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THE HISTORY of GERMANY T H E U N Co Mm E N Do N E Pope , Thro Gh His Talented Uncio , , Made Several Extremely Touch I Ng Representations to the Assembly
T HE HIST O R Y O F GE R MA N Y PA R T X v l l WAR O F: L IBE R AT IO N IN T HE N E T HE R L A N D S Pre o n der an ce o the S an ia rds an d CXCVIII . p f p — Jes uits Co ur tly Vic es HE false peace co ncluded at A ugsb urg was imm e di ’ T ately followed by Charles V . s abdication of his nu r o m e ro us c o wns . He w uld willingly have resigned m r h that of the e pi e to his son Philip , had not the Spanis o r o o m o educati n of that p ince , his gl y and big ted character, inspired the Germans with an aversi o n as un c o nque rable as h . m o r o t at with which he beheld them Ferdinand had , e ver, o r n . r n e e rt he gained the fav of the Germa princes Cha les , v f o so n o o less , influenced by a fection t ward his , best wed up n h im m o N one of the finest of the Ger an pr vinces , the ether W lands , besides Spain , Milan , Naples , and the est Indies r m (Am erica) . Fe dinand received the rest of the Ger an o o m hereditary possessi ns of his h use , besides Bohe ia and r r Hungary . -
Darius PETKŪNAS – the Sources of the 1545 Old Prussian Language
THE SOURCES OF THE 1545 OLD PRUSSIAN LANGUAGE CATECHISMS Darius Petkūnas Abstract The Teutonic Order in Prussia recognised and acknowledged its responsibility to catechise both the German-speaking colonists and the native population. The Reformation made no radical changes to these requirements, but gave them serious attention. During the 1540s to the 1560s, several Catechisms for the non-German subjects of the Duke of Prussia were pre- pared and published in Königsberg, including three in the Old Prussian language. The editor 189 of the first and second Old Prussian-language Catechisms published bilingual books, with the German Catechism on the left-hand page, and the same text on the right-hand page in the Old Prussian language. Reinhold Trautmann established that the source of the Decalogue in these books was Luther’s 1531 Small Catechism. However, he had difficulties confirming the sources of the remaining four parts of the Catechism, since he found a number of words and phrases which could not be identified as coming from Luther’s Catechisms. The article elaborates on Trautmann’s thesis that the source of the German Decalogue is Luther’s 1531 Enchiridion. In addition, it argues that the sources of the remaining parts of the Catechism were German-lan- guage catechetical and liturgical texts that were circulating in Prussia at that time. KEY WORDS: Duchy of Prussia, catechisation, Old Prussian language, Martin Luther. ANOTACIJA Vokiečių ordinas Prūsijoje suvokė ir pripažino savo pareigą katechizuoti tiek vokiečiakalbius ko- lonistus, tiek ir vietinius gyventojus. Reformacija neturėjo esminės įtakos šiems reikalavimams atsirasti, bet sustiprino jiems teikiamą dėmesį. -
The 13Th-Century Conquest of Prussia Reconsidered
ACTA HI STO RI CA UNIVERSITATIS KLAIPEDENSIS THE 13TH-CENTURY CONQUEST OF PRUSSIA RECONSIDERED DOBROSIELSKA, Alicja. Opór, oportunizm, współpraca. Prusowie wobec zakonu krzyżac kiego w dobie podboju (Monumentą Literaria Prussiae, Seria C: Monografie, nr. 7). Olsztyn: Towarzystwo Naukowe Pruthenia, 2017. - 240 s. ISBN 978-83-934214-9-7 Marius Ščavinskas Klaipėda University Nineteenth and 20th-century historiography about the conQuest of Prussia in the 13th century by the Teutonic Order, based on the different circumstances forming the political, cultural and historical memory developing in different historical epochs and in a varied geographical space, formed a rather clear point of view that the conQuest of Prussia was the expansion of Western Christianity, breaking through in the form of crusades, and interrupting the natural development of the West Balts (mainly Old Prussians), which caused the disappearance of the Old Prussians. There is no doubt that, like any other forms of war, the conQuest naturally triggered change, both in the society of the conQuered and of the conQuerors. For a longtime, the conQuest of the Old Prussians