AIM:Why was Jackson’s presidency so tumultuous? Jackson as President  Round 1: Jackson v. Five Civilized Tribes  Round 2: Jackson v. VP John C. Calhoun & South Carolina Tariffs!  Post War 1812 – Tariffs (why)?  Tariff of 1816, 1828, 1832: Increased tariffs each year  1828: brought tariff close to 50%! V. Tariffs!  John C. Calhoun: VP to Jackson, from S.C.  (1828): negative impact on S.C.  Nullification Theory – South Carolina Exposition  Declared the right of states to nullify fed law – if not….secede Tariffs!

 Hayne (SC) v. Webster (MA) Debates (1830)  Senators debated: states v. federal power  Jackson’s position: SUPPORTS THE UNION  Calhoun resigns! South Carolina Rebels  1832 Tariff: Increases tariff even more!  Reaction to the tariff: SC declares 1828, 1832 tariffs null; threatens to secede  Force Bill (1833): can use army, navy against SC – AJ sends the troops to enforce tariff  : Compromise Bill (1833)  10 year plan to lower tariff  Congress agrees but is VERY shaky Jackson as President  Round 1: Jackson v. Five Civilized Tribes  Who are they?  Round 2: Jackson v. VP John C. Calhoun & South Carolina  Round 3: Jackson v. Nicholas Biddle and the B.U.S. National Bank  Jackson does not like banks – Why?  1832: vetoed Second Bank of the US  Pet Banks: to break up BUS – gov deposited money into smaller banks (supported Democratic Party)  Biddle responds – calls in/won’t make loans  BUS ends in 1836 Van Buren Takes Control

 Martin Van Buren wins 1836 election w/ Jackson’s support

“Wildcat” banks  Pet banks print bank notes in excess of gold/silver they have  Government demands specie (gold, silver) to pay for public lands (Specie circular)  Rush to exchange paper money for specie, banks stop taking paper… Economic Depression! Panic of 1837

 Bank closings, collapse of credit system:  people lose savings, businesses bankrupted  more than 1/3 of population out of work  Van Buren can’t solve economic problems NO MORE KINGS! Creation of the Whig Party  Clay and Webster (1834): started Whig Party - limit the power of the federal government  Reaction to Jackson - abused his power Election of 1840

 William Henry Harrison (Whig) beats Van Buren – Common Man  Starts Whig program to revive economy  Dies one month later; VP takes over – As a Southerner, he opposes the Whig plan. http://www.thedailyshow.com/watch/mon-october-6- 2008/vice-presidential-common-man-off

Section 4 States’ Rights and the National Bank confronts two important issues during his presidency—states’ rights and a national bank.

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SECTION 4 States’ Rights and the National Bank A Tariff Raises the States’ Rights Issue

The Nullification Theory • British try to flood U.S. with cheap goods; tariff raised 1824, 1828 • Vice-president John C. Calhoun calls 1828 Tariff Image of Abominations • Thinks South pays for North’s prosperity; cotton prices low • Calhoun devises nullification theory: - questions legality of applying federal laws to states - Constitution based on compact among states - state can reject law it considers unconstitutional - states have right to leave Union if nullification denied

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continued A Tariff Raises the States’ Rights Issue

Hayne and Webster Debate States’ Rights • Senator Robert Hayne argues Southern view of tariff, states’ rights • Senator of Massachusetts defends Image Union • Jackson believes Union “must be preserved”; Calhoun resigns South Carolina Rebels • South Carolina declares 1828, 1832 tariffs null; threatens to secede • Congress passes Force Bill: can use army, navy against S. Carolina • Henry Clay proposes tariff that lowers duties over 10 years

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Jackson Attacks the National Bank

Jackson Opposes the Bank Image • Jackson vetoes bill to recharter Second Bank of the United States • Presents bank as privileged institution that favors the wealthy Pet Banks • Jackson puts federal money in state banks loyal to Democratic Party • BUS president Nicholas Biddle unsuccessfully maneuvers to save bank Whig Party Forms • People unhappy with Jackson form Whig Party, back American System

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Van Buren Deals with Jackson’s Legacy Jackson’s Legacy • Martin Van Buren wins 1836 election with Jackson’s support • Pet banks print bank notes in excess of gold, silver they have • Government demands specie (gold, silver) to pay for public lands • Rush to exchange paper money for specie, banks stop taking paper • Panic of 1837—bank closings, collapse of credit system: - people lose savings, businesses bankrupted - more than a third of population out of work • Van Buren tries unsuccessfully to solve economic problems Continued . . . NEXT SECTION 4

continued Van Buren Deals with Jackson’s Legacy

Harrison and Tyler • Whig William Henry Harrison beats Van Buren in 1840 election • Harrison enacts Whig program to revitalize economy • Dies one month later; succeeded by vice- president John Tyler • Tyler opposes many parts of Whig economic plan

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