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Proto-Slavic Inflectional Morphology Brill’S Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics

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Proto-Slavic Inflectional Morphology Brill’S Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics Proto-Slavic Inflectional Morphology Brill’s Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics Series Editors Craig Melchert (University of California at Los Angeles) Olav Hackstein (Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich) Editorial Board José-Luis García-Ramón (University of Cologne) Andrew Garrett (University of California at Berkeley) Stephanie Jamison (University of California at Los Angeles) Joshua T. Katz (Princeton University) Alexander Lubotsky (Leiden University) Alan J. Nussbaum (Cornell University) Georges-Jean Pinault (École Pratique des Hautes Études, Paris) Jeremy Rau (Harvard University) Elisabeth Rieken (Philipps-Universität Marburg) Stefan Schumacher (Vienna University) VOLUME 14 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/bsiel Proto-Slavic Inflectional Morphology A Comparative Handbook Βy Thomas Olander LEIDEN | BOSTON Cover illustration: Novgorod birchbark letter no. 200 (c. 1240–1260). Drawing by 6- or 7-year old boy Onfim, representing a horseman, the beginning of the Cyrillic alphabet and the boy’s name (Онфиме). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Olander, Thomas, 1974– Proto-Slavic inflectional morphology : a comparative handbook / by Thomas Olander. pages cm. — (Brill’s studies in Indo-European languages & linguistics; 14) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-27049-7 (hardback : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-27050-3 (e-book) 1. Proto-Slavic language—Morphology. 2. Proto-Slavic language—Inflection. I. Title. PG46.O73 2015 491.8—dc23 2015002197 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, ipa, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 1875-6328 isbn 978-90-04-27049-7 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-270503 (e-book) Copyright 2015 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Contents Acknowledgements vii Phonetic Developments from PIE to Slavic viii Abbreviations, Symbols and Conventions x 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Aim 1 1.2 Scope 3 1.3 Justification and Perspectives 5 1.4 Methodological Considerations 8 1.5 Terminology and Definitions 15 1.6 Structure of the Study 31 2 Phonological Background 39 2.1 Introductory Remarks 39 2.2 Reconstructed Language Stages 39 2.3 Phonological Developments from PIE to Slavic 46 3 Nominal Inflection 68 3.1 Introductory Remarks 68 3.2 Paradigm Types 69 3.3 Nominative(–Accusative) Singular 80 3.4 Accusative Singular 113 3.5 Genitive Singular 123 3.6 Dative Singular 144 3.7 Instrumental Singular 157 3.8 Locative Singular 168 3.9 Vocative Singular 180 3.10 Nominative–Accusative Dual 186 3.11 Genitive–Locative Dual 205 3.12 Dative–Instrumental Dual 213 3.13 Nominative(–Accusative) Plural 221 3.14 Accusative Plural 240 3.15 Genitive Plural 255 3.16 Dative Plural 267 3.17 Instrumental Plural 278 3.18 Locative Plural 286 vi contents 4 Verbal Inflection 296 4.1 Introductory Remarks 296 4.2 Paradigm Types 298 4.3 Present First-Person Singular 303 4.4 Preterite First-Person Singular 309 4.5 (Thematic) Imperative First-Person Singular 311 4.6 Present Second-Person Singular 312 4.7 Preterite Second-Person Singular 318 4.8 Imperative Second-Person Singular 320 4.9 Present Third-Person Singular 324 4.10 Preterite Third-Person Singular 330 4.11 Imperative Third-Person Singular 335 4.12 First-Person Dual 338 4.13 Second-Person Dual 342 4.14 Third-Person Dual 346 4.15 First-Person Plural 348 4.16 Second-Person Plural 355 4.17 Present Third-Person Plural 360 4.18 Preterite Third-Person Plural 363 5 Concluding Remarks 366 Bibliography 369 Index 408 Acknowledgements This study was for the most part written between October 2008 and December 2013 while I was employed at the research project “Roots of Europe—Language, Culture, and Migrations” at the Department of Nordic Studies and Linguistics, University of Copenhagen. I am much indebted to my “Roots of Europe” col- leagues, with whom I had many fruitful discussions: Adam Hyllested, Anders Richardt Jørgensen, Benedicte Nielsen Whitehead, Birgit Anette Olsen, Bjarne Simmelkjær Sandgaard Hansen, Guus Kroonen, Jenny Helena Larsson, Jens Elmegård Rasmussen and Oliver B. Simkin. In May 2013 Jens Elmegård Rasmussen unexpectedly passed away. His influ- ence will be perceived on most pages of this study. I would like to express my gratitude to Oliver B. Simkin, who reviewed part of the manuscript, and to Guus Kroonen, who reviewed the whole thing. Over the years I have also benefitted greatly from daily discussions