni ippen
datte hantai shita koto wa arimasen yo0
My wife has never opposed what I did, even once.
Demo2
Setting up an extreme" ca se, making i t analogous to other unstated cases.
Example I s Satoko wa iwayuru "bijin" de wa naku, kami no:ke wa,
- , 2» The following examples have .been taken from the KKK Report : (1951), 98-99. ; ■ - h3 sukoshi ,tkuseu ga iru no de, yuitate no .toki demo, shimada no "mage" ga,, kokoro mochi nage-yatta. yd ni mieru.
Satoko is not what you might call a "beauty," and because her hair is a little unmanageable, even when it is just done, her shimada hairdo seems to have an a ir of n eglect.
Presenting things which seem to d iffe r from other general cases, but cannot really bo considered to be exceptions
Example 1; Aki kara rinyuu.o hajimeta hoo ga yoi no desu ga, gyuunyuu ya yagi no chichi ga te ni hairanakereba, natsu kara demo rinyuu n i kakaraneba narimasen.
It is better to begin weaning from autumn (on), but, if you cannot put your hands on cow's milk or goat1s milk (then), you should begin weaning even in summer......
’ Example 2; Sono yoo na assei demo,.ooku no hitobito ni totte wa, tagai ni toosoo shite iru yori mo, mushiro tasuke ni naru to kangaerareru de arooo
Better than struggles among themselves, it can be judged that ■, even that sort of oppression is helpful to the largest number of people.
Donna,..demo-
- Example 1 ; Chizuko no in a i j in s e i wa, donna tanoshii koto ga . atte mo kokoro no soko kara warezu, donna oishij mono demo, ajiwatte . iru ki. ga shinai no deshita . . . .
Life withou'Chizukos . no matter how pleasant thing were, he couldn’t laugh from the bottom of his heart; no matter how delicious things were, he didn't enjoy the taste, v hh Following.an indefinite, reinforces the ■ positive intent of. the indefinite-
_ _ Example I s Wareware ga mita yoo na, nan,demo i i , nan demo, suru ■
koto ga dekiru, to iu katachi de wa.v...
I t seems to us to bea situ a tio n -where one can do anything at
all and say anything at all.
. Example 2 : Wareware wa j is s a i no shakai seikatsu de wa, nan
demo suki. na koto o ittari, shitari suru koto wa dekinai6
In actual social life we cannot do such things as say or do whatever we like* .
Presenting.something by way of an.example or illustration with an implication that there / may be other more suitable things „ . May . carry an innuendo of contempt.
Example.1: "Oshirogurafu" demo tsukawanakereba 5 namigata no
kansoku wa muzukashii.
It is difficult to measure the wave size unless you use at.least
an oscillograph,
Kosop.t
Emphasizing the nominative.
Example I s Ikkoo no ningun ga ika n i ik ita ka, mata ika ni
shakai ni kooken shi, aruiwa gai o oyobashita ka, to iu koto koso
taisetSu de aru.
How-:, a . man .as ah individual lived his life or, again, how he
contributed to society or did it injury; such things indeed are signifi cant , -
3, The following example's-have been taken, from the KFK Report ( 1951) , 50- 52, .. . Kosowa
Example 1: Sore koso wa ippan sangyookai ni oite goku shoosuu no kyodai dokusen shihon nomi no kyuusai no tame nShuuchuu Seisan1* to
“Eigyod Goorika'* no na no moto ni kyookoo shi-tsutsu aru tokoro no minzdku sangyoo, chuushoo shookoogyoosha e no futan tenka de a r i, sh ita - gatte, roodoosha no tairyoo kubikiri no gisei tenka no ikkan de nakereba naranaio
That (policy) indeed is a shifting of the burden to household- industries^ that is, to petty mercantile companies and industries :whom
(the government) is putting the squeeze on in the name of "concentration of production" and "rationalization of industry" to help out only the great monopolistic capitalists who are extremely few.in the industrial ■. world as a whole| and, accordingly, it is necessarily a link (in the chain of) transferring the sacrifice to the workers (in the form, of)mass f ir in g s » •::: ,
. Sore koso. (Adverbial usage) .
Example 1 : Nagai aida, k a jei no shufu to sh ite sugoshite korareta katagata ni wa, ikinari soto no tsutome o motsu to iu koto wa, sore koso kankyoo no ichidai kaikaku demo nai kagiri wa, totemo mozomeru koto de wa nai deshoo„
Unless there is a great change in circumstances; (unless) that indeed (happens), having a job Outside the: home all of a sudden is . surely something that'those.women who have passed for a long, time their • lives as housewives can hardly hope for0 , . »Koso.;.. (internal koso of emphasis -which although occurring Internally acts like~&-final particle)
Example 1: 'iCinoo wa ojama itashim ashiteo’* "lya, kochira koso,
; Okamai\shinai de shitsurei shimashitao.11'..
"I’m afraid I disturbed you yesterday*" "Wo, it is I (who am at fault). Excuse me for having been a poor host,"
Example 2 ; Sekai de ichiban takai yama eberesuto. 'NsBnnsnnen no yuki ni owareta shinpi no yama, Sekaijuu no tozanka wa ware koso to itte ichiban nori o kuwadateta. Daga dare mo tochuu made shika noro~. renakatta,
Everest, the world’s highest mountain: a mountain of mystery under the snows of how many tens, of thousands of years. Over the world, mountain climbers have contrived to be the first up, to say it is I
(indeed)» However no one has been able to climb more than part way.
Emphasizing words other than the subject
Example 1 : Kurushii keiko no naka n i koso, daisenshu ga umareru no da,
. It is in hard training itself (it is by virtue of hard training) f
that the great player is produced.
Example 2 ; .Kyojin no dajtin wa sanban no Aota desu. Benpushii mo sakan ni ashimoto o katamete, kondo koso kenmei no rik ito o desu.
