llEIC]E In a CWorld ofCWonderlands , THE TRANSLATIONS OF LEWIS CARROLL S MASTERPIECE

VOLUME ONE Essays General Editor JON A. LINDSETH 'Technical Editor ALAN TANNENBAUM

OAK KNOLL PRESS in coopera tion with The Lewis Carro ll Society of North America OAK KNOLL PRESS 310 Delaware Street New Castle, Delaware, USA 19720

© 2015 The Contributors. All Rights Reserved First Edition published in 2015 The "The Child" by Warren Weaver first appeared in Alice ill MallY TOllgues, 1964, University of Wisconsin Press and is used by permission . The map on the end papers was made by Connie Brown of Redstone Studios LLC of Durham. CT.

ALL RIGHTS RESERVP.D

No part of this book may be reproduced in any manner without the express wrillen consent of Oak Knoll Press, except in cases of brief excerpts in critical reviews and articles.

Printed in China on acid-free paper meeting the requirements of ANSIIN ISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Puper) Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Puhlication data available from Oak Knoll Press ISBN : 978· 1. 58 456.33 1.0 Volume One: Essays ~

ED ITORIAL NOTE 13 Foreword' David C')lstal 15 Introducti on ' A. Jail Lindseth 21

PRELIMINARY ESSAYS Warren Weave r's Alice in Many Tongues: A Critical Appraisa l · Emer 0 'Sullivan 29 Alice and Global Bibliography: Reading Ih e Wh ole Book' Michael F. SlIarez, SJ 42 The Universal Child . Warren Weaver 47 Lewis Carroll as He Was' MOrlon N. Cohen 51 Al ice Liddell as She Wa s' Morton N. Cohen 65 The Alice Books: English Classics' MOrlOIl N. Cohell 71 Translations of Alice during the Lifetime of Lewis Carroll · Edward Wakeling 80 The Real Flood of Translations . Selwyn Gaodacre 99

A SELECTION OF COVERS IN COLOR

LANGUAGES Afrikaans' Le/onie de Roubaix and lise Feinauer 127 Albanian (Gheg and Tosk) . Merita Bajraktari McCormack 130 ' Nadia EI Kholy 134 Aragonese . Antonio Chuse Gil Ereza 137 Annenian (Eastern) . Zoya Pirzad 139 Aromanian . Mariana Bora '41 Assamese . Pradip'a, Bargo/win 144 Asturian' Xilberlo Liana 147 Azerbaijani . Sheyda SOllleymanova 150 Basque' Manu Lopez Caseni

Belaru sian . Max SCllr 15 5 Bengali · Nivedila Sen 159 Bosnian ' Sandra Novkil1 ii; 164 Brazilian Portuguese ' Lauro Maia Amorim ,66 Brazilian Sign Language ' Clelia Regina RalllO.l' 168 Breton . Herve Le Bihan I II Bulgarian ' /van Derzhanski 174 Cata lan ' fhll7ce.\'c Parceri.w,\' 178 Ccbuano . Marilla P Hmnoy lS, Chinese ' ZOIlKx in Fel7~ , 87 Cornish ' Nicholas .J.;/, Williallls 199 Croati an · Smiljall(l Nar(lfltii: Kovac !Q 1

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1 ""111 11 ( \\ ct.1) , ,,,,, 'U'I fJer U r~. I .4 I\..,m"" 14 1) (.. "II\.IIm 1"'l'llI /lUNlI .\. (" IC("llhl ll ("M)!! (,04,..11 H\ (,c l lll;J n "",CI () 'SUI/"d" 1S 9 (i',lhll I ' O I'U/ Ii ( 'odltnl 170 (;1\'(:. "- /)1,1",,,olt IJ mlHf Ku:u:1t 17J G IlPIn!!1 lim,,1 '\h' ~ /1t1 "" (' A" ljlia,.,o 176 II UWIIIIUII Kcut} AIrS",,,}, lSI I h:hl'c\\' . Htldll'l IfI." \\hnHI IH6 Ilimli S,ummYII Sal/HII/n' ami /,(1/11 Kllmur 1 8~ lIungnrinll . "' WIlI Kerr"y 194 kclnllllk" Ga"/ A:,.wmmmj .\OII, Ah·k..wm/rtl MaritI 'I(:W/uka, alltl J',411gneaJ. N!atthill.fdultir 299 IIHl n n~ si :t1l . ",,""y .4\'t'/"'J.! . Riru J.: . TuJw ,SllMm'/xlCt, (md I.u y Yuli{l.'i ri 302 Irish · Alcm 7i' I I( ~\ ' 307 Itlilian . At/e '/c ' Ca",,,,llrlJftl 310 JIl(1l1ncSc . } h.s"~ \ ' "k i Mumma 316 Jerrini s . Gt'milll Jf.-'lllJ i"gs 320 Kunnndn . Iryclyakrmmr M. Borall; 324 Knzakh . Fatima Moldashora 316 Konk ani . Pad",a Baliga 329 Korean ' Kong-hoon Lee 331

