Soda Pulping with Additives
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Mountain Pine Beetle-Attacked Lodgepole Pine for Pulp and Papermaking
Operational extractives management from- mountain pine beetle-attacked lodgepole pine for pulp and papermaking Larry Allen and Vic Uloth Mountain Pine Beetle Working Paper 2007-15 Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5 (250) 363-0600 • cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/regions/pfc Natural Resources Ressources naturelles Canada Canada Canadian Forest Service canadien Service des forêts Operational extractives management from mountain pine beetle-attacked lodgepole pine for pulp and papermaking Larry Allen and Vic Uloth Mountain Pine Beetle Initiative W orking Paper 2007œ15 Paprican 3800 W esbrook Mall Vancouver, B.C. V6S 2L9 Mountain Pine Beetle Initiative PO # 8.43 Natural Resources Canada Canadian Forest Service Pacific Forestry Centre 506 W est Burnside Road Victoria, British Columbia V8Z 1M5 Canada 2007 ≤ Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada 2007 Printed in Canada Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Allen, Larry Operational extractives m anagem ent from m ountain pine beetle-attached lodgepole pine from pulp and paperm aking / Larry Allen and Vic Uloth. (Mountain Pine Beetle Initiative working paper 2007-15) "Mountain Pine Beetle Initiative, Canadian Forest Service". "MPBI Project # 8.43". "Paprican". Includes bibliographical references: p. Includes abstract in French. ISBN 978-0-662-46480-8 Cat. no.: Fo143-3/2007-15E 1. Pulping--British Colum bia--Quality control. 2. Pulping--Alberta--Quality control. 3. Paper m ills-- Econom ic aspects--British Colum bia. 4. Pulp m ills--Econom ic aspects--Alberta. 5. Lodgepole pine--Diseases and pests–Econom ic aspects. 6. Mountain pine beetle--Econom ic aspects. -
Basics of Kraft Pulping
Lignin Wood is composed of many chemical components, primarily extractives, carbohydrates, and lignin, which are distributed nonuniformly as the result of anatomical structure. Lignin is derived from the Latin term lignum, which means wood.1 Anselme Payen (1838) was the first to recognize the composite nature of wood and referred to a carbon- rich substance as the “encrusting material” which embedded cellulose in the wood. Schulze (1865) later defined this encrusting material as lignin. Lignin has been described as a random, three-dimensional network polymer comprised of variously linked phenylpropane units.2 Lignin is the second most abundant biological material on the planet, exceeded only by cellulose and hemicellulose, and comprises 15-25% of the dry weight of woody plants. This macromolecule plays a vital role in providing mechanical support to bind plant fibers together. Lignin also decreases the permeation of water through the cell walls of the xylem, thereby playing an intricate role in the transport of water and nutrients. Finally, lignin plays an important function in a plant’s natural defense against degradation by impeding penetration of destructive enzymes through the cell wall. Although lignin is necessary to trees, it is undesirable in most chemical papermaking fibers and is removed by pulping and bleaching processes. 1.1.1 Biosynthesis Plant lignins can be broadly divided into three classes: softwood (gymnosperm), hardwood (angiosperm) and grass or annual plant (graminaceous) lignin.3 Three different phenylpropane units, or monolignols, are responsible for lignin biosynthesis.4 Guaiacyl lignin is composed principally of coniferyl alcohol units, while guaiacyl-syringyl lignin contains monomeric units from coniferyl and sinapyl alcohol. -
Kraft and Soda Pulping of White Rot Pretreated Betung Bamboo