Third on the Giant’s batting order is Aota,' Even.(the pitcher)
Dempsey is firmly planting his feet on the ground, and this time for
sure At w ill be touch and go. Example I s Mata kyojin no Nakashima uyokushu ima de koso'
“benchi11 ni ite hotondo shial 'ni dgmasen ga3 wakai genki na koro „
S till the Giant's Nakashima, the right fielder-—now,,it is true,
he sits on the bench, hardly entering the game^ but in his day of youth
f u l v ig o r .
Example 2s Kirai kara .ehuu'i o shitoku n nara kansha koso sures
ok'dfu koto wa arumaio
If the advice comes from you, he'll appreciate it to be sure,.y and -won't get mad*.'
Example 3: Kuchi ni koso o-dashi-ni-naranakaita kedo kuyashi- katta deshoo ne.
You didn't put it into so many words, that's true, but I bet you were gnashing your teeth.
Mo^
Indicating the coexistence of several matters of sim ilar circumstances
Example I t Mattaku chi mo namida mo nai keshikaranu hanashi de
aru* .
It is a scandalous story completely without either blood or ..
tears (cold hearted)0
Example 2 s . Konna in samui no ni, sumi mo maki mo kaenai n ja, .. yarikirenai. , .
ito The following examples have been taken from the KKK Report (1 9 5 1 ), 209- 218 . Not being able to buy either charcoal or wood, even.when it is this cold, is intolerableo
Example 3 s Muzukashii shigoto no te-kagen o oboeteshimau to,
Kazue ni totte mo, Chizuko ni totte mo, hataraku koto wa,, sonna ni tsu- rai koto wa arimasen deshita.
The work was not so trying either for Kazue or for Chizuko when they learned the knack of difficult work.
Placing things together arbitrarily,
Example 1 : Arae mo furu sh i, kaze mo fuku®
The rain fallsj also the wind blows®
.ooGa (wa).o.mQo (In this case the matters are placed together in orders . . ,ga occurs before and figures more importantly than" , . »mo)~ ' "
Example Is Hiryoo yoosoo ni tsuite chisso ga motomo kankei ga fukaku, kari, rinsan, mo tashoo kankei suru®
Concerning the elements in fertiliser, nitrogen /has the deepest relationship; potassium and phosphoric acid also.have some relationship
Example 2 s Ojoosama ga, heya e agatte kuru to , orizuru-tachi mo, ware-o-arasotte kaette kita®
.When the Ojoosama came in to her room, the “orizuru" (folded paper storks) also came crowding back (into, her; memory)„
Example 3s, Ninensei ho tanki-daigaku ga dekiru.nara, sannensei no kookoo o ninen enchdo s h i, kyuusei koosen o yokosuberi ni shita gonensei no kootoo gakkoo mo dekite yoi®
If we can have a two-year junior college, then by extending the three year high' school system by two years we might as. well have also a five year high school that would slip back into the old high school-
Setting up a pair of words as representative of all cases -
Example 1 ; Inaka kara} inkinari daitokai no manmannaka e hoori- dasareta n jay n ish i mo higashi mo wakaranaku naru no wa, atarimae ja nai ka«
I f one is abruptly flung from the country plop down in the.mid dle of a big city, isn't it only natural to wind up so confused that you know neither East nor West, . - •: .
Following an indefinite and in conjunction with an affirmative hord, expresses, total affirmation
Example 1: Minshushugi to.iu kotoba naraba, dare mo ga shite iruv,
I f it's the word "democracy," everyone known ito
Following an indefinite or word of number, quantity or degree, ..and in conjunction with a negative, expresses complete negation-
Example 1: Nan no kankei mo nai. to kangaerareru ka mo shirenai.;
It may be thought ..to have, no relationship at a ll.
Example 2 s Hitotsu mo nai no de a ru ,.
There is not any at a ll. (There is not even one)„
Example 3? Konnichi, odorokubeki koto ni hitori no seiji hihyooka mo,sonzai..shinai de wa nai ka. vn . .
Surprisingly enough, these days doesn't it seem that there does not exist even a single political c r i t i c . v . Presenting matters in a form, ■which makes an analogyz hinting at the existence of other things in similar circumstances already known or anticipated .
' Example I s Goshujin ga amerika no hoc dakara daroo, eigoo ga
nakanaka tassha de, sore mo ookina tsuyomi daroo to omou.
She is very flu en t in English, probably because her husband is
an American—th at, also is a big strong point, I think.
Example 2 : Soo iwareru to Kazue mo, tsu i sono k i ni nari, byooki de mo nai ojoosama o byoonin atsukai n i suru hata no h itotach i no hoo.ga .
ikenai no da to omoimashita.
■Having been told th a t, Eaaui too came around readily enough and thought to be wrong those others who accorded sick-bed treatment to the
ojoosama who wasn't really sick at all. .
Example 3 : Uchi e kaereba ta tta h ito r i de imooto no kantoku mo
shinakereba naranai..
When she returns home, she must also supervise her one and only younger sister.
Example h:..Sore wa shakai zentai ni tsuite mo onaji yoo ni
kangaerarete yoi no de wa nai ka.
Even with regard to the whole of society, isn't it so that it
...Mo aroo ni,
Examole 1? Hi to mo aroo ni, ano ra'nboosha ra ta te o tsuku to wa,
■ kimi mo yoppodo dokyoo no aru otoko da . ne, ' V ■'
To think of taking on that ruffian, of all people—-you also are
, a man with .a lot'of guts! Presenting;the topic of immediate- concern, suggesting ■ that it has been included in some suitable category or other, without saying clearly to what it is similar.
Exampl e 1 : . Nagai Chuugoku no haisen mo ima ya kyuushoku ni shuuketsu ni chikazuite iru«
The■ long Chinese Civil War also is now swiftly approaching an end0 /
■ , Example 2: Koo sureba,. natsu no rinyuu.mo anshin shite dekimasu.
If you do it this way, you can accomplish even summer weaning peacefully*
Example 3 ° Sooren no ito ni tsuite wa, seioogawa ni mo shuju no kansoku ga aru=
Concerning the S o v iet’s in ten tio n s, in Western Europe also there are various opinions,
o * »Ivlo i i ga
Example 1 s Eiga o mi ni iku no mo i i ga, a no hito-gomi no koto': o kangaeru to chotto ni no ashi o fumazaru o enai.