Korean (Sewell version) . ViclOr;a J OII Sewell 333 Kurdish (Sorani) . Ka\'eh Tagll(lrobi 33 5 Lndino . Avner Perez 338 Lao ' Gregory H. Green 341 Latgalian . I/ga SliplillSka 343 ' Allgllsl A. Imhollz. Jr. 346 Latvian ' Kristine Baiza and Gunta Loemele 349 Lithuanian ' Agile Zoilibiene 352 Low Gemla" . Reinhard F Halll' 355 I', Macedonian . Rumena Buiarovska

Alice in a World of Wonderlands 8 CONTENTS ~hlla )' . I"haidull 'bralllm -lld ' )61 I ~f " l lIyn "lIn AI/lo "/I1O",m ChflkmmaU'/III1t/ Alir/n A'"smr )64 . Mallia ~ l lIhl',e (~(t'1l )68 Mllnllllll Ng)' G/nll ( -/,,,, Chw'K ) 71 MUII\ Alull ]l,h·,· ) 75 Mlluri . Tom Hem 377 f\ lnNlllu Swati .Inir/( ·(.p Huje 381 1\'lcll ievnllrish . EIi:" lwlh /JoY/I! 38 4 MCI11l01lile Low German ' Thies.H:II .Iack 387 Middle Brehm ' IIt'I'I',: I,e lIilum 389 fvl iddlc Wel sh ' Sib'a Nllrmio 391 f\'lol du vill ll ' H/t'lla SlIff 395 Mongolian ' G, ""(·/I(/·Ooyo 40t Montencgrin . GO I'Ulillll Klts illclif: 404 Ndcbclc (Zimbubwcan) . Dio ll Nko mo 406 Nellpolilan ' Siefimia Tondo 411 Nepa li · C. M. 111111dllll 417 Norwegian ' Krislin (i)lja.w.!ler 419 Occitull ( Provc n ~a l) , Philippe Blal/chet 411 Old Norse ' Vi C:IOI';a Coudie, Alexis LCIIISblll),. and Richard MlIl1ro 415 Ori yn ' SlImanyu Sa/pathy and A"imesh Molwpatra 419 Pa lati ne Germa n (Vorderp1l Izisch) . Frallz Schlosser 433 Papiamc nlo ' Augiolilla 1-lel1riq uez 436 Pashlo and Dari - Rahman A. Armol/ 438 Persian ' Forie/ell Powgi\! 439 Picard (Borain) . Alldre Capron 44' Pitj!lntjatjara . Nllncy Sheppard 445 Pitjantjatjara Ill ustrations ' Byron Iv. Sewell 44 7 Pitjantjatjara Ill ustrations ' DOlllla Leslie 449 Polish ' Monika Adamczyk-Garbowska 451 Portuguese . COl1cei~ao Pereira. Margarida Vale de GalO. alld Patricia Anile Odber de Baubefa 454 Romanian' Claudia Elena Stoian 457 Russ ian · Liudmyla I, Skuratovska and Maria L. Isakova 461 Rusyn . Milwjlo Fejsa 467 Samoan' Lila/ala Simanu-Klutz 469 Sasak - Harry Aveling, Muhammad Rifqi. alld Hariro Zamzam 473 Scots Languages: Overview' Derrick McClure 476 Scots (Borders) . Cameron Halfpenny 486 Scots (Caithness) . James Miller 490 Scots (East Angus and Kincardine) . Raymond Vettese 493 Scots (Glaswegian) . Thomas Clark 496 Scots (Northeast) . Derrick McCIlire 499