was researched by looking only at the military- political aspects: battles, a discussion of strategy and tactics, the visualisation of the cartography of battles, and the location of Old Prussian castles, highlighting the political circumstances of the arrival of the Teutonic Order in Prussia, descriptions of the ideological attitudes of the Crusades, and descriptions of the hostilities. As well as the military-political aspects, researchers paid significant attention to the pre-Christian order of Old Prussian society, its religion and mythology, confronting the 'peaceful', 'not damaged by civilisation' Old Prussian culture with the aggressive attitude of the Teutonic Order and the supporters of Christian European culture, and in this way, through invisible ties, relating the conQuest of Prussia in the 13th century to events of the 19th and 20th centuries. -
Borrowing Images of Empire: the Contribution of Research on The
Medieval Studies, vol. 22, 2018 / Studia z Dziejów Średniowiecza, tom 22, 2018 Piotr Samól (Gdansk Univeristy of Technology) https://orcid.org/ 0000-0001-6021-1692 Piotr Samól Borrowing Images of Empire: The contribution of research on the artistic influence of the Holy Roman Empire on Polish Romanesque architecture in the eleventh and twelfth centuries1 Borrowing Images of Empire… Keywords: Romanesque architecture, Poland, Ostrów Lednicki, monumental stone buildings Although knowledge concerning Romanesque architecture in Poland has developed over many years, most cathedrals and ducal or royal seats have not been comprehensively examined. Moreover, a substan- tial number of contemporary scholarly works have erased the thin line between material evidence and its interpretation. As a consequence, the architectural remains of Polish Romanesque edifices are often considered the basis for wider comparative research. Meanwhile, fragmentarily preserved structures of Romanesque buildings have allowed scholars to conduct research on their origins and models, but they have rarely provided enough information for spatial recon- structions of them. This means that one might investigate the process of transposing patterns from the Holy Roman Empire to Poland instead of the influence of Polish masons’ lodges on each other. Therefore, this paper has two aims. The first is to look at how imperial pat- terns affected the main stone structures (cathedrals and collegiate 1 Originally, my paper entitled ‘In the Shadow of Salian and Hohenstaufen Cathedrals: The Artistic Influence of the Holy Roman Empire on Polish Romanesque Architecture in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries’ was given at the ‘Borrowing Images of Empire’ seminar during the Medieval Congress in Leeds in July 2014. -
ŚREDNIOWIECZE Polskie I Powszechne
ŚREDNIOWIECZE Polskie i Powszechne Tom 9 (13) ŚREDNIOWIECZEŚREDNIOWIECZE PolskiePolskie i Powszechne Tom 9 (13) pod redakcją Jerzego Sperki i Bożeny Czwojdrak Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego Katowice 2017 Redaktor serii: Historia Sylwester Fertacz Recenzenci dr hab. Janusz Grabowski (Archiwum Główne Akt Dawnych w Warszawie) prof. dr hab. Tomasz Jurek (Polska Akademia Nauk, Oddział w Poznaniu) prof. dr hab. Beata Możejko (Uniwersytet Gdański) dr Łukasz Neubauer (Politechnika Koszalińska) dr hab. Andrzej Pleszczyński, prof. UMCS (Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej) dr hab. Sobiesław Szybkowski, prof. UG (Uniwersytet Gdański) dr Marek L. Wójcik (Uniwersytet Wrocławski) dr hab. Paweł Żmudzki (Uniwersytet Warszawski) Rada Naukowa Jerzy Sperka Idzi Panic Bożena Czwojdrak Jakub Morawiec Sobiesław Szybkowski Stanisław Sroka Leontij Wojtowycz Marek L. Wójcik Janusz Grabowski Joanna Sobiesiak Katarzyna Niemczyk Sekretarz Redakcji Iwona Pietrzyk Kodeks Postępowania Etycznego w naszym czasopiśmie oparty jest na standardach Comittee on Pub- lication Ethics (COPE). Szczegółowe informacje dostępne są na stronie: http://historia.us.edu.pl/index. php?pokaz=showart&id=91 Code of Ethic Practices in our journal is based on standards Comittee on Publication Ethics (COPE). For more information look: http://historia.us.edu.pl/index.php?pokaz=showart&id=91 Publikacja jest dostępna w wersji internetowej: Baza Czasopism Humanistycznych i Społecznych www.bazhum.pl Central and Eastern European Online Library www.ceeol.com TreśćTreść Wykaz skrótów instytucji, -
