Patriarchs, Dates and Succession Of
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THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY in CAIRO School of Humanities And
1 THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY IN CAIRO School of Humanities and Social Sciences Department of Arab and Islamic Civilizations Islamic Art and Architecture A thesis on the subject of Revival of Mamluk Architecture in the 19th & 20th centuries by Laila Kamal Marei under the supervision of Dr. Bernard O’Kane 2 Dedications and Acknowledgments I would like to dedicate this thesis for my late father; I hope I am making you proud. I am sure you would have enjoyed this field of study as much as I do. I would also like to dedicate this for my mother, whose endless support allowed me to pursue a field of study that I love. Thank you for listening to my complains and proofreads from day one. Thank you for your patience, understanding and endless love. I am forever, indebted to you. I would like to thank my family and friends whose interest in the field and questions pushed me to find out more. Aziz, my brother, thank you for your questions and criticism, they only pushed me to be better at something I love to do. Zeina, we will explore this world of architecture together some day, thank you for listening and asking questions that only pushed me forward I love you. Alya’a and the Friday morning tours, best mornings of my adult life. Iman, thank you for listening to me ranting and complaining when I thought I’d never finish, thank you for pushing me. Salma, with me every step of the way, thank you for encouraging me always. Adham abu-elenin, thank you for your time and photography. -
The University of Hull Department of Politics an Analysis of the Process of Association Between Turkey and the European Communit
The University of Hull Department of Politics An Analysis of the Process of Association Between Turkey and the European Community in the Context of European Integration and Cooperation being a thesis submitted for the Degree of PhD in the University of Hull by Tunc Aybak, B.A. March 1995 In memory of my father, and for my son Joseph Aydin. 'Turkey is part of Europe: today this means that Turkey is establishing a constitutional relationship with the European Community. Like the Community itself, that relationship is imbued with the concept of revolution.' Ankara, September 1963. The President of the Commission of the European Communities. The Speech of Walter Hallstein at the signing of the Association Treaty. 10]ur task is to less reassure ourselves of our common origins in the European Middle Ages than to develop a new political self- confidence commensurate with the role of Europe in the world of twenty-first century. Hitherto, world history has accorded the empires have come and gone but one appearance on the stage. This is not only true of the rising and falling empires in the Old World, but also for modern states like Portugal and Spain, England, France and Russia. It now appears as if Europe as a whole is being given a second chance. It will not be able to make use of this in terms of the power politics of yester-year, but only under changed premises, namely a non-imperial process of reaching understanding with and learning from other cultures.' Jurgen Habermas Contents Acknowledgements 1 Chapter I: Introduction 3 I. -
'Arabiyah As-Su'udiyah=Saudia =Ksa
ARABIA SAUDITA ARABIA SAUDITA=SAUDI ARABIA=ARABIA= AL-‘ARABIYAH AS-SU’UDIYAH=SAUDIA =K.S.A. Anticamente ARVASTAN=ARVASTHAN Al-Mumlakah al-Arribiyah as-Saudiyyah Al-Mamlaka al-‘Arabiya as-Su’udiya Regno dell’Arabia Saudita Ar-Riyadh=Riad, 1.350.000 ab. (dal 1818). (Dal 1744 al 1818 la capitale fu: Dariyah) Kmq. 2.153.168 (2.149.690)(2.150.000)(2.157.000)(2.255.000) Compreso TERRITORIO NEUTRALE, per la parte di competenza, tra l’Arabia Saudita e l’Iraq, indiviso dal 2/12/1922 al 1995 (con ancora qualche disputa). Compreso TERRITORIO NEUTRALE, per la parte di competenza, tra l’Arabia Saudita e il Cuvait (indiviso dal 2/12/1922 al 7/07/1965). Dispute col Cuvait per Qarah e Umm al-Maradim (occupati Cuvait). Il Catar gli rivendica le Isole Hwar. Vertenze di confine con il Catar (Oasi di Jofus). Controversie sui confini con l’Oman. Contestazioni con lo Iemen per le tre Province meridionali (Asir, Najran, Jizan). Dispute con lo Iemen per l’Isola al-Duwaima (occupata Iemen, trattato del 12/06/2000). Territori non esattamente delimitati con EAU (trattati del 1974 e del 1977 non ancora resi pubblici). Dispute con EAU per campo petrolifero di Zarrara e Area di Khor al-Odaid (occupato dall’EAU). Divisione con Barain per l’Isola sulla Scogliera di Re Fahd. Dispute per acque territoriali con Israele/Egitto/Giordania (Golfo di Aqaba). Dispute per acque territoriali con Barain (presso Abu Saapa). Movimento indipendentista in Hejaz. Ab. 7.000.000---21.500.000 Arabi (90%) - Anaza - Arbo=Harb - Anazimo=Anazim - Bani - Catano=Qahtan Pagina 1 di 23 ARABIA SAUDITA - Davasiro=Dawasir - Mutairo=Mutayr - Murra - Ruala - Sciammaro=Shammar - Subai=Subay - Sulo=Suhul - Usmano=Usman=Ujman - Utaiba=Utaibà=Utaybah - Usmaro=Ugimaro=Ujmar Iraniani Indiani Pachistani Beduini - Almurrà=Al-Murrah - Ralladami=Ramlat-Dham - Suluba Lingua Nazionale/Ufficiale: Arabo Standa=Standard Arabic. -
The Sultan, the Tyrant, and the Hero: Changing Medieval Perceptions of Al-Zahir Baybars (MSR IV, 2000)