Voillme Olle . The Essays CONTENTS 9 104 !)cntilli (O r~n c)', IJ"''''(l llffM/,' 107 Scut", (~ h c tl n lld icl I UW 'l'f'II .1oh IlHUI \ 10 SCOIII (Sn ulh c n ~ 1 rC l1lml ) Sowly F"'''IIIIK \ 1) S CO I ~ (Synlhellc I.ilcmry ) . Alld"-' I\' ,\1"('0/111111 516 SCots t l"ler) ' A"I/(' .\Iorriw".smyth tJlld Mlclrnd f." '('I'!UJII 5 18 SCOI' (WCSI Cenlml Ayrshire ) . .111111('• • IJcgg SCIllli,h Gucli c (Mid-Argyll) . Adlwlllh 6 IJro ill 52 2 SCUll ish Glleli e (Non-Dialectal) . Mora), Wa tsoll 526 Scolli sh Gaeli c (Soulh UiSl) . Gilbert MllcMil/all 529 Se rhian . 'luana ];YljJill I) I Seychell es Creo le ' I'elldll Choppy 534 Shan gnni . Pelliall Mabaso 5)7 Shonu . SllIIm irai N)'uflI 011(1 Ts itsi NyoII; 5)9 Si nhala . SlIgo,lI Mallimla Senara,II 542 Slova k · .II/raj Vojtek 546 Sloven ian . J\-liIwjlo Mohur 550 Spani sh (lmd Other Lan guages of Spuin): Overview ' Jllan Gabriel Lopez GlIix 154 Swahi li · /lodjim)'allis 567 Swedish · Bjorn Swulll/ork 57) Tagalog and Filipino ' Marilla P. /lam oy 581 Tajiki . IJal".idill Ali ev-A lizoda 586 Tamil ' R. A:Jwgal'Oscm 588 Tclugu . K. SIIIIeetlza ROlli 591 Thai ' Cllr;s Baker and Pasllk PlloIIgpaiclrit 595 Tongan ' Telesia Kalavite 598 Turkish ' Alev Balel Tisoll 601 Turoyo . Shabo Tolay 605 Ukrainian ' Oleg Upclrenko 608 Urdu' SIImallY1l Satpathy and Haris Qadeer 611 Uyghur . UmGljan HlijalimeJ, Feng Lill, Abidan Yibulayin, and Barharguly Ylmussy 615 Viennese ' Hans I-Verner Sokop 61 9 Vielnamese . Hoi1llg-TIII( Dlrang alld )ohll Celli 621 Voro . SlIlev Iva 624 Walloon ' Jean-Luc Fauconnier 628 Welsh' Siolled Davies 6)2 Xhosa ' Nosisi Mpolweni 6)5 Yiddi sh . Adilla Bar-EI 6)8 Zulu ' IJhekillkosi Ntl/Ii 642

ENGLISH DIALECTS Appalachian ' IJyroll W Sewell Cockney' Charlie Lovell

Alice ill a World of WOllderlallds

10 CONTENTS I1rnish·Engli sh " Ahm M. K('1If Middk English " IJritlll S. I.e('

Old English " /'('/ ('1' S. /Jake'"

S!;OllSC "I'otrick IItJII( l'/uJ/I /!

S USSl":( " Richart! Coates

ENGLISH IN OTHER Alice in Unu sual Orthogrn l)hics . 668 Dcscrct Ewclli c Inlcrnation;11 Phonetic Nyctographic Square Alphabet OR Barcode Shaw Unifon AJphagram . Adam TO/mum Kalai 672 Bm ill e " Clare Imholl: 674 Ciphers and Codes " Edll'w"d '''ake/ins 676 Nspcl . Francis K. JOllIISOll 678 Shorthand' Catherine M. Parisian 681

CONSTRUCTED LANGUAGES Invented Languages: Overview' Sarah L. Higley Blissymbol s' Michae/ Eversoll ' Patrick H. Wynne ' Simoll Davies 700 . DmillY Ivanov 702 . J\tIark ShOll/son 705 Nco' Ralph Midgley 707 Sam bah sa . Olivier Simoll 709 VolapOk . Michael Everson 7"