Qualitative Changes in Ethno-Linguistic Status : a Case Study of the Sorbs in Germany
Qualitative Changes in Ethno-linguistic Status: A Case Study of the Sorbs in Germany by Ted Cicholi RN (Psych.), MA. Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Political Science School of Government 22 September 2004 Disclaimer Although every effort has been taken to ensure that all Hyperlinks to the Internet Web sites cited in this dissertation are correct at the time of writing, no responsibility can be taken for any changes to these URL addresses. This may change the format as being either underlined, or without underlining. Due to the fickle nature of the Internet at times, some addresses may not be found after the initial publication of an article. For instance, some confusion may arise when an article address changes from "front page", such as in newspaper sites, to an archive listing. This dissertation has employed the Australian English version of spelling but, where other works have been cited, the original spelling has been maintained. It should be borne in mind that there are a number of peculiarities found in United States English and Australian English, particular in the spelling of a number of words. Interestingly, not all errors or irregularities are corrected by software such as Word 'Spelling and Grammar Check' programme. Finally, it was not possible to insert all the accents found in other languages and some formatting irregularities were beyond the control of the author. Declaration This dissertation does not contain any material which has been accepted for the award of any other higher degree or graduate diploma in any tertiary institution. -
Prisoners of War in the Baltic in the XII-XIII Centuries
Prisoners of war in the Baltic in the XII-XIII centuries Kurt Villads Jensen* University of Stockholm Abstract Warfare was cruel along the religious borders in the Baltic in the twelfth and thirteenth century and oscillated between mass killing and mass enslavement. Prisoners of war were often problematic to control and guard, but they were also of huge economic importance. Some were used in production, some were ransomed, some held as hostages, all depending upon status of the prisoners and needs of the slave owners. Key words Warfare, prisoners of war. Baltic studies. Baltic crusades. Slavery. Religious warfare. Medieval genocide. Resumen La guerra fue una actividad cruel en las fronteras religiosas bálticas entre los siglos XII y XIII, que osciló entre la masacre y la esclavitud en masa. El control y guarda de los prisioneros de guerra era frecuentemente problemático, pero también tenían una gran importancia económica. Algunos eran empleados en actividades productivas, algunos eran rescatados y otros eran mantenidos como rehenes, todo ello dependiendo del estatus del prisionero y de las necesidades de sus propietarios. Palabras clave Guerra, prisioneros de guerra, estudios bálticos, cruzadas bálticas, esclavitud, guerra de religión, genocidio medieval. * Dr. Phil. Catedrático. Center for Medieval Studies, Stockholm University, Department of History, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden. E-mail: [email protected] http://www.journal-estrategica.com/ E-STRATÉGICA, 1, 2017 • ISSN 2530-9951, pp. 285-295 285 KURT VILLADS JENSEN If you were living in Scandinavia and around the Baltic Sea in the high Middle Ages, you had a fair change of being involved in warfare or affected by war, and there was a considerable risk that you would be taken prisoner. -
The Schottenklöster in the World: Identity, Independence and Integration*