Going to see a movie i s •a ll rig h t too, but when I consider those:: crowds, I cannot help having second thoughts.
««°Ka mo shirenai
Example 1; Sore wa jiyuu no kotenteki na gainen de aru to itte mo y o i ka mo . sh iren a i„
- It may be that (perhaps) one can say it was the classical con- . cept of freedomo. 52 Sore mo-
Example 1 ; S h iite , bishoo o kao n i ukabeyoo to sh ita no deshita
ga, sore mb kuchi no atari ga fushizen ni hikitsutta dake no koto deshita.
He tried to force a grin, but even with that (even then) all that
happened w as.that his-mouth twitched,
...To mo ieru, ,..to mo kangaeraferu. ,.,to mo mirareru. (A moderate opinion, an expression of.mild insistence) *
Example I s Kore wa hitotsu no sokubaku de a f i, jiyuu no. seigen
de aru to mo kangaerareru.
This can also be thought of as (be considered as) an obstacle, a
restriction on freedom. ;.-
....Te mo yoi.
Example I s Sore wa jiyuu ho kotenteki na gainen de aru to itte
mo yoi ka mo shirenai, . •
Perhaps one may say (it . is all right to say) that that is a .
classical concept of freedom.
Presenting the inconspicuous or unusual case to stand for the whole sphere which extends to the stated exaggeration ..
Example 1 ; Ghuukyoo to sh ite wa jikoku senpaku mo fusoku n i
' kangami,. g.enzai yori mo ooku no gaikokusen ga Ghuugoku n i d eiri sum
. koto o nozonde ori, hitsuyoo to areba.:. gaikokusen o c ha at a a suru koto
mo kangaete iru.
Cp^hhnist China, for :heh:.part.> in View of the lack of nationally.^h
owned shipping . and -wanting far. mOre foreign ships than at present to ' • . . ■ 53 have trai'fie with :China, has been thinking even of chartering foreign
ships- if need be.
Expressing a strong .negative assertion when . accompanying a negative predicate
Example 1; Moo mimuki mo shinai de, ,,.tsukue o tsumi-agete ita.
He was stacking desks without even looking around any longer.
Example 2 : Ojoosama.no kao ga, usuyami no naka n i honojiroku
ulciagatta mama, shita o sashi-utsumuite, bidoo mo shinai no desu,
The Ojoosama's face continuing to float.dimly white in the gloom,
she lowers her gaze and doesn't so much as stir.
Illustrating an approximate degree, when followed by a word of doubt or conjecture-
Example 1 ; Ni-juu metoru mo aroo ka to omowareru takai tenmaku
no teppen de wa. hashigo-nori no kyokogei ga hajimatte iru.
At the top of a tent .which could be thought to be all of twenty
. meters high, the ladder-top stunts have begun.
Emphasis
Example I s Kore hodo mo shikkari to, chi ni ashi o tsuketa
kangaekata ga hisbnde ita no ka to , me o miharu omoi de aru.
That adult thinking, stable even to this extent, lies hidden .
just under the surface, is a thought to open wide one's eyes,
, , oYori mo
. Example .1 ; Hons ho zentai no buns hop .wa junsui dokorb. de wa naku,
. "gskkyuu" no buntai yori mo jaariarisuto no bu n tai.n i chikai zokushuu no
:aru mono da, The composition of•the entire text is not only a little impure, it is a work of vulgarity approaching the .journalistic style more so than the academic style.
. . .Ni mo kakawarazu
Example 1: Kojin" no seijitsu ga keibetsu sareru shakai wa insan na saigi no rinritsu no uchi ni mizukara horobite yukaneba naranu. Ni mo kakawarazu, kojin no seijitsu wa akiraka ni genkai ni tasshite iru6
A society which scorns individual sincerity must continue to perish of itself in a forest of sad and gloomy suspicion. Nonetheless, . individual sincerity has clearly attained the lim it.
' Example 2s Soshite sorekara demo sude-ni yonjuunen o esshite iru . Sore ni mo kakawarazu ima-nao seihookei-ue ka chOohbokei-ue ka to , -
taue no tabi ni omoi-mayou hito no ooi no wa dooshita koto de aroo ka.
And even since then we've been reviewing (the subject) for forty years already. In spite of which, how is it that, at rice planting time,' there are so. many people confused over whether (to use) rectangular or square planting.
.. .Ni mo sevo. ' . ' Example 1 : Shirooto no bokura ni wa, to o te i wakaranai sekai de aru ni mo seyo, tobaku to iu yakuzateki.senzai ga Nihon no minshuka no
seichoo o mushibande iru koto dake wa tashika de aru.
• Granted that to us amateurs it is an utterly incomprehensible world, s t i l l i t is. certain; that: the worthless existence ca lled gambling,- ,
is worm-eating.', the" development of Japanese dem ocratization. • - ; 55 .e.Hade mo nal . -/
. Example I s. ¥aga too.-mo kyooritsutoo to ai-irenai koto >ja iu made mo n a i.. .
It is needless to say that- our party .also, is incompatible with the Communist party.
. . o .Taya mo sureba., ...to mo suru to. . . , _
Example I s Sakkon no Nihon n i m s.:3 to mo suru to busshitsu no tame ni teisoo o kaeriminai yoo na asahaka ha josei ga ite, sono tame ni hontoo ni jun'ai kara shuppatsu shita mono mo; fujun na mono to machi- gauareru osore ga aru.
In today's Japan there are sometimes (likely to be) frivolous .
■women of the type who forget their chastity for the sake of material thingsj and because of them there's the danger that even what really started out as pure love will be mistaken for the sullied thing, -.