ILLUSTRATIONS The Illustrations of Alice: Overview' Jon A. Lindseth and Stephanie Lovell Alice Illustrations as Translation' Nilee M. Pereira A/ice: Illu strated by a World of Artists " Adriana Peliallo Fashions of Alice' Kiera Vaclavik

ADDITIONAL ESSAYS Carro llian Comi cs Worldwide' Byron W Sewell alld Mark 11lm'tein 728 Disney's Alice in Other Languages and Land s' Mati Crtillda/I 730 Zumori gcnnil: A Parody of This Project' Byron Iv. Sewell 7JJ

Volum e One " Tlte E~'s{Jys

CONT ENTS II Elisa in Bahasa Indonesia , ' " K Tc f a-Sarumpaet, and Issy Yuiiasri Harry Avehng, RillS ' 0 I

' books were slow to appear In Indonesian (Bahasa RANSLATlONS OF t IIe AIIce , , ' II of the Republic of Indonesia" which declared its indc Indonesia), the natlOna anguage , , - d 'n 1945, The book was perhaps not considered Impor_ pendence from the Net Iler Ian s I , , T , I" f tl e Dutch East Indies, Despite the Interest of the Dutch tant under the educational po ICles 0 I , " , , bl ' I B I ' Pustaka in publishing translatIOns of European children 's colomal government pu IS ler, a 31, " , ' " I Al'ce's Adventures in Wonderland did not attract liS attention literature In indIgenous anguages, I ,," ' ' translations were not published In Indonesia until 1951 , when Alice's Even Dutc h Ianguage AIIce , , , -' I db M C van Oven-van Doorn appeared, The first edition of thi s work avollluren III lVon"er an y , , ", was published in the Netherlands in 1934 and may have circulated In the Indonesian colony, This Dutch translation done in Indonesia was republished in 1952 and 1955, and excerpts from it were included in another local book, De Toverhoom (The Magic Horn) , in 1956, It is safe to say that this new attention to an English classic derived from the Indonesian inter­ est in the , Because of government initiatives to internationalize the quality of secondary education over the past half-century and the increasing interest in English in general as a prestigious international language, English language texts of Alice can be found in many school libraries as well as in many bookshops, The National Library of Indonesia holds three English language editions of Alice, but none in Dutch, In general, the post-I 960s educated elite has tended to read Alice in the original English, both for their own amusement and for the entertainment of their children, and this has only slowly given way to the greater availability of translations and adaptations in the , Major Indonesian companies and a number of smaller publishers have continued to publish edi­ tions of Alice in the original language, generally aimed at schoolchildren learning English, The first full Indonesian translation of Alice did not appear until 1978. and the first complete translation of Through the Looking-Glass was published only as recently as 2007, The Alice edi­ tion, titled Elisa di Negeri Ajaib, was translated by Julius Siyaranamual and includes the original illustrations by John Tennie!. After a twenty-seven-year gap, the first of four new translations of the complete Alice appeared, Isnadi (many Indonesians have only one name. as in this case) translated Alice di Negeri Ajaib (Alice in Magic Land) in 2005 , retaining the original Tenniel illustrations, Two years later, in 2007, Sri Haryanto's translat ion, Alice in Wonderland: Pelllalangan di Negeri ,~j{/i b dan Dunia di Balik Cel'll/in (A lice in Wunderland: Adventures in Magic Land and Ihe World Behilld the Mirror) , appeared, combining Alice with 11/l'Uugit Ihe Looking-Glass; it contains no illustmti(lns, Khairi Rumantati 's translation was published with the English title Alice ill WOllderlalld in 2009 and reprinted in the following year, Finnlly, an unillustrated edition uppeared in 20 I0 , transll\t~d by Agustina Reni Eta Sitepoe and titled Pellwiangclll il/ice: Alicc di Negeri Ajilib & Alict' Mel/rlll!>ll' Cermin (Alice :,, Adventure,I': Alice ill !v/{I"ic l (/Ild alld Alic'e Guo '1'1 I II 'I' ) 00 ~ , . ,-s IIIYJ IIg I It" iv Innt" .