chapter 16 The Schottenklöster in the World: Identity, Independence and Integration* Diarmuid Ó Riain Introduction One of the central concerns of the original Enclaves of Learning, Religion, Ideology and Practice working group was to examine the multifaceted connec- tions between the “enclave” and the surrounding world and to illustrate how texts produced within these communities served to both record and reinter- pret this interaction as well as having the potential to change the underlying relationships.1 This approach essentially treats of the physical, legal or other factors underpinning the identification as an enclave of learning, religion, ideol- ogy and practice within the broader context of the institution’s social relations, thereby seeking to redress the potentially problematic semantic implications of the term “enclave”. The focus of my paper will be the so-called Schottenklöster or Irish Benedictine monasteries, which were established between the later 11th and early 13th centuries in modern-day southern Germany and Austria. That the monasteries of medieval Europe were deeply embedded in the wider social environment rather than detached islands goes, of course, almost with- out saying.2 This reality coexisted, however, with what Hallinger called the traditional gegenweltliche instincts of monasticism, and the rhetoric of with- drawal from the world would always remain prominent, particularly in the context of the emergence of new monastic movements.3 What makes the Schottenklöster an especially interesting case-study with regard to the interplay between idealized detachment and actual integration is the issue of ethnicity; the Irish identity of the monasteries was their sine qua non, and, accordingly, had a profound influence on the level of independence and integration they * The research for this article was funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF): F42 Visions of Community. -
Selected Ancestors of the Chicago Rodger's
Selected Ancestors of the Chicago Rodger’s Volume I: Continental Ancestors Before Hastings David Anderson March 2016 Charlemagne’s Europe – 800 AD For additional information, please contact David Anderson at: [email protected] 508 409 8597 Stained glass window depicting Charles Martel at Strasbourg Cathedral. Pepin shown standing Pepin le Bref Baldwin II, Margrave of Flanders 2 Continental Ancestors Before Hastings Saints, nuns, bishops, brewers, dukes and even kings among them David Anderson March 12, 2016 Abstract Early on, our motivation for studying the ancestors of the Chicago Rodger’s was to determine if, according to rumor, they are descendants of any of the Scottish Earls of Bothwell. We relied mostly on two resources on the Internet: Ancestry.com and Scotlandspeople.gov.uk. We have been subscribers of both. Finding the ancestral lines connecting the Chicago Rodger’s to one or more of the Scottish Earls of Bothwell was the most time consuming and difficult undertaking in generating the results shown in a later book of this series of three books. It shouldn’t be very surprising that once we found Earls in Scotland we would also find Kings and Queens, which we did. The ancestral line that connects to the Earls of Bothwell goes through Helen Heath (1831-1902) who was the mother and/or grandmother of the Chicago Rodger’s She was the paternal grandmother of my grandfather, Alfred Heath Rodger. Within this Heath ancestral tree we found four lines of ancestry without any evident errors or ambiguities. Three of those four lines reach just one Earl of Bothwell, the 1st, and the fourth line reaches the 1st, 2nd and 3rd. -
Johannes Bugenhagen and His Pomeranians Sermon
A new beginning with the word – Johannes Bugenhagen and his Pomeranians Sermon on Romans 10, 9-17 at the English church service, the Day of John the Baptist (June 24th 2018 in St. Johns’ Church, Greifswald) The grace of our Lord, Jesus Christ, and the love of God and the communion of the Holy Spirit be with you all. Dear Friends, Brothers and Sisters, Do you know, why the goal of Toni Kroos yesterday evening was so important for the people of Greifswald? Because Toni Kroos is a son of this city and because the Pomeranian People, that means the people of this region, where we are living, have a broken identity. In the last century they lost part of their history and most of their people. Once, before the second World War, Pomerania was a great province of Germany. Now, it is nearly forgotten. Some in Germany think: Is there anymore an area called Pomerania in our country? Perhaps you realized the tough discussion about the name of the university of Greifswald in the last two years. Should the uni- versity be called after Ernst Moritz Arndt, a great scholar of the Pomeranian island of Rügen or not. Arndt and Kroos are guys from this area. So people think: We are somebody. We are not forgotten. Another great guy from Pomerania was Johannes Bugenhagen. Today is his birth- day. He was born in the yaer 1485, 533 years ago. He is one of the big four of the memorial at the Rubenow place. This church is linked very close to Johannes Bugenhagen, because it is a Johanneskirche, Johns’ Church. -