’ Example 2 g Korera no mondai .no rongi ni s a i-s h ite tsuukan suru .. koto wa5 ronsha ga, yaya mo sureba kongo no.5 shoorai ni okeru bengoshi . ga ika n i aru beki ka, mata, atte hoshii ka to iu iwaba shoorairon, . risboron to3 genzai no bengoshi naishi bengoshikai aruiwa, moo hitotsu hiroku itte bengoshi seido no genjoo ga koo de aru kara shitagatte, kore o kooshitara, to iu genzairon, genjitsuron to ga, toriagerareru gutai. mcndai' o koto-ni-suru goto ni, mata wa, kore o ronzuru hito no tachiba o koto-ni-suru goto n i, hana.hadashiku konsen saserarete iru to iu koto de aru. . . '
What one feels most keenly when these problems are being dis cussed is that there is the likelihood for the disputants to become ’ entangled in so-called futurism and idealism (what the lawyer of the future ought to be and what we'd like to have him be), to become en tangled with presentism and realism (because the present situation is what it is with regard to everything from lawyers to the bar association- or, expressed a little more widely, since things are as they are in the" lawyer system- if we do thus and so about it*..) every time there's a difference between the concrete -problems taken up, and every time there's a difference in the standpoints of the disputants»
d Nante ■
Illustrating- something with a feeling of wishing to set it aside or ignore it as being contemptible,
Example 1: Onna ni amattareru nante,. otoko rashiku nai wa yo0
■ Fawning over a woman and th e .lik e is unmanly!.
- - 5 - ■ ■ Nari (Mari t o ) .
Presenting something as an illustration with the' unspoken implication of the likelihood of the existence of better,.examples -
. Example 1: Boku ni nari chotto itte kure sae shitara yokatta no m. ne» ; ■
. I wish he had only mentioned, it even to me (if only to me)e •
Example 2: “Izure e nari to haizoku sasete itadakitai, yaku ni wa tatanaku tomo, kiken na tokoro nara izuku domo kekkoo desu,'* to k a ita .
He wrote, “I want to be assigned anywhere at a l l ; though I may be of no use, as-long.as it is a dangerous place, any place is fine,",;
5o The following examples have been taken from the KKK Report (195D, 13i4o 6. The following examples have been taken from the KKK Report. . ' (1951), 133. .57 ■ ' Sae 7 ’ ‘ . -
Illustrating by emphasizing an extreme.' case, thus suggesting the other general cases
Example 1: Sore ga sokkoojo no kiroku to hotondo itchi shite iru to iu hpokoku sae aru.
There is even a report that that almost agrees with the records of the weather station.
■ Example 2 : Shujin n i wa shosai ga. a r i, kodomo n i wa ascbiba ga ■ arij jochuu ni sae jochuubeya to iu supeesu ga mookerarete iru. Shikashi shufushitsu no aru juutaku wa kiwamete sukuna.i0
Fop the master of the house there is a studyj for the children, there is a playroom; why, even for the maid there has been provided, a space ca lled the maid's room. However, there are very few residences which have a housewife's room#
o o.Sae mo •
Example 1 : .Nanajuunana-s.ai no konnichi de sae mo mada sono migonashi to kizen to shita arukikata wa, kare ga umarenagara.no undooka de aru koto o shim eshite iru .
Even today at seventy-seven years old, his s till dauntless manner, of walking and his carriage indicate that he is a born athelete. ...
. . .S a e .. .dakara. .
"Example 1: Otona de sae. ichoo o sokdnau koto ga ooi no desu
kara, binkan na akach.2n no ichoo. wa chotto shita ijoo no sugu eikyoo. sare, tachimachi geri o okoshite shimairaasu. '.
. 7 o The following., examples have been 'taken from the. KKK Report (1951) ; 5U-55- • Because there, are.many cases of intestinal disorders even among adults, the gastro-intestinal tract of a sensitive infant will be af fected immediately by the slightest abnormality and quickly contract, diarrhea. 1'
In the form of . .y s a e .. »ba,-. expresses’ a hypothetical condition Which, if it exists, %ill produce certain consequences
Example I s Anata ga suki da .sae areba, hareru n i tsu rete jootatsu shimasu,
■ If you only like it, you will-improve as you get used to it.
' Shika8 . -
Expressing-complete denial nith'the exception of a specific thing, when in conjunction with a negative final verb.
Example 1: Rokujoo hitoma de, tsukue to honbako shika dbogu wa nakatta.
It was a six-mat room and had no furniture but (other than) a desk and a bookcase,. :.
Example 2 % Taigan no hi de -atte wa naranu hazu no mono de wa aru ga, jijitsu uataigan no hi de shika nakatta no de aru.
It shouldn’t have been (just) for others to concern/themselves in (literally, ’’a fire on the other bank"),, but, as a matter of fact, it
' 8. The following examples have been, taken, from- the KEK Report . 5'9 Shimo-
Holding a thing up for special emphasis.
Example .1: Kore o shimo "jidoo no kenkoo oyobi fukushi ni
yuugai de naku, katsu- sono roodoo ga k e i'i de aru—Rookihoo dai-gojuu-
roku joo ichi11 to ieru sagyop de aroo kae
I wonder i f we can c a ll even th is , work "that is not harmful to
the health and ■welfare of children and th a t, in addition, such work w ill
be lig h t and easy—Labor Standards Act, Section 56, A rticle 1."
. . »Mada shimo ... •
Example 1; Joochoo no mutonjaku.ni kuraberu nara, sono hito no
ayamatta handan ya muchi no hoo ga mada shimo yurushi-ya sui no desu.
When compared with his superiors' indifference, his mistaken
judgment and ignorance is s t i l l somewhat easier to forgive.
In conjunction with an indefinite, it- expresses total affirmation.
Example 1: Tooku sokoku o omoi, fubo, saishi, pn-ai no. kizuna
tachigataki wa, dare shimo motsu kojin no kanjod de aru.
Thinking of one’s homeland far away, and the d iffic u lty o f severing the bonds of father and mother, wife and children, and love and kindness—(these) are the feelings of anyone at a ll.
The collocation kanarazu.shimo. :
Example 1:■ Besuto seraa kana s himo, ryoosho de wa n ai.
A best seller is not necessarily a jgood book. ■
9. The following examples have been taken from the KKK Report (1951)5 59-60 Emphasizing something by indicating its least extreme case, thus suggesting other general cases
Example 1: Fukai imi ga aru dokoro ka, sono kotoba doori no imi sura ari wa shinai*
There is not even any lit e r a l meaning, l e t alone any profound. meaning.