Alice in a World a/Wonderlundl' 302 INOO NHS IAN 1

Since the late 1980s, a major impetus to greater publi c familiarity with th e Alice books has 'olne fro m the Wa lt Disney Studios 111' tl r f h . . . c . . Ie lorm 0 s art, colorfull y Illustra ted adaptatI ons II1tO Indonesia n, and publI shed by large commercial publishers in the national capital, Jaka rta. The fi rst ofthese adapted texts was the 1986 fort y-eight-page "Choose Yo ur Own Ad venture" version, P,'I,'" Sendiri Pefllalanglllll' Elisa ' I,' Neg ' " I ' 'b (CI ...... ' ell l yC/l lOose YOllr Own Adventllre: Elisa 111 MagIC Lalld), whI ch was regul arl y re pu bli shed until 1995. Thi s adaptati on was based on the Engli sh Walt Disney 's Choose YO llr Own Adventllre: Alice 's Wonderland Advellfllre, published in 1985. A separate book also based on the fi lm ve rsion, Walt Disney: Elisa di Negeri Ajaib, appeared in 199 1. ThIS was an eve n shorter volume, twenty-four pages, illustrated by the Walt Disney s tudios, retold by Jane Werner, adapted by AI Dempster from the film based on Lew'is Carroll 's story, and, finall y, translated into Indonesian by Listi ana. It too has been regul arl y republished. A third Disney version ( 1993b), Alice in Wonderland, includes the songs "I'm Late" and "The Un.birtliday Song"; thi s bilingual, English-Indonesian text does not carry the name of a translator nor a place of publicati on, but we kn ow it was printed in Indonesia and distributed under li cense from the Walt Disney Company by Form Private Ltd. , Singapore. Other adaptati ons that are also related to the Disney ca rtoon are listed in the Indonesian bibliography in Volume Three. Since there are so many Disney editions, others may still be found. Most translations and adaptations carry illustrati ons by either John Tenniel or the Walt Disney Studios. One of the few exce ptions is Jenny Vita sari 's (1993a) Alice di Negeri Ajaib, which was complemented by extensive illustrations in the Japanese style and based on Shogo Hirata's Arisll in Wonderland (1989). The illustrations for Rumantati 's translati on are by the Indonesian artist Ella Elviana; although newly done, they are rather similar to th ose of John Tennie!. In Siyaranamual 's (1978) translation the heroine's name, Alice, has been modified to an Indonesian fonn, Eli sa. "Wonderl and" is translated as negeri ajaib--the land, lIegeri, th at is ajaib, an that can be variously rendered as miraculous, wonderful, or astonishing. This combination has since become the standard Indonesian translation for all ve rsions of the text, including the Disney-based adaptation s. The cover of this first translation carri es the strong in­ fl uence of Disney'S representation of Alice, but otherwise the illustrations are by an unacknowl­ edged .J olin Tennie!. The translati on's language is form al and easy to understand. Like many other translated works published in Indonesia over the past decade, the title of Rumantati 's (2009) book remain s in English. Although hi s translation foll ows the English text closely; Ali ce's own wo rds are dec idedl y influenced by contemporary Indonesian as spoken by teenagers. In thi s recent translati on Ali ce's name is retained, and the cover and illustrations show a European girl , with freck les, blue eyes, and long li ght brown (partiall y blond) hair. In both ve rsions "the Hatter" simply becomes the more sensible "Hat Ma ker." Si Pembllal Topi, foll owi ng the usual grammati ca l rules for one way of fo rming profess.ional titles. (For in­ stance, a composer is a pembllatlagll, a maker of songs, and a photogra pher IS H pembll(!( loW. a maker of photographs. ) Hares and rabb its arc described in Indonesia n by the same term. kelillci. The Indonesian form of the Western calendar refers to the month of Ma rch liS Maret: in the tirst text, the March Hare is kn own as Kelinci Maret (a litera l tra nslati on); in the second. he is Kelillci

