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Senegalese Gendered Migration to Spain

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Senegalese Gendered Migration to Spain THROUGH THE BORDER: SENEGALESE GENDERED MIGRATION TO SPAIN (2005-2010) by Celia Vives Gonzalez Licenciada en Sociología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 2005 M.A., Geography, University of British Columbia, 2007 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Geography) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) December 2012 © Celia Vives Gonzalez, 2012 Abstract This dissertation provides a geopolitical and gender analysis of the border that was built between 2005 and 2010 to stop unwanted migration from Senegal to Spain. I combine an investigation of institutional practices and of the experiences of migrants who crossed (or tried to cross) that border. This work constructs a genealogy of the Spanish - Senegalese border, including the obstacles placed to stop unwanted migration and the strategies adopted by migrants to enter EU space. To do so I draw from three bodies of literature: scholarship on migrant transnationalism, critical geopolitics, and feminist political geography. This analysis is built on extensive primary research complemented by secondary data, including life histories, participant observation, and interviews with migrants, members of their transnational social networks, former smugglers, service providers, supra-state organizations, state bureaucrats, and state security forces, as well as official statistics, legislation, and media accounts. I contend that gender is an articulating factor of international migrations. In the case of contemporary Senegalese migration to Spain, I argue that the re-enforcement and militarization of the border was disproportional to the number of migrants using land and sea routes. These efforts were partly responsible for a decrease in illegal migration by land and sea after 2007, but migration by air and secondary migration from other countries of the EU (which represent the majority of the migrant flow) was unaffected. Despite the obstacles placed to stop it, the migration of Senegalese continued and even increased during this period, mainly thanks to the support that transnational social networks provided to migrants. The main consequence of the preventive and defensive anti-immigration measures adopted was a re-territorialization of the EU border. The findings suggest the importance of integrating a variety of scales in the study of the processes, actors, and mechanisms involved in the territorial re-definition of state and supranational borders. In the case of the EU, I contend that as a response militarization is ethically questionable, economically wasteful, and inadequate. Finally, this study suggests the need to engage in a mobile cartography of the migrant transnational network to account for its transformations across time and space. ii Preface An earlier version of Chapter 4 (“Multi-sited research and feminist practice”) was published as part of a book. The complete reference is Vives, Luna (2012) “Fragmented migrant (her) stories: multi-sited ethnography and feminist migration research.” In Glenda Bonifacio (ed.) Feminism and migration: cross-cultural engagements, 61-80.New York: Springer. Parts of a chapter co-authored with Sesé Sité (Vives and Sité 2010) have been used in Chapter 7. The background in-depth interviews for this publication were carried out equally, although I was the lead author and responsible for writing the majority of the paper. The complete references is Vives, Luna and Sité, Sesé (2010) Negra española, negra extranjera: dos historias de una misma discriminación.” Revista Estudios de Juventud: Discriminaciones diversas en las personas jóvenes, 89 (Junio), 163-186. This research project benefitted from collaboration with a Spanish research team, currently working on a project on transnational households that compares the experiences of Senegalese and Ecuadorian migrants in Spain “Negotiations of sex / gender postionings within households and transnationalism “from below:” a comparative study of transnational social relations among Ecuadorian and Senegalese migrant populations with a focus on the Embajadores district, Madrid, and the Campo de Cartagena, Murcia” [Resignificación de las posiciones de sexo / género y de los hogares en el transnacionalismo ‘por abajo:’ estudio de las relaciones sociales transnacionales de los colectivos de migrantes ecuatorianos y senegaleses a partir de sus anclajes en Embajadores (Madrid) y en el Campo de Cartagena (Murcia)]. The team, hosted at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid, is headed by Professor Fernando José García Selgas. The reference number in the database of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness is CSO2008-04838. The UBC Behavioural Research Ethics Board reviewed and approved the fieldwork associated with this research project in February 17, 2009 (H08-02189). iii Table of contents Abstract....................................................................................................................................i Preface.....................................................................................................................................ii Table of contents...................................................................................................................iii List of tables........................................................................................................................vii List of figures......................................................................................................................viii List of acronyms and technical terms..................................................................................x List of graphs.......................................................................................................................xii List of maps........................................................................................................................xiii Acknowledgements............................................................................................................xiv Dedication............................................................................................................................xvi 1 Introduction.........................................................................................................................1 1.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................1 1.2 From March 11 to May 15: a roadmap.....................................................................4 1.3 The migrant-on-the-beach approach to migration and border policy (2004-2009).....................................................................................................................7 1.4 Research questions and goals..................................................................................14 1.5 Introduction to key concepts and theoretical framework........................................16 1.5.1 Migrant transnationalism............................................................................16 1.5.2 Borders and boundaries..............................................................................20 1.6 A few words about gender.......................................................................................23 1.7 “Mujeres y Fronteras:” raising awareness..............................................................26 1.8 Chapter outline........................................................................................................28 2 From Senegal to the world: inheriting a long history of (gendered) migration..........32 2.1 Introduction............................................................................................................32 2.2 Senegal....................................................................................................................33 2.2.1 The people behind the numbers.................................................................38 2.3 Gender and marriage in Senegal...........................................................................42 2.3.1 Divorce and polygamy...............................................................................45 2.4 A brief history of (male) international migrations in the 20th century...................48 2.4.1 Old migrations, new migrations: from the 1940s to 2010.........................49 2.4.2 Transnational networks and the use of ICTs..............................................52 2.4.3 Circularity and “mobile transmigration”....................................................55 2.5 The migration of Senegalese women to Spain.......................................................58 2.6 Discussion: Senegal as a country of origin, transit and destination.......................64 3 Where theory meets migrants: geopolitical approaches to borders.............................67 3.1 Introduction............................................................................................................67 3.2 The (Spanish) state and borders in the context of migration control......................69 iv 3.2.1 Theorizing the borders of the EU..............................................................73 3.2.2 Feminist geopolitics...................................................................................80 3.3 Transnationalism and international migrations......................................................84 3.3.1 Towards a working definition of migrant transnationalism.......................85
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