Kraft and Soda Pulping of White Rot Pretreated Betung Bamboo Widya Fatriasari, Riksfardini A Ermawar, Faizatul Falah, Dede HY Yanto, Deddy TN Adi, Sita H Anita, Euis Hermiati R&D Unit for Biomaterials, Indonesian Institute of Sciences Jl. Raya Bogor KM 46 Cibinong 16911. Corresponding author: [email protected] (Widya Fatriasari) Abstract This research was conducted to study the effects of pre-treatment with white-rot fungi on pulp properties of betung bamboo. Inoculum stocks of white-rot fungi (25 ml) were injected into polybags contained barkless fresh bamboo chips. Each polybag contained 214.9–286.8 g oven dry weight of chips. Bamboo chips in the polybags were inoculated by Pleurotus ostreatus and Trametes versicolor. Both of them were then incubated for 30 and 45 days at room temperature. Bamboo chips were cooked using soda and Kraft processes. The cooked bamboo chips were then defiberize using disc refiner for 3 times. Pulp yield, kappa number and degree of freeness of the pulp were then analyzed. The treatment of two white rot fungi, gave different effects on the characteristic of betung bamboo pulp. The effects of fungi treatment on kappa number and degree of freeness can be seen only at samples cooked using kraft process. Incubation time did not affect pulp yield of bamboo treated with both fungi, but it affected kappa number and degree of freeness of bamboo pulp cooked using kraft process. Bamboo treated with T. versicolor incubated for 45 days and cooked using kraft process produced the best pulp quality with high pulp yield. Key words: betung bamboo, biopulping, degree of freeness, kappa number, pulp yield. -
Lignin As a Source of Phenolic Compounds: from Lignin Extraction to Its Transformation by Different Routes
Lignin as a source of phenolic compounds: from lignin extraction to its transformation by different routes A dissertation presented by Javier Fernández Rodríguez In Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in Renewable Materials Engineering by the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Under the supervision of Dr. Jalel Labidi Dr. María González Alriols Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department Engineering School of Gipuzkoa Donostia-San Sebastián 2020 (c)2020 JAVIER FERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ “Dalli qui nu canta, verdi qui nu livanta” II Summary In the last decades, considerable interest has been put in using lignocellulosic streams, which have been traditionally considered as wastes, to be converted into value-added products, such as fuel, chemicals and biomaterials, which are currently obtained from fossil sources. Lignin, the most plenty polymer as an aromatic source in nature has been traditionally considered as a by-product or side stream from pulp and paper process, although lignin commercialization as a source of phenolic compounds has gained more and more relevance lately. However, several drawbacks have to be still overcome, such as the high polydispersity and high content in impurities of the obtained lignin samples, which lead to generate a recalcitrant behavior that hinders its transformation processes into high value- added chemical compounds. Lignin-based products must be competitive with their petroleum-derived counterparts. Hence, it is very important to design energetically efficient processes for lignin extraction and purification. For this purpose, lignin-based products have to be assumed as a section of an integrated biorefinery where multiple products are obtained and in this line being able to compete in a realistic scenario. -
Construction Health and Safety Manual: Pulp and Paper Mills
PULP AND PAPER MILLS 33 PULP AND PAPER MILLS The two common forms of chemical pulping are 1) the dominant “alkaline” or “kraft” process, and Processes 2) the “acid pulping” or “sulphite” process. Acid pulping has generally declined but is still in use. The A number of processes, grouped by type as mechanical, digester liquor is a solution of sulphurous acid, H SO , chemical, and semi-chemical (or hybrid), are used in 2 3 mixed with lime (CaO) or other base (magnesium, the preparation of wood pulp. In 1990 (according to sodium, or ammonium) to form bisulphites. Lockwood’s Directory) the distribution of pulp mills in Ontario and Quebec was as follows: Mechanical processes produce the highest yield from the wood, but have high energy demands. Mechanical pulping Process Type generally incorporates thermal or chemical pre-softening Chemical Processes Semi-chemical Mechanical Total of the wood chips, resulting in lower energy requirements. Kraft Sulphite Some chemical processes include mechanical features. Ontario 94 2 15 30 The division is not distinct and is generally based on Quebec 10 8241 61 efficiency of production from dry wood. Figure 22.1: Number of pulp mills by type in Ontario and Quebec Figure 22.2 provides a flow diagram for a semi-chemical pulp mill. In chemical pulping, the wood chips are cooked, using heat and a chemical solution that depends on the type of Of the chemical processes , alkaline pulping – the kraft process being used. The lignin binder, a natural glue that or sulphite process – is the most common and is shown in holds the wood cells (fibres) together, is dissolved. -