Vol ume Qlle . Tilt! Essays

I N D ONES I AN 3D] D nnice arc un known in Indonesia. In the Rabbit (or Hare.) 0 . I R . •.1. I the Month of March . . Mo re innovatt ve y, umantan tl makes a BII I 011 IV/ ~ e , as UlITel, /lipal. . . 1978 translati on th e creature becomes q . M se " Si Tikus Asromo. Fo ll ow lllg the dl fTer_ . . "Ii e Dormi to ry ou , . h I' un on th e name, rendenng It as 1 es of th e three sisters wO lve at the bottom P . 1" wn name, the nam . d T'II" h ent practices in rend enngA Ice so. . h d to Elsi, Lasl, an I I lilt e 1978 text . . and Ttlhe- are c ange . of a treacle well- ElSie, Lacle, . ' . h more recent translatto n. allll and remain un changed from the onglll t ;, I ter begins with a parody of the Engli sh nurs- . f h "Mad Tea-Party c 13p . . The second sect IOn 0 t e l exists in Indonesian III a loosely translated . kl I'lIle star " The n yme ery rhyme "Twinkle, twm e, I . , I donesian are not marked for number) . . I S - or "stars,' as n , form, Binlwlg Kecd (Lilt e tar as follows: . h k Little starts) in the hlg s Y . Binlang Kecil di langil yang linggi Very many, decorating th e honzon Amal banyak, mengllias angkasa I want to fl y and dance Aku ingin lerbang dan menal'l. d Far up high, to where yo u are Jail" linggi, ke lempal kau bel a a . ' . '1 d esian child and adult. It IS different III rhythm from This poem is a song known to every n on . I . . I " S'ya ranamual (1978) used this song to trans ate the the Engli sh "Twinkle twmkle, htt e star. I . ' db ' ( tars) into kalong (bat), and the phrase ke lempal kall be- oem changmg only the wor //lIang S . P , '.' '.' Ie" (like a tea plate). Thus, IndoneSIan readers would rada (towhereyou are) lIltosepelllpllmg . .. , 0 directl y associate the translated Alice poem with the famlh ar chIldren s son

Alice ill a World oj IYollder/w/(l, 304 INJ) ON 1!SJAN airi 's version rcnds "Above tllC C'll'tl n I ' , . ' Kll" ' I yo u y Like a tea tray 111 th e clouds' (rhyming fl y, tel'b mlg. with clouds , (/IvaI/g) . In bot II \' el..s 'l ons, tI Ie refere nce to a tea plate (or tray) disturb. s the 'ltu ral rhvthm of the original poe 111 bec . f' I . . . I,I J ause 0 a c lange 111 the number of sy ll ables 111 the line though deliberatcly so, no doubt. ' The three sisters live "at the bottom ofa well." Because Indonesian nouns arc also not marked for ge nder. the first translation only states that the y arc siblings (figa bel'salldara), while the re- CCllt translatio..n add s th c 'ad J'ec ti ve "c"e 11a 1 I"e (fl.ga "a"ak-bT. T.·eradlk p el'elll{Jllall, three female 01 d er and yo unger SIblings). The first translation uses th e more old-fashioned word for "well" (perigi), perhaps in keeping with the formality of the style employed throughout; the seco nd text uses the more modem SIIIIlIII', which is again consistent with the translator's general practice. At th e bottom of the well , the girls cat "treacle," a by-product from the refinement of sug­ ar; this English condiment is unknown in Indonesia, despite its extensive sugar plantations. Siyaranal11ual's translation suggests that the girls eat algae (111111111) , which one might cxpect to find in a well; Khairi , on the other hand, indicates that they eat "sugar syrup" (simp-gil/a), a more accurate neologism, drawing On the (Dutch) Indonesian word for "cordial" (sefel'op). Both translators have worked hard to capture the subtle logic of the more/less exchange­ "I've had nothing yet ... so I can't take 1110re," "You mean you can't take less"- which relies on different interpretations of "more" (as referring to time, "one more time," "again," and quantity, "one more helping of tea"). Siyaranamual chooses to emphasize the dimension of time: "I haven't drunk at all yet," said Elisa. "So I can't add more." "You mean you can't take more than a little," said the squirrel [sic]. " It is much easier to add something than to subtract from something that is not there." Khairi's Indonesian text plays with the quantity dimension: "I haven 't drunk any tea at all yet ... So I can't drink any more." "You mean that you can't drink more," said the Hat Maker. "It is far easier to add some­ thing than nothing at all." The joke based on the double meaning of the word "draw" ("drawing a picture" as compared to "drawing water from a well") is also meaningless in Indonesian, so again the translators have had to choose one from a number of altematives. Siyaranamual uses the word mellilllba, "to fetch with a bucket, to bailor scoop" (water, or, metaphorically, leaming from the vast ocean of knowledge). He closes this discussion with the definitive answer that the girls drew "Algae! " from the well. Khairi prefers to use the menggalllbal', "draw pictures, depict," and here the link to the remaining conversation is clearer, because it depends on what the girls depicted rather than how they scooped the various objects from the well. Both translators have greater success in drawing up a list of everything the girls scooped out or of which they drew pictures. Carroll's li st begins with the III: "such as mouse-traps. and the moon, and memory, and muchness." Siyaranamual makes up his own list, beginning with the letter k: k/lda (horse), kapa/ (ship), kenangan (memory), and keballyakan (muchness. most). Kh airi foll ows Carroll's Iist more closely and translates: "That began with th e Ictter S. like sel'ell-

