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University of Malaya KAJIAN KE ATAS PETIKAN DAN KIASAN DALAM PROSA BUDDHA MAHUA, 1985-2010 LEW YA LING FAKULTI SASTERA DAN SAINS SOSIAL UNIVERSITI MALAYA UniversityKUALA LUMPUR of Malaya 2017 KAJIAN KE ATAS PETIKAN DAN KIASAN DALAM PROSA BUDDHA MAHUA, 1985-2010 LEW YA LING TESIS DISERAHKAN SEBAGAI MEMENUHI KEPERLUAN BAGI IJAZAH DOKTOR FALSAFAH FAKULTI SASTERA DAN SAINS SOSIAL UNIVERSITI MALAYA UniversityKUALA LUMPUR of Malaya 2017 UNIVERSITI MALAYA PERAKUAN KEASLIAN PENULISAN Nama: Lew Ya Ling No. Pendaftaran/Matrik: AHA 110027 Nama Ijazah: Ijazah Doktor Falsafah Tajuk Kertas Projek/Laporan Penyelidikan/Disertasi/Tesis (“Hasil Kerja ini”): Kajian ke atas Petikan dan Kiasan dalam Prosa Buddha Mahua, 1985-2010 Bidang Penyelidikan: Pengajian Tionghoa Saya dengan sesungguhnya dan sebenarnya mengaku bahawa: (1) Saya adalah satu-satunya pengarang/penulis Hasil Kerja ini; (2) Hasil Kerja ini adalah asli; (3) Apa-apa penggunaan mana-mana hasil kerja yang mengandungi hakcipta telah dilakukan secara urusan yang wajar dan bagi maksud yang dibenarkan dan apa- apa petikan, ekstrak, rujukan atau pengeluaran semula daripada atau kepada mana-mana hasil kerja yang mengandungi hakcipta telah dinyatakan dengan sejelasnya dan secukupnya dan satu pengiktirafan tajuk hasil kerja tersebut dan pengarang/penulisnya telah dilakukan di dalam Hasil Kerja ini; (4) Saya tidak mempunyai apa-apa pengetahuan sebenar atau patut semunasabahnya tahu bahawa penghasilan Hasil Kerja ini melanggar suatu hakcipta hasil kerja yang lain; (5) Saya dengan ini menyerahkan kesemua dan tiap-tiap hak yang terkandung di dalam hakcipta Hasil Kerja ini kepada Universiti Malaya (“UM”) yang seterusnya mula dari sekarang adalah tuan punya kepada hakcipta di dalam Hasil Kerja ini dan apa-apa pengeluaran semula atau penggunaan dalam apa jua bentuk atau dengan apa juga cara sekalipun adalah dilarang tanpa terlebih dahulu mendapat kebenaran bertulis dari UM; (6) Saya sedar sepenuhnya sekiranya dalam masa penghasilan Hasil Kerja ini saya telah melanggar suatu hakcipta hasil kerja yang lain sama ada dengan niat atau sebaliknya, saya boleh dikenakan tindakan undang-undang atau apa-apa tindakan lain sebagaimana yang diputuskan oleh UM. TandatanganUniversity Calon of Malaya Tarikh: Diperbuat dan sesungguhnya diakui di hadapan, Tandatangan Saksi Tarikh: Nama : Jawatan : ii ABSTRAK Prosa Buddha Mahua merupakan pengkaryaan di Malaysia yang ditulis dalam bahasa Cina dan mengutamakan tema agama Buddha. Pembaca biasanya mempunyai tanggapan bahawa prosa Buddha Mahua hanya menggunakan teknik sastera untuk menyampaikan ajaran Buddhisme. “Penerangan ajaran” dalam prosa Buddha, mungkin bukannya satu-satu fokus yang diperhatikan dan dihayati oleh penulis dan pembaca. Mereka mungkin lebih menitikberatkan perkongsian pengalaman agama dan perasaan. Oleh itu, kajian ini bertujuan untuk meninjau secara lanjutnya ciri-ciri lirik dalam prosa Buddha Mahua melalui aspek penggunaan petikan dan kiasan. Oleh sebab teknik penggunaan petikan dan kiasan ini biasanya digunakan untuk membuktikan pandangan sendiri dan memperkuatkan lagi hujahan diri, pembaca mungkin mengabaikan fungsinya yang lain. Oleh itu, kajian ini juga bertujuan untuk mengubahkan tanggapan tentang fungsi penggunaan petikan dan kiasan dalam prosa agama yang berhenti setakat penerangan ajaran dan pembuktian hujahan sahaja. Skop kajian ini tertumpu pada antologi prosa Buddha Mahua yang diterbitkan antara tahun 1985 hingga 2010, antologi prosa Buddha Mahua pendeta Jicheng, Huang Xueming, He Naijian, Guo Lianhua, Su Qingqiang, He Jin, Ye Qiuhong dan yang lain dikaji. Metodologi yang digunakan merupakan tradisi lirikal China (Chinese lyrical tradition) serta petikan (quoting) dan kiasan (allusion) daripada intertekstualiti (intertextuality). Kajian ini terbahagi kepada tujuh bab, di mana bab satu ialah pengenalan dan bab dua mengenai latar belakang prosaUniversity Buddha Mahua. Bab tiga yang bertajukof “UnsurMalaya Lirik Berhumanisme dalam Pemetikan Kitab Buddhisme” mengkaji sebab golongan penulis memilih sesetengah kitab Buddhisme, mengamati cara penggunaan petikan dan kiasan daripada kitab Buddhisme, seterusnya menjelaskan pandangan terhadap imej Buddha yang ditampilkan dalam prosa Buddha Mahua. Bab empat iaitu “Pengejaran Alam Agama dalam Pemetikan Kitab Zen” terlebih dahulu mengemas kini idaman terhadap alam iii agama yang diperlihatkan dalam prosa Buddha Mahua, seterusnya meneliti kitab Zen yang paling banyak digunakan dalam prosa Buddha Mahua dan implikasi budaya tersiratnya, akhirnya mengkaji faktor perbezaan cara penggunaan petikan dan kiasan antara pendeta Jicheng dan Huang Xueming melalui perbandingan. Bab lima bertajuk “Pemetikan Puisi Klasik China dan Perasaan Keseorangan” menjalankan pengamatan terhadap penggunaan petikan dan kiasan puisi klasik