Example 2; Sashizume Ka-wanakajima de ikinari Uesugi Kenshin ni kiritsukerar.eta Takeda Shingen to itta tokoro da, lya, Shingen via tossa ni, satto gunbai de tachi o uketometa ga, Mori-no-Ishimatsu wa sono gunbai o dasu koto sura wasurete iru.
At the moment he (Mori-no-Ishimatsu) can be compared to Takeda
Shingen »ho was slashed-suddenly by Uesugi Kenshin at Kawanakjima, No!
Shingen instantly parried the sword-with-.his, gunbai, 11 - but Mori-no-
Ishimatsu has forgotten even to take his gunbai outo -
Example I s Mata kogarashi ga fu ite k ite omoide sura mo fu k ito - basuo ■'
A cold winter began blowing again, blowing away even our mem ories 0 .
10o The following examoles have been taken from the KKK Report . (1951), 61-62o
11, A gumai is-a large, ceremonial fan carried by high-ranking military personnel,' 61
Example 1; Sasayaka naru shizuku sura, nagare-yukeba uni to
naru<, Ai no chiisaki wza sura mo, chi oba kami no kuni to nasan.
Just as a tin y drop of water flows on to become an ocean, so
also, the little arts of love may make a paradise on earth»
i ..S u ra ga
■Example 1 : Nihonjin to iu Tooa no bunkaken no naka.ni sodatta
ningen ga, seiyoo bunmei—sore o uni-dashita honke-honmoto no seiyoojin
sura ga hotondo mote-amishikakete iru mono—o wazuka hanseiki hodo no
aida ni shori. shi sokonetakara tote, aruiwa sore hodo no ookina chijoku
de mo nai ka mo sh iren ai.
It may be not such a huge disgrace that the people raised in the
Eastern Asian cultural sphere, such as the Japanese, have failed to cope
in a short half century with Western culture—which even the Westerner,
whose homeland gave b irth to i t , has begun to find too much to.cope witho
12 Tara (Ttara)
. Indicating a person as the topic and makes him ; / the object of blame or criticism-
Example 15 Kaoru-san, tara, narti yo kono kakkoo wa„
Oh, Kaoru-san, what kind of appearance.is that?
Example 2; Doo shita n deshod ne. Otoosan tara.
■ h’hat in the world could have happened. Oh Father I '
12o The follow ing examples have been taken from the KKK Report (1951)s 660 ' ■ - ; ' ' ■ ' ; .62
Teba (Tteba)13
Indicating -a person as the topic, making him ' the object of blame or criticism , . : '
■ • Example 1: Otoosan teba ^ akambo ni in mitai na koto, os sham
uda mono„
You know father (literally, Irif i t's father you’re talking
about11), he'll speak to me as if he were talking to a baby»
Tote^^
Indicating something that cannot be considered an exception, but is similar to other general.cases,.
Example 1 ; Washinton Daigaku no mondai wa shuuritsu daigaku de-
atta tame hi shuu no ham-Kyooritsu Hoo ni yotte okotta no da ga, shiritsu daigaku tote mo kesshite nami-shizuka de wa naio
The University of Washington’s problem happened because it is a
state university subject to the state's anti-Communist legislation, but
even for the private university the waters are by no means calm0
I te 15 Making-a word or phrase the topicj performing the same function as to iu no wa -
.. Example 1 ; lya da, kowai h ito it e nani sa„
Gome off it, what do you mean—calling me a fright?
13o The following examples have, been taken from the KKK Report (1951)/92 o
lito The following examples have been taken, from the KICK Report (1951), 123. '
15 o :. . The follow ing examples, have been taken from the KKK Report.. (1951) , 7lto ■: : \ : ;/ : . ■; ■ : . ■ 63 Setting up part: of a question as the topic . of the answer, to parry a question.
Example 1; Doo suru tte, Tookyoo de wa shigoto ga mitsukaranai :■
kara, toobun kochira de kurasti y ori shikata ga nai no desu.
n¥hat".do do?" you ,ask— (w ell.) sin ce I cannot find work in Tokyo,
there is no choice but to make my living here for the present.
Indicating the established.topic as distinct from- other general cases
Example 1 ; Konnichi no kyooiku wa kokumin zentai no tame kyoblku. de aruo ■ "
(As for) Today's education, (it) is education for all the people»
Example 2% Hihyoo seish in wa naruhodo gen jitsu o kyohi suru»" ....
(As for) The critical spirit, (it) indeed denies reality. ;
To wa 'y :
Example 1: Hihycoka ni to tte --iy a , sono mae n i, bokutachi
ippanj in ni totte--koj:in no seijitsu to wa itta i nani mono de aroo ka„.
To the critic—no, before that, to us ordinary people—what in
heaven's name kind of thing is that which we call the sincerity of the individual.
Indicating a-topic by virtue of being previously stated, or right before one's eyes. • -• /
Example I s . Shashin wa 2n gyoosei inchoo0 j
' The photograph is En, the head of the administration.
■ loo The following examples have been taken from the KKK Report. . ; (i?3i), i8o-iph, I.-':';-. : . : 6u _ Example 2: Boku ga kore made kataratte kita koto wa, tannaru
,thihj'-ooka no seishin" ni suginu .mono de atta, no ka„
Has what I've been speaking about, until now been nothing more . than just the nspirit of the critic?”
- Example 3s Mochiron, boku wa hihyoo seish in no kyokuhoku o kangaete iru no da.
Of courseI am considering the extreme of the critical spirit.
. Example It; J ijit s u wa, kono yop na kinoo-shugisha n i. to tte , ■ * kooka ga tasserareru to iu jitai wa okori-enu no de aru... Sore wa naze de arod ka..
In fact, for this kind of functionalist, a state of affairs in which results are achieved is impossible. As for that, why, do you sup pose, it ’s so.
...Ga (or another conjunctive). . .kore (or another demonstrative)...wa.