Volllme Olle . Th e Essays INDONESIA N .105 • I. [ I [I d n) and seiarah [history), and sebal1 "ak-ba k ja" mOll se tra p) , and sallg btl (111 a y moo," . ." nya nyo [as much as possible)- yo u know, don 't YOll , yo u can say that ~o m e thlng IS as much as pos. . . I ' ch as posS ible? sible- have you ever seen somethlOg t 1at IS as mu ' . .. Both of these translat ions- Siyaranamual's Elisa di Negel'l Ajalb of 1978 and Khairi Rumantati 's Alice in Wonderlalld of 2009- are fai th ful and creative rendenngs of a highly al. lusive, and elusive, text. Khairi 's language is more co ll oquia l than Slyaranamual 's, but both are in tune with the language of th eir times for literary narrati ves directed at young people. literal translations run the risk of making the original texts and their world of reference seem "foreign" to new readers; modem Indonesian readers, li ving in an internatIOnal world hn ked by the various mass media, are well equipped to accept this foreignness. They enjoy Alice's wanderings in the magic land of a foreign fantasy in the many forms to which they now have access.

REFERENCES

Carroll , Lewis. J 934 . Alice s advf!IIll1res ill miracle/and. Translated by M. C. van Oven· van Doom. The Hague, The Netherlands: G. B. va n Goor Zonen's U.M. n.v. ---, J 95 1. Alice S a(/vel1lures ill miracle/and. Translated by M. C. van Oven-van Doorn . The Hague-Djakana_ Antwerp: G. B. va n Goor Zonen, n.v. Standard Boekhandcl. ---. 1952 . Alicej· advel1ll1res ill miracle/ami. Translated by M. C. van Oven-van Doom. The Hague- Djakana_ Antwerp: G. B. van Goor Zonen, n.v. Standard Bockhandcl . --, [195 5J. Alice S advel1ll1res ill miracle/and. Translated by M. C. van Oven-van Doorn . The Hague- Djakarta­ Antwcrp: G. 8. van Goor Zonen, n.v . Standard Boekhandel. --- . 1956. A /ice~' adventures ill miracle/alld. Translated by M. C. van Oven-van Doorn . Included in The Magic Horn The Haguc- Djakarta- Antwerp: G. B. van Goor Zoncn 's and others. --- . 1978. Alisa in Magic Land. Translated by Julius R. Siyaranamual. Jakarta: PT Gramedia. --- . 1986. Choose Your OWI1 Advenlure: Elisa ill ,"'Iagic LOIld. Translatcd by Wi dya Kimna. Jakana' PT Gramedia. . - --. 1989. Arisll in Wonderland. Translated by Shogo Hirata. Tokyo, Japan: Tokyo Tos ho. ---. 1 ~93a. A/ice ill Magic Land. Translated by Jenny Vilasari. Jakarta : Elex Med ia Komputindo. Kelom k Gramedm. po --- . 1993 b. Alice ill Wonderland. Anonymous translator. N. P.: Distri buted by Form Private Ltd. - --.2005 . Alice in Magic LlInd Translated by Isnadi. Yogyakarta: Lilipul. ---. 2007. Alice ill Wonder/alld: Adl'el1lllres ill Magic Land lind the World Behind the Mirror. Translated b\' Sri Haryanto. Yogyaka rta: Narasi. . --. 2009. Alice ill Wonder/and. Translated by Khairi Rumantati. Jakarta: Atria. - --.' 20 I 0: Alice :\. Advel1ll1res: Alice in ~ 'Iogic LOlld ami Alice Goes Through the J/irrol'. Translat~d bv Agustina Rcm Eta Snepoc. Jakarta: PT Elcx Media Kornput indo, Kompas Gra l11 ~d i a . .