Systematic Review on Isolation Processes for Technical Lignin
processes Review Systematic Review on Isolation Processes for Technical Lignin Marlene Kienberger *, Silvia Maitz, Thomas Pichler and Paul Demmelmayer Institute of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 25c, A-8010 Graz, Austria; [email protected] (S.M.); [email protected] (T.P.); [email protected] (P.D.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +43-031-6873-7484 Abstract: Technologies for the isolation of lignin from pulping process streams are reviewed in this article. Based on published data, the WestVaco process, the LignoBoost process, the LigoForce SystemTM and the SLRP process are reviewed and discussed for the isolation of lignin from Kraft black liquor. The three new processes that have now joined the WestVaco process are compared from the perspective of product quality. Further, isolation processes of lignosulfonates from spent sulfite liquor are reviewed. The limitation for this review is that data are only available from lab scale and pilot scale experiments and not from industrial processes. Key output of this paper is a technology summary of the state of the art processes for technical lignins, showing the pros and cons of each process. Keywords: Kraft lignin; lignosulfonates; lignin isolation processes; technical lignin 1. Introduction Citation: Kienberger, M.; Maitz, S.; After cellulose, lignin is the second most abundant biopolymer worldwide. Lignins are Pichler, T.; Demmelmayer, P. non-toxic and renewable, and hence may play an essential role during the change-over from Systematic Review on Isolation a fossil-based to a bio-based economy. The value-added application of technical lignin not Processes for Technical Lignin. -
Energy Generation and Use in the Kraft Pulp Industry
ENERGY GENERAnON AND USE IN THE KRAFT PULP INDUSTRY Alex Orr, H.A.Simoos Ltd INTRODUCTION The pulp and paper industry is one of the largest users of energy among the process industries, but most of its requirements, both steam and electrical power, can be produced from by-product and waste material produced within the process. This paper will discuss energy utilisation and generation in kraft pulp mills, and briefly describe the basic kraft pulping process. THE KRAFT PROCESS The kraft process is the most widely used chemical pulping process for a number of reasons: it produces the strongest pulp; it can handle a wide range of furnish: softwood, hardwood, bagasse and bamboo; the cooking chemicals can be recovered economically; it is energy efficient Figure 1 shows a simplified schematic of a kraft mill. The wood furnish supplied to the mill can be in the form of logs (roundwood) or by-product chips from sawmills.. The source of the wood supply has a significant affect on the energy production.. Ifroundwood is chipped the waste wood produced per ton ofchips will be around 200 kg, but when sawmill by-product chips are used the waste wood produced in the sawmill will be in the range of 450 kg/ton chips, as most of the log goes to produce lumbero This waste wood may be available to the pulp mill at a low cost, or even negative cost, allowing the production of low cost steam and electrical power" The chips are mixed with white liquor (NaOH and N~S) and cooked, using steam, in a large pressure vessel called a digester, either in a continuous or batch process. -
USE of NONWOOD PLANT FIBERS for PULP and PAPER INDUSTRY in ASIA: POTENTIAL in CHINA by Mudit Chandra Dr