about linguistic and non-linguistic matters with my office mate Benedicte Nielsen Whitehead. The members of the advisory board of the “Roots of Europe” project— Andreas Willi, Brent Vine, Douglas Q. Adams, Joshua T. Katz, Michael Janda and Rosemarie Lühr—were very helpful when I took their function literally and asked for their advice during the yearly board meetings. I owe a special thank you to Henning Andersen for his willingness to discuss whatever I asked him about, including a number of topics that were relevant to this study. I am grateful to the Department of Nordic Studies and Linguistics for sup- porting the entire endeavour, both morally and financially. Their financial sup- port allowed for language revision which was meticulously carried out by Seán Vrieland. I am also indebted to the series editors of Brill’s Studies in Indo-Euro pean Languages & Linguistics, Craig Melchert and Olav Hackstein, for accepting the book in the series, and to Stephanie Paalvast at Brill for her patience. An anon- ymous reviewer provided several useful comments and suggestions, many of which have been incorporated in the text. Finally, I wish to thank several other people who have contributed with all kinds of useful input: Aigars Kalniņš, Aleksandar Loma, Andreas Øiestad, Andrej Zaliznjak, Frederik Kortlandt, Holger Juul, Lars Brink, Marek Majer, Martin Joachim Kümmel, Mate Kapović, Michaël Peyrot, Orsat Ligorio, Paweł Nowak, Sofie Kluge, Stefan Jacobsson Schulstad, Thomas Hvid Kromann, Tijmen Pronk, Tobias Mosbæk Søborg, Ursula Olander, Willem Vermeer and Yoko Yamazaki. Phonetic Developments from PIE to Slavic From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Balto-Slavic 1 Loss of laryngeals (general) 47 2 Diphthongisation of syllabic sonorants (general) 48 3 Common Indo-European vowel contractions (general) 49 4 Mobility law (final) 49 5 Devoicing of word-final obstruents (final) 50 6 Winter’s law and deaspiration of voiced aspirated stops (general) 50 7 Delabialisation of *o to *a (general) 51 8 Assibilation of palatal stops (general) 51 9 Loss of word-final stops (final) 52 10 Diphthongisation of *ē ̆ to *i ̯ā ̆ before tautosyllabic *u̯ (general) 52 11 Backing of *e to *a before *u̯ (general) 53 From Proto-Balto-Slavic to Proto-Slavic 12 Ruki change (general) 53 13 Dybo’s law and deglottalisation (general) 54 14 Labialisation of *i̯ to *u̯ after *ō (final?) 55 15 Delabialisation of *ō to *ā (general) 55 16 Loss of *n between a high vowel and word-final *s (final) 55 17 Loss of word-final fricatives, with centralisation of preceding *ā ̆ to *ə̄ ̆ (final) 56 18 Loss of word-final dentals after long vowels, with raising of the vowel (final) 57 19 Loss of word-final *m after short vowels, with rounding and raising of preceding *a to *u (final) 58 Common Slavic Phonetic Developments 20 Fronting of non-front vowels after palatal consonants (general) 60 21 First palatalisation of velars (general) 62 22 Monophthongisation of oral diphthongs (general) 62 23 Second palatalisation of velars (general) 63 Phonetic Developments From Pie To Slavic ix 24 Raising of *e to *i before *i̯ (general) 64 25 Common Slavic vowel contractions 65 26 Elimination of post-consonantal *i̯ (general) 65 27 Backing of *ē to *ā after palatalised consonants (general) 66 28 Monophthongisation of nasal diphthongs (general) 66 29 Reinterpretation of vowel quantity as quality (general) 66 Abbreviations, Symbols and Conventions Abbreviations abl. ablative acc. accusative adess. adessive adj. adjective adv. adverb(ial) Anat. Anatolian aor. aorist a.p. accent paradigm Arm. Armenian athem. athematic Att. Attic Bg. Bulgarian BRu. Belarusian BS Balto-Slavic Čak. Čakavian Cat. Catechism com. common gender CS Common Slavic CSCl “Classic” Common Slavic (i.e. excluding the Old Novgorod dialect) CSN North Common Slavic (i.e. West and East Slavic) CSS South Common Slavic Cz. Czech dat. dative dial. dialect(al) Dor. Doric Greek du. dual Elb. vocab. Elbing vocabulary encl. enclitic ESl. East Slavic fem. feminine gen. genitive Gk. Greek Gmc. Germanic Go. Gothic Hi. Hittite Abbreviations, Symbols And Conventions xi HLuv. Hieroglyphic Luvian Hom. Homeric Greek IIr. Indo-Iranian ill. illative inanim. inanimate inf. infinitive inscr. inscription(al) instr. instrumental interr. interrogative Ion. Ionic ipf. imperfect ipv. imperative Kash. Kashubian La. Latin Li. Lithuanian loc. locative LSorb. Lower Sorbian Lv. Latvian masc. masculine MS Middle Script (Hittite) neut. neuter nom. nominative NSl. North Slavic (i.e. West and East Common Slavic) num. numeral NWGmc. north-west Germanic NWŽem. north-west Žemaitian Lithuanian OAv. Old Avestan obl. oblique obs. obsolete OCr. Old Croatian OCS Old Church Slavonic OCz. Old Czech OEng. Old English OHG Old High German OIr.
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