Creating Holy People and Places on the Periphery
Creating Holy People and People Places Holy on theCreating Periphery Creating Holy People and Places on the Periphery A Study of the Emergence of Cults of Native Saints in the Ecclesiastical Provinces of Lund and Uppsala from the Eleventh to the Thirteenth Centuries During the medieval period, the introduction of a new belief system brought profound societal change to Scandinavia. One of the elements of this new religion was the cult of saints. This thesis examines the emergence of new cults of saints native to the region that became the ecclesiastical provinces of Lund and Uppsala in the twelfth century. The study examines theearliest, extant evidence for these cults, in particular that found in liturgical fragments. By analyzing and then comparing the relationship that each native saint’s cult had to the Christianization, the study reveals a mutually beneficial bond between these cults and a newly emerging Christian society. Sara E. EllisSara Nilsson Sara E. Ellis Nilsson Dissertation from the Department of Historical Studies ISBN 978-91-628-9274-6 Creating Holy People and Places on the Periphery Dissertation from the Department of Historical Studies Creating Holy People and Places on the Periphery A Study of the Emergence of Cults of Native Saints in the Ecclesiastical Provinces of Lund and Uppsala from the Eleventh to the Th irteenth Centuries Sara E. Ellis Nilsson med en svensk sammanfattning Avhandling för fi losofi e doktorsexamen i historia Göteborgs universitet, den 20 februari 2015 Institutionen för historiska studier (Department of Historical Studies) ISBN: 978-91-628-9274-6 ISBN: 978-91-628-9275-3 (e-publikation) Distribution: Sara Ellis Nilsson, [email protected] © Sara E. -
Collegium Medievale 16
• t Ii j COLLEGIUM MEDIEVALE Tverrfaglig tidsskrift for middelalderforskning Interdisciplinary Journal of Medieval Research Volume 16 2003 Published by COLLEGIUM MEDIEVALE Society for Medieval Studies Oslo 2003 Study into Socio-political History of the Obodrites Roman Zaroff Artikkelen be handler de polabiske slaviske starnrnene som bodde i omradet mellom elvene Elbe-Saale og Oder-Neisse, i perioden fra slutten av 700-tallet til 1100- tallet. Artikkelforfatteren gar imot det hevdvunne synet om at disse slaverne forble organisert i sma, lokale stammer. Tvert imot men er forfatteren a kunne belegge at disse polabiske slaveme pga. sterkt ytre press i perioden organiserte seg i en storre sammenslutning over stammeniva, sentrert rundt obotritt-stammen. Denne sammenslutningen var en politisk enhet pa linje med samtidige tyske hertugdommer og markomrader og de skandinaviske landene. Introduction The Western Slavs once occupied the territory more or less corresponding to the former state of East Germany that is the area roughly between the Oder-Neisse and Elbe-Saale rivers. They are usually called the Polabian Slavs or Wends. They were the westernmost group of the Western Slavs (which includes the Czechs, Poles and Slovaks) who settled the region between the sixth and seventh centu ries. 1 The Polabian Slavs are usually divided into three branches: the Sorbs, who occupied roughly the southern part ofthe former East Germany; the Veleti in the northeast of the region; and the Obodrites in the northwest.2 Most of the Polabian Slavs were germanised in the course of time, and only a small Sorbian minority in southeastern Germany retains its linguistic and cultural identity until the present day.' 1 Dvomik 1974:14; and Gimbutas 1971:124-128; and towmianski 1967:98, 221; and Strzelczyk 1976:139-154.