USE OF NONWOOD PLANT FIBERS FOR PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY IN ASIA: POTENTIAL IN CHINA By Mudit Chandra Degree Paper Submitted to the Faculty of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF FORESTRY IN WOOD SCIENCE AND FOREST PRODUCTS APPROVED: A. L. Hammett, Chairman J. D. Dolan C. D. West August, 1998 Blacksburg, Virginia USE OF NONWOOD PLANT FIBERS FOR PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY IN ASIA: POTENTIAL IN CHINA by Mudit Chandra Dr. A. L. Hammett, Chairman Department of Wood Science and Forest Products (ABSTRACT) The pulp and paper industry around the world has been growing rapidly. As a result there has been a huge demand for pulp and paper making raw material. Recent years have seen a spurt in use of nonwood fibers being used as a raw material for this purpose. Although some of the nonwood fibers used for papermaking are used because of their fine paper making qualities, majority of nonwood fibers is used to overcome the shortage of wood fibers. As a result their use is more widespread in countries with shortage of wood. The use of nonwood fibers in pulp and paper industry is fraught with problems. Right from supply of raw material to the properties of finished paper, majority of nonwood raw material has proven to be economically inferior to wood. But over the last few years, technological breakthrough in almost all the fields of papermaking have made nonwood more competitive with wood as a raw material for papermaking. Although till recently, use of nonwood fibers for pulp and paper making was concentrated in countries with limited wood supply, it is now showing an increasing trend even in countries with adequate wood supply due to environmental considerations. -
Valorization of Kraft Lignin by Fractionation and Chemical Modifications for Different Applications
Valorization of Kraft Lignin by Fractionation and Chemical Modifications for Different Applications Selda Aminzadeh Doctoral Thesis Wallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC) Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm, Sweden 14th December 2018, Stockholm, Sweden I Principal Supervisor Prof. Mikael Lindström Co-supervisors Assoc.Prof. Olena Sevastyanova Prof. Gunnar Henriksson Copyright © Selda Aminzadeh, Stockholm, 2018 All rights reserved Paper I © 2017 Springer Paper II © 2017 Elsevier Paper III © 2018 Accepted to Nanomaterials Journal Paper IV © 2018 Elsevier Paper V © 2018 Springer Paper VI © 2018 Manuscript ISBN: 978-91-7873-046-9 TRITA-CBH-FOU-2018-61 ISSN:1654-1081 Tryck: US-AB, Stockholm 2018 Akademisk avhandling som med tillstånd av Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan framläggs till offentlig granskning för avläggande av teknisk doktorsexamen i fiber och polymerteknologi fredagen den 14:e december 2018, Lindstedtsvägen 26, Stockholm, kl. 14:00 i sal F3. Avhandlingen försvaras på engelska. Opponent: Professor Hasan Jameel, North Carolina State University, USA II “Dedicated to my mother and father.” III Abstract Lignin is one of the most abundant biopolymers. Approximately 70 million tons of technical lignin is generated annually, but only little is used for products other than energy. The complexity of lignin hinders full utilization in high-value products and materials. In spite of the large recent progress of knowledge of lignin structure and biosynthesis, much is still not fully understood, including structural inhomogeneity. We made synthetic lignin at different pH’s and obtained structural differences that might explain the structural inhomogeneity of lignin. -
Part I Chemical Pulping
1 Part I Chemical Pulping Handbook of Pulp. Edited by Herbert Sixta Copyright © 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim ISBN: 3-527-30999-3 3 1 Introduction Herbert Sixta 1.1 Introduction Industrial pulping involves the large-scale liberation of fibers from lignocellulosic plant material, by either mechanical or chemical processes. Chemical pulping relies mainly on chemical reactants and heat energy to soften and dissolve lignin in the plant material, partially followed by mechanical refining to separate fibers. Mechanical pulping involves the pretreatment of wood with steam (and some- times also with aqueous sulfite solution) prior to the separation into fibrous mate- rial by abrasive refining or grinding. Depending on its end-use, the material recov- ered from such processes – the unbleached pulp – may be further treated by screening, washing, bleaching and purification (removal of low molecular-weight hemicelluloses) operations. For any given type of production, the properties of the unbleached pulp are de- termined by the structural and chemical composition of the raw material. The variation in fiber dimension and chemical composition of some selected fibers is detailed in Tab. 1.1. By far, the predominant use of the fiber material is the manufacture of paper, where it is re-assembled as a structured network from an aqueous solution. Fiber morphology such as fiber length and fiber geometry have a decisive influence on the papermaking process. A high fiber wall thickness to fiber diameter ratio means that the fibers will be strong, but that they may not be able to bond as effec- tively with each other in the sheet-forming process. -