Example 1; Mb's hi konnichi, hihyoo ka-taru koto no fukoo ga aru to sureba, sore wa gendai no Nihon no ippan shakaijin no uchi ni', soshite seijika ya kagakusha no uchi ni, hihyooka ga ikite inai kara de ari, sara ni kare o yori ijoo ni fukoo ni sasete iru mono ga aru to sureba, sore wa hoka no. nani mono yori mo.' shoosetsvka ya shijin no uchi ni sore ga nai to iu jijitsu de aru to itte sashi-tsukae aru mai0.
If there is a problem in being a critic today, that is because there are no critics among the general members of Japanese society today nor ..among' statesmen 'and scientists; and, i f - there-:.is - that which-.further ■ aggravates this situation, it is probably not too much to.say that it is 65 more than anything else because of the fact that there are no critics among authors and p oets„
V«.Koso wa
Example 1: Sore koso -wa^ .».«.minsbku sangyoo, shuu-shoo shoo- koogyoosha e no futan tenka de arie. 0
That indeed lays the burden on the household industries and the small and medium merchants and industrialists.
,.No gotoki "wa.
Example 1 : Tsuuka zoohatsu no gotoki %a^ kono kaikyuuteki shuudatsu seisaku kara hitsuzenteki ni motarasareru kekkateki genshoo ni suginaio.
Such things as the increased issue of currency are nothing more than phenomena in evitab ly resulting.from th is class-plundering ggverrunent p o licy .
. . . No (koto) w a ... d e a r a.■
. Example 1 ; Sono uchi, mottomo chuumoku o h iita no_wa, id made ' mo nakUj "Beikoku. Ta in ic hi -En j o-Mika eru^-S hikin- Tokub e twu-Ka ikei" d ea ru .
Needless to say, that •which attracts the most attention, _is the
Special Account of the- Counterpart Fund ..of the United States Aid to
Japan.
Koto (hoka, bazu, tsumori etc.) wa nai.
Example 1 : Mareware wa Honbushoo ya chosakusha no kata o motsu tsumori wa nai ga, kyookasho to shite happyoo sareta koto o yorokubu. . / . ' . ‘ 66 We do not intend to side with the educators and authors, but we
rejoice that it has been published as a text.
Example. 2s Kesshite hyootari-aiirezaru gotoki shosetsu no
tairitsu funkyuu o kitasu koto w anai.yoo ni omou no de aru.
I'm sure that this.w ill never occasion such a complication as
the opposition of various theories mutually incompatible,
. . - Example 3 : Kekkyoku korera kunoo ya kiken no ooi to o sakete,
fuanteinagara mo renkai-dakyoo ni yoru keishiki de yotoo-sensen no kyooka o hakaru hoka wa nai daroo.
After all, avoiding the path of these agonies and dangers, al
though it is stable, perhaps there's no other way than to plan the
strengthening of party lines in the form of cooperation and compromise, .
Example U: Sonna hazu wa n ai, boku wa "Hihyoo Seishin" n i tsu ite
katatte k ita no da»
That's not necessarily so; I've been talking about "ttbcritical
Example 5.; Shikashi, sono onna wa geisha de aru shi, sore ni,
Yuuhi wa, sono onna ni, kanjoo wa ikuraka waruku shika kamo shirenai ga, meiwaku o kakeru koto mo, fugiri o shita koto mo, mattaku nai no de aru
kara, "Moshi aereba" nado to kangaeru wake wa hitotsu mo nai no de aru
ga, Yuuhi no "Hikkomijian" no se ish itsu no s e i de a tta 0 .
■ W ell,: after all, she is a geisha—and, besides that, Yuuhi may
have hurt her feelings a little, but since there was absolutely no .
question of Yuuhi's having caused her any trouble or of having been re
miss : in his obligations toward her there was no reason why he should. . ... • V 67 have been thinking such things as "If only I could meet herj" but that could be attributed to Yuuhi's noverly considerate and conservative" nature0 .
HodOoi.wa nai . '
Example 1 : Sanjoo-hitoma no jibun karima d e f u t a r i de kaki- ■ komu shokuji hodo, pishii mono ^a arlmasen deshita®
There is nothing so d eliciou s as a meal eaten together in our ; three-mat rented room0
Singles out the object of. discussion.
Example 1 ; Watakushi wa gunkokushugi ni doku-sareta h itob ito no sokuseki o nokosoo nado to in. is h i pa5 mbchiron motte in a i.
The intention of leaving a record of people poisoned by milita rism—that, of course, I don’t have,
. Example 2;. Ghuugokujin ni wa yuigon sonchooheki ga hikakuteki sukunai koto o miru-1o^ kono Nihonjin no seikoo ka Jukyoo nomi o motte shite vja setsumei shi-enai.
Considering that respect for the last'will and testament is not.
•widespread as a trait among Chinese, as for this propensity ^ among
Japanese, it cannot be explained by Confuciansim alone,
,. ,¥a...Kore o. ■
. Example-1 ;. .Hitobito o toosakeru- yoo na, muchi ya kimagure ya wagamama ni motozuku genkoo. way tsuyoku kore.o seigen shinskereba . . naranal.de aroo, • : ■ ■ ■' , .- - 68 As for speech' and.behavior based on ignorance, -whim and selfish™ . ness and such things as keep people away from people—this we must firm ly restrict.
Comparing two d ifferin g circumstances or things.