China, membincangkan sebab penulis memetik daripada puisi klasik China. Seterusnya perasaan keseorangan akan ditinjau melalui analisis imejan dalam prosa Buddha Mahua, implikasi budaya yang tersirat juga dikaji. Bab enam “Estetik Moral: Makna Pemetikan Kitab Konfusianisme dan Taoisme” adalah untuk mengkaji faktor kewujudan bersepadu pemikiran Konfusianisme, Taoisme dan Buddhisme dalam prosa Buddha Mahua, cara serta sebab penulis menggunakan petikan dan kiasan daripada kitab Konfusianisme dan Taoisme dalam prosa Buddha Mahua. Setiap bab di atas berespons kepada empat dimensi lirikal dalam prosa Buddha Mahua iaitu: pandangan masa dan ruangan yang berdasarkan humanisme, idaman terhadap alam agama yang berlandaskan realiti, perasaan keseorangan yang tersembunyi, dan pengejaran estetika moral yang seumpama laut menerima aliran-aliran sungai. Kajian ini menunjukkan prosa Buddha ini bukan sekadar berhenti di tahap penyebaran ajaran dan penerangan ajaran, ia mempunyai ruangan interpretasi yang lebih terbuka. Selain itu, teknik petikan dan kiasan dapat juga mencapai kesan yang luar jangkaan, mendorong penampilan estetik dan implikasi yang lebihUniversity mendalam. of Malaya iv ABSTRACT Mahua Buddhist prose is written in Chinese and focuses on the theme of Buddhism. Readers often have the impression that Mahua Buddhist prose only uses literature technique to present the teachings of Buddhism. “Explanation of teachings” in Buddhist prose; probably are not only focus that observed and appreciated by the writer and the reader. They may be more concerned with the sharing of religious experience and feelings. Therefore, this study aims to explore the lyric characteristics found in the Mahua Buddhist prose through quoting literature. Since quoting technique is usually used to prove own views, readers may ignore the other functions of quoting. Therefore, this study also aims to change perceptions about quoting function that is not limited to evidence only. The scope of this study focuses on Mahua Buddhist prose anthology published between 1985 and 2010, analyze prose anthology of Ven Jicheng, Huang Xueming, He Naijian, Guo Lianhua, Su Qingqiang, He Jin, Ye Qiuhong and others. The methodology used is Chinese Lyrical Tradition, and also the use of literary Quotations and Allusions from Intertextuality. This study is divided into seven chapters, where by chapter one is the introduction. Chapter two is about the background of Mahua Buddhist prose. The third chapter, entitled “Humanism Lyric Element in The Use of Quotations and Allusions from Buddhist Scriptures” examines the reasons of the writers choosing quoting from certain Buddhist scriptures, observing the ways of quoting, explaining their views of Buddha image in the prose. Chapter four, “Pursuit of Religious Realm in TheUniversity Use of Quotations and Allusions fromof the BookMalaya of Zen” analyzes the religious realm in Mahua Buddhism. Next it examines the most widely used of the Zen book in Mahua Buddhist prose and its cultural implications, and finally examines the differences between the use of quotations and allusions‟ methods of Ven Jicheng and Huang Xueming by comparison. Chapter five, entitled “The Use of Quotations and Allusions from Classical Chinese Poetry and Solitary Feeling in Lyric” analyses the v condition of the quoting from classical Chinese poetry, discussing the reasons authors quoting from classical Chinese poetry. The solitary feeling will be explored through the analysis of the imagery in the prose, cultural implications are also studied. Chapter six “Ethical Aesthetic: The Meaning of The Use of Quotations and Allusions from the Book of Confucianism and Taoism”, is to examine the factors of the existence of integrated thinking of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism in Mahua Buddhist prose, the ways of quoting, reasons the authors use quotations and allusions from the book of Confucianism and Taoism in Mahua Buddhism prose. Each chapter responds to the four dimensions of lyrical in Mahua Buddhist prose: time and space based on humanism, ideal for religious realm based on reality, the hidden solitary feeling and aesthetic pursuit. This study shows that Buddhist prose is not just limited to the propagation of Buddhism; it is open to wider interpretation. In addition, quoting and allusion techniques can also achieve the unexpected, encouraging the aesthetic appearance and the deeper implications. University of Malaya vi PENGHARGAAN Dengan kesempatan ini, seuntai kata ditujukan kepada semua pihak yang telah bertungkus-lumus memberi bantuan sehingga menjayakan kajian ini. Saya merakamkan setinggi-tinggi penghargaan kepada penyelia saya, Dr. Teoh Hooi See dan Dr. Ching Thing Ho. Ketekunan Dr. Teoh menyemak dan meneliti draf kajian saya berulang kali serta pemberian
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