Alice ill a World oj Wollder/ol/{/" J06 INIJONESIAN + Abidan Yibula }'ln is an assistulll profe ssor at th. D. , , UllIvCrslt, ' y. XII1'"Jltll1 g Uyghur AutonOl11 ou p. '.c CP.1rlm c111 or Cl" nese LItcmturc' , VI' II' No nnal s ,eglon, Chula lI eT -. I fi ' , cruWn: , " T!.; Scnrc l Icld IS UyghUf folk 11t-

Issy Yullllsri is a lecturer in thc Eng lish Dcpan r " ment 0 Universitas . S id ' She has been teachin g for twenty-one yC'lTS \ 'tl egen cmamng. n oncsm. , • VI 'a year or teaching I d ' I d I tlIrc in Queensland . Austruli a ( 1993) 51 h . n anCS1a1l allguagc an ell - , 'e as presented papers on E I' h h' ' I d ' and ove rseas . Also interested in t I ' h -ng IS teac 109 In n oncsm ran s allan, s c has worked as' . rctcr. Her doctoral thesi s look d ' E I' I . a part-time translator and mteT- P e at ng IS l-lndoncsm l1 tran slati f h ' Disney's Donald Duck comics fi . . on 0 umorous texts In Walt . rom a pragmatic perspecti ve. Burharguly Yunussy is a grad uate student in th e Dcp n rCh' . . .. , .. h a I1lcnt 0 mcse, VII! Nomlal Uni vers it y XII1Jumg Uyg ur Autonomous Region Chin a. Hcr resc h fi Id ' U ' " , arc c IS yghur-C hmesc translation.

Hariro" ZltmzuRl is a lingui st speciali zing in teachi ng tl,e. In (oI nesJan' Ianguage and cuI tur e to foreigners . He earned hiS master's degree in appli ed linguisti cs, and works as a translator and interpreter. He currentl y teaches at Malaram University in Indonesia and officia ll y works as a translator in the Language Office of West Nusa Tcnggara.

Angelika Zirkor is an assistant proressor or Engli sh literature and culture at Eberhard Karl s University in TUbingen, Germany. Her research interests include Shakespeare, ea rl y modem poe t­ ry, children 's literature and concepts of childhood, and literature and ethics, as well as nineteenth­ century literature and culture with a stro!1g emphas is on the . She is part of an interdisciplin­ ary research project called "Wordplay: Speaker-Hearer-Interaction in Everyday Communi cati on and Literature," Her PhD di ssenati on "Der Pil ger als Kind: Spiel, Spraehe und Erl6sung in Lewis Carroll's Alice Boo ks" was published as The Pilgrim as a Child: Play, Language and Salvalion in Lewis Carroll s Alice Books (20 I 0), Nachum Zitler is head orthe rererence depanment at the National Library orlsrael. He has an MA in infonnation science, specializing in analyz ing classification systems, on which he lectures and writes. He recei ved a library card when he was five years old and has headed librari es since ninth grade , Books are an integral pan or his lire; at the age or eleven he moved to Israel and learned a new language, which opened up a whole new world or books to read, He is an ordained rabbi.

Agne Zolubicn~ (b, 1975) holds an MA in trans lati on studies rrom Vilnius Un iversity, Lithuania , She has worked as a professiona l translator for over ten yea rs. Currentl y. she teaches lit erary translation at the Department of Translation and Interpretati on Studi es of Vilniu s Uni versity. A nat ive Lithuanian, she is flu ent in Engli sh, Russian, and Dutch,

Vo illme a ile ' The Essays CONTRttlUTO RS 825