■ Example 1; Seifu gun zenheiryoku wa genzai demo hyaku ni-juu-go man naishi yaku go-juu man nobori, sono uchi hyakuman wa hondo ni ari, nokori wa; Taiwan ni shuuketsu shite iru«
The total military force of the government army amounts to from one m illio n two hundred and f i f t y thousand to one m illio n fiv e hundred thousand; of which one million are on the mainland, the rest concen trated on Taiwan, . ..
ooo '/Ja0,0 da ga, o o .wa »co da
Example 1: Kumo wa aikawarazu hiku-t.arete imashita ga, iwareta toori, ame wa yande:ita 0 : . •
The - clouds .were hanging- low as usual, but as you said, the rain. stopped, .
o o,Wa moc hi iOh t ..., mo ^ ,
Example Is Koko ni noberarete iru.yoo. na koto wa sekai no ooku na kuniguni de, wa mochirpn,. Nihon demo shuusen irai sude-ni ippan chi- shikijin no aida de wa hotondo jooshikika shite iru kotogara bakari de am , - - -
• The kind of thing that has been stated here is just a matter/.of : common knowledge among the general in te lle c tu a l community of many nations of the. w orld" of course, and in Japan, also since the end of the war, ■vi ■ ' 69 Setting up a topic without expressing the object of comparison, or in cases where the object of comoarison is other than wa
Example 1: Saibansho de wa sanseki sum jiken o sabakiy uchi e kaereba, tatta hitori no imooto no,„Okantoku shinakereb- naranai.
At court she j.u.dges piles of cases and when she returns. home she must supervise her only younger sister.
Example 2s Natsu no rinyuu wa naze muzukashii ka,
. ‘Why is summer weaning such a problem?
Indicating in the form -te wa-the situation in which an action occurs,
Example .1; Akanboo no nesugata o, tokidoki nozoki ni kite wa nikoniko sum.
I'Thenever she came to peek in at the sleeping baby from time to time, she smiled.
To shite wa, ni kanshite wa, nioite'wa, ni taishite wa, ni totte wa, ni yotte wa/ ni s'hits 'wa, ni atatte wa,' c motte snxue wa.
* * Example 1 : Shakaiteki doobutsu to sh ite no jin m i ni to tte wa tagai ni tasuke-au koto nashi ni wa, tannaru seizon mo konnan to naru • kara de am .
It’s because, for mankind as social animals, without mutual help, simple'existence.would be a problem.
Te wa naranai ^ Examole 1; Saakasu-dan no gorotsukidomo to arasotte mo, danko, kono hidoo o abakanakute wa ■ naranai.
You must expose this outrage resolutely even if you fight with the circus troupe toughs. Following a case p a r tic le , imparts added emphasis. Example 1; Moo ichido mae yori wa_ ooki na koe de yobimasu tos
"Hal," to hikui, shiboridasu yoo na koe de, henji ga kikoete kimashita*
When I called again in a voice, stronger than before I began to hear the reply "Yes" in a low, strained voice.
Accompanying adverbs and adverbial m odifiers, emphasizes the adverb.
Example 1; Kantoku no Aavingu Haisu wa shinjin;de, ganrai wa kyakuhonka de am g a ...
The director Irving Rice is a new face and, originally^ was a playwright... .
Example 2 ; Rinyuu ni kakaru tok i sono mae n i is h i no shinsatsu. o ukete akachan no eiyoo-jootal o shirabete moraimashoo.
When, we sta r t weaning., beforehand l e t ' s have an examination by the doctor and have the baby's nutritional condition checked.
Example , 3 Nihon no mondai. ga yagate wa kokusaikan no mondai •. to naruhi ga aru koto o omoi...
I think that there w ill come a day when Japan's problems, in due course, will become international problems.. '''
When in conjunction with a negative word in the predicate, expresses an emphatic negation..
Example 1 : Sore wa hihyooka no mono de mo a r i, kagakusha no - mono de mo ari, shoosetsuka no mono de mo aru—mashite ya—bungei- - hihyooka no mono to kagirabe wa seniii - ■ - 71 Just because it ’s the property of critics, scientists,.and writers, it doesn't follow that it ’s the property of literary critics.
Example 2; Dootoo wa Minjitoo to wa zettai goodoo wa shinai to ' seimei shite iru hanmen, kakugai kyooryoku no taido o izen kuzushite wa orazu,,»,.
While the Party has declared that union with the Democratic
Liberal Party absolutely won't do; as yet they still haven’t eliminated the idea of extra-Cabinet cooperation.
Following the renyookei of adjectives, and in conjunction with a negative word, adds empha sis to the negation.
Example 1 ;' Eekkyoku chi wa mizu y o r i,, .no tatoedoori ni mochikomi shidai de wa yotoogawa ni mawaru koosan mo kesshite sukanaku wa n a i.
Blood being thicker than water,,.the probability is certainly . not slight that he’ll go over to the government party, depending on how they bring up the question.
Following a gerund and continuing with an auxiliary, when in conjunction with a negative, expresses an emphatic negation.
Example 1 ; Fuantei ha jo o ta i c motomeru hibyoo-s eisb in wa, kanarazu shimo sore to kakawaru koto ni yotte, sore o antei ni michi- bikoo to iu kooka o ish ik i sh ite wa in a i.
.The critical spirit which seeks our unstable, situations, depend ing upon what they’re concerned with, is not necessarily conscious of ;■ the. results that will lead them to stability. ». ,T)e wa nai
Example I s ,vAtaranai tenlci yohoo'1 no akuhyoo o noaoku koto mo tannaru yume de wa aru mai* .
Avoiding adverse criticism of 11 the Unreliable Weather Report1* is probably not just a simple dream.
...De wa nai ka.
Example 1; Sore, wa shakai zentai ni tsuite mo, onaji yoo ni kangaete yoi no de wa nai ka.
Isn't it all right to think about that as the same as society as a whole.
Concessive (. . .de wa aru ga)
Example 1; Shisoo wa motomoto koodoo to soogoo kanren o nasu ' mono de atte, ikani utsukushii shisoo mo jitsugen.shiezaru kagiri yume de wa a tte mo, "shisoo" de wa nai.
A thought is a thing, which:has mutual relationship to action from the first, and, a dream though it may be, it is not a "thought" until it is realisable, ho matter how beautiful a "thought" it: may be.
Imparting emphasis to conjunctions:. Mata wa, naishi wa.