Cold Caustic Soda Pulping of Eucalyptus Saligna
Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Paper Engineering Senior Theses Chemical and Paper Engineering 6-1960 Cold Caustic Soda Pulping of Eucalyptus Saligna Tachipully A. Bhaskaran Western Michigan University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/engineer-senior-theses Part of the Wood Science and Pulp, Paper Technology Commons Recommended Citation Bhaskaran, Tachipully A., "Cold Caustic Soda Pulping of Eucalyptus Saligna" (1960). Paper Engineering Senior Theses. 85. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/engineer-senior-theses/85 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Chemical and Paper Engineering at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Paper Engineering Senior Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact wmu- [email protected]. COLD CAUSTIC SODA PULPING OF EUCALYPTUS SALIGNA ( SENIOR STUDENT THESIS PRODUCED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PAPER TECHNOLOGY BY TACHIPULLY A. BHASKARAN DEPARTMENT OF PAPER TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF APPLIED ARTS AND SCIENCES WESTERN MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY KALAMAZOO, MICHIGAN JUN, 1960 T.A.B. COLD CAUSTIC SODA PULPING OF EUCALYPTUS SALIGNA TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Summary------------------------------------------------ la 2. A Brief Description of the Genus Eucalyptus------------ 1 3. The Species Eucalyptus saligna------------------------- 2 4. Pulping of Eucalyptus saligna by Various Processes----- 3 5. Cold Caustic Soda Pulping of Eucalyptus Species-------- 7 6. Conclusions of Literature Survey----------------------- 10 7. Literature Cited--------------------------------------- 11 8. Experimental Design------------------------------------ 13 9. Experimental Work-------------------------------------- 14 10. Discussion of Results---------------------------------- 17 11. Conclusions-------------------------------------------- 19 WESTERN MICHIGAN Ut-' 1 V'" PS'TY L'BRARY KALAMAZOU, i-.lC; 1.1..:, ,. -
Crude Tall Oil Low ILUC Risk Assessment Comparing Global Supply and Demand
Crude tall oil low ILUC risk assessment Comparing global supply and demand Crude tall oil low ILUC risk assessment Comparing global supply and demand By: Daan Peters, Viktorija Stojcheva Date: 24 April 2017 Project number: SISNL17494 © Ecofys 2017 by order of: UPM ECOFYS Netherlands B.V. | Kanaalweg 15G | 3526 KL Utrecht| T +31 (0)30 662-3300 | F +31 (0)30 662-3301 | E [email protected] | I www.ecofys.com Chamber of Commerce 30161191 Executive Summary UPM produces renewable diesel and naphtha from crude tall oil (CTO) in its biorefinery in Lappeenranta, Finland from early 2015 onwards. Because the company wanted clarity on the status and sustainability of its feedstock, UPM asked Ecofys in 2013 to assess whether CTO can be regarded as a residue and whether the feedstock would be low ILUC risk, meaning its use for biofuels would not lead to displace- ment effects of existing other uses. The current report is an updated version of the 2013 report. An important change since the previous report is that biofuel production at UPM has started, so any effects of CTO usage for biofuels has on the CTO market would be visible. Ecofys studies the following questions in this report: 1. Can CTO be defined as a residue based on biofuel legislation 2. Does the feedstock create an additional demand for land (is it a low ILUC risk feed stock?) 3. Does the use of the feedstock for biofuel production cause significant distortive effects on markets? The second and third question are closely interlinked. CTO in itself is a non-land using feedstock.