Example Is. ...gakkoo kyooikuhoo o kaisei shite- ninen mat a wa . sannen no tanki-daigaku o setchi suru koto ni natta. ’
They revised the.school education law and it was decided to . establish junior colleges of two or three years.. . . ' 73 Aruiwa, .moshikuwa
Example 1: . Kakushite, tokubetsu kaikei, chihoo zaisei >?a sono akaii o koojitsu n i.aruiwa, tairyoo kubikirl. ni yptte,' tate ni tasuu shokuin. no g is e i futan o kyookoo suru ka, moshikuwa, chihoo z a ise i no ba’a i n i toku ni- kencho_.nl mirareru yoo n i, chihoozei o oohaba ni zoo- choo sh i, amatsusae amakudari kyooseiteki kifukin wariate ni y o tte, koohan n i -chihoomin zenpan no g is e i futan. n i shiwayose-o hakaru ka de aroo» . .
Thus, Special, Accounts, oh the pretext of local financing being in the red, probably is planning either to vertically force the burden . of sacrifice onto many employees by mass firings, jor to imcrease local taxation drastically—as is particularly conspicuously observable in the case of local financing—and, by allotting financial contributions for cibly imposed from above, to shift the sacrificial burden onto all the ■ local people on a wide scaleo LIST OF COLLOCATIONS USING FUKU-JOSHI
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Alcu made 33 o "e p ***Ba o e ® d a Ice @00 18 0. „ 0 hodo - . 23 Bakari de via nai 13 Bakari'-ka 15 Bakari ni 16 Dake a tte 20 Dake de (wa) nai 20 Dake ni 20 „ „ ..Dake no'koto wa aru . 19 0 0 eDake sore dake;o,» . 18 0. oDekiru dake0»0 . 19 Doko made 33 Doo yara 37 Hodo no koto wa.nai - 22 Hodo.ooVTa nai . 23 Ikura-ka5 nanda-ka, naze-ka 2£t Itsumademo . 31 I t s unomaniy a r a. ■ 38 Kamo shirenal 26 00»Kara0„.made ' . 30, 31 -Kural dakara 28 0 0 oKurai nara .. 29 Kurai'o o nai, kurai»«.wa mare de, kuraiooi'wa sukunai 29 0 0 oliade mo 32 0 0 oMade mo nai (made no koto wa nai) : 33 0ooMade ni .31, 32 Made (no koto) da 3.2 -N bakari . 16 Nani hodo noooomo nai 22 Nani-ka nashi-ni, nani-ka (sum koto) (kangaeru koto)
nashi ni . 23 Nani yara ' : 38 Nio0ozutsu. 3 0 : Nomi narazu 36 Sore(k)kiri 27 : oo.-Te bakari iru '1 6 To bakari . 17 To yara " , : . ;; , 38 "ila doko e yara.. " 37 ; 7- LIST GF COLLOCATIONS USING KAKARI-JOSHI
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Arnica, moshikwa . '73 o«..Taya mo sureba, ,to . o .De wa am ga 72 mo suru to 55 «».De wa nai 72 o. <,Yori mo 53 . . .De wa nai ka 72 -Donna,o.demo ■ h3 o. o Ga .06 kore ©, ©vja 6h © © ©Ga (via) ©, ©mo . W Hodo©. ox-ja nai 67 Ikura.©©datte . h i Kamo shirenai .51 , © ©.Koso.o. 14-6 Koso. © ©sure (koso© © ©sum ga) h i : ©ooKoso >?a > 5 , 65 Koto (hoka, hazu, tsumori, etc,) wa nai 65 © © ©Mada shimo . 59 © ©.Made mo nai 55 o © ©Mb aroo ni 5o .... ©Mo' i i ga 5 i . ©. ©Ni mo kakawarazu ;■ 55 © © ©Ni mo se y o ; 55 o© ©No gotoki f/ja 65 ©.©'dNo {koto) : >)a© © ©de. aru - 65 o © ©Sae © © © ba 58 © o oSae.o odakara 57 ...S a e mo 57 Sore koso 55 Sore mo 52 ©.©Sura ga 61 Sura mo 60 o«©Sura © © ©sura mp 61 © © ©Te mo y o i 52 Te v-ia naranai 69 ...To mo ierii, ©..to mo . kangaerareru, .©.to mo mirareru 52 . To shite via (ni kanshite via, ni oite wa, hi taishite ha, - ni totte >jas ni yotte via:, ni ' shite wa, ni atatte v-?a5 o motte’ shite via) . 69 To. ha 63. .©. ©Wa,, .da ga, ©. ©va.. .da . . 68 .©©Ma.©.kore o 67 . . ©Wa .mochiron, . ©'©mo 68 LIST .OF REFERENCES
Bloch, Bernardo '.‘Studies in Colloquial Japanese, Part IT, Syntax," Language, Monograph ■ 22, 19U6*
Ekoyama Tsuneaki and Matsumura Akira, comp. Nihon Bumpoo J iten (D ictionary of Japanese grammar). Tokyo; M eiji Shoin, 1963*
Hashimoto Shinkichi. Hashlmoto Hakushi Chos-akushuu-, Vol.. I I , Kokugohoo Yoosetsu (Complete works of Dr, Kashimoto Shinkichi, Vol. II, ■ Elements of Japanese grammar). Tokyo; Iwanami Shoten, 19I4.8 .
Hiroshi..-Miyaji, "D efinition and. Usage of P articles in Contemporary Japanese," The Journal-Newsletter of the Association of Teachers of Japanese,,Vol. IV, No. 3, 1967, pp. 17-22 ~
KokugO Cakkai (Japanese language society), comp. Kokugogaku Jiten - d ic tio n a r y .o f Japanese language stu d ie s). . Tokyo; Tookyoodoo, 1963. .
Kokuritsu Kokugo Kenkyuujo (National language research institute), comp. Report No. 3, Gendaigo no.Joshi, Jodooshi—Yoohoo to Jitsrel (Present-day particles and inflected suffixes—usage and examples). Tokyo; ■ Shuiiei Shuppan, 1951.
Matsumura Akira. “Joshi ni tsuite" (Concerning particles). Kokubungaku (Japanese literature studies), .Jan. 196?, pp. 8-9
.Matsumura Akira, comp. Gendaigp-Kotengo Joshi-Jodooshi Shoosetsu., (Present-day and classical particles and inflected suffixes—a de- ; ta ile d study). Tokyo; Gakutoosha, 1969.
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