AMINA A. ELBENDARY AMERICAN UNIVERSITY IN CAIRO The Sultan, The Tyrant, and The Hero: Changing Medieval Perceptions of al-Z˛a≠hir Baybars* As the true founder of the Mamluk state, al-Z˛a≠hir Baybars is one of the most important sultans of Egypt and Syria. This has prompted many medieval writers and historians to write about his reign. Their perceptions obviously differed and their reconstructions of his reign draw different and often conflicting images. In this article I propose to examine and compare the various perceptions that different writers had of Baybars's life and character. Each of these writers had his own personal biases and his own purposes for writing about Baybars. The backgrounds against which they each lived and worked deeply influenced their writings. This led them to emphasize different aspects of his personality and legacy and to ignore others. Comparing these perceptions will demonstrate how the historiography of Baybars was used to make different political arguments concerning the sultan, the Mamluk regime, and rulership in general. I have used different representative examples of thirteenth- to fifteenth-century histories, chronicles, and biographical dictionaries in compiling this material. I have also compared these scholarly writings to the popular folk epic S|rat al-Z˛a≠hir Baybars. In his main official biography, written by Muh˛y| al-D|n ibn ‘Abd al-Z˛a≠hir, Baybars is presented as an ideal sultan. By contrast, works written after the sultan's day show more ambivalent attitudes towards him. Some fourteenth-century writers, like Sha≠fi‘ ibn ‘Al|, Baybars al-Mans˝u≠r|, and al-Nuwayr|, who were influenced by the regime of al-Na≠s˝ir Muh˛ammad, tend to place more emphasis on his despotic actions. -
Damascus and the Centre
chapter 6 Damascus and the Centre Damascus1 C’est la plus sublime mosquée du monde par sa pompe, la plus artiste- ment construite, la plus admirable par sa beauté, sa grâce et sa perfec- tion. On n’en connaît pas une semblable, et l’on n’en trouve pas une seconde qui puisse soutenir la comparaison avec elle.[1] [1326] The builder-converters of the Umayyad Mosque (from the Roman Temple of Jupiter) were certainly aware that the structure they built on and modified was very old, Yakut relating how the foundations were dug out to ensure their solidity, perhaps because the masons knew that local stone needed checking,2 as must have been known when the citadel was constructed.3 In the pro- cess they discovered an inscription in Greek conveniently predicting the mosque.[2] Al-Muqaddasi described the richness of the materials and their decoration, including the mosaics[3] which, before the fire, were also to be seen in the prayer hall.4 Dimashqi wrote that “par sa beauté, son élégance et sa per- fection est comptée parmi les merveilles du monde,” lavished with marble and mosaics.[4] Of its builder, “it is said that he expended the revenues of all Syria on this work.”[5] This occasioned restrictions on the next ruler.5 Non- Muslims were for centuries forbidden access (cf. Chapter Two, under Haram/ Forbidden), which is surely why Fermanel in 1670 affirmed that the “galeries, lesquelles, comme aussi la face de la Mosquée, sont peintes à la Mosaïque rep- resentant plusieurs Saints Pères, ce qui authorise assez qu’elle a esté bastie par les Chrétiens.”[6] 1 El-Hage 2000 for photographs: 6–57 for the town, its visitors and photographers; 79–85 walls and gates; 87–98: Umayyad Mosque before the fire. -
Proquest Dissertations
The history of the conquest of Egypt, being a partial translation of Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam's "Futuh Misr" and an analysis of this translation Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Hilloowala, Yasmin, 1969- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 10/10/2021 21:08:06 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282810 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly fi-om the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectiotiing the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. -
Rotting Ships and Razed Harbors: the Naval Policy of the Mamluks*
ALBRECHT FUESS UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE Rotting Ships and Razed Harbors: The Naval Policy of the Mamluks* When the people of Beirut noticed [the fleet], they evacuated their wives, children, and possessions from the city, so that Beirut was emptied of its inhabitants. Neither the governor (mutawall|) of Beirut nor his troops were there, just the soldiers of the regional amirs of the Gharb. The Franks landed at a place known as al-S˝anbat¸|ya in the west of the city. They took possession of the city, plundered, and burned our house and the market near the harbor. Some courageous Muslims banded together and fought with individual Franks in the lanes, killing some and losing three Muslims in these skirmishes. The Franks remained in Beirut till shortly before the afternoon prayer (al-as˝r) then returned to their ships . and headed for Sidon . where they again left their boats near the town. Meanwhile the governor of Damascus, Shaykh, who would later become Sultan al-Mu’ayyad Shaykh . arrived in Sidon with his troops and pushed the Franks back. Then the governor of Damascus ordered the governor of Beirut to cut off the heads of the Franks killed in Beirut . and send them to Damascus, then to Egypt.1 As related in this passage, the local inhabitants of Beirut and the other coastal cities were helpless against the constant attacks of the Frankish corsairs on their towns. This situation was not inevitable but was the result of Mamluk policy. This eyewitness account by the nobleman S˝a≠lih˝ ibn Yah˝yá of the attack of a joint Genoese-French fleet on Beirut and Sidon in the year 1403 illustrates three crucial aspects of the Mamluk defensive posture in Syro-Palestine: there was no regular Mamluk fleet to prevent a Frankish attack on the Syro-Palestinian coast; Beirut at that time was not fortified to halt a Frankish attack; only local troops were Middle East Documentation Center. -
The Abbasids | Abbasid Egypt
The Abbasids | Abbasid Egypt ‘Fustat – on the eastern bank of the Nile and south of Cairo – was the main commercial capital.’ Egypt was directly ruled by the Abbasids between 132 and 358 / 750 and 969. Its agricultural and commercial activities provided valuable revenues, and its location acted as a gate to North Africa. A governor supported by an army and an administrative elite, was appointed to manage Egypt. Fustat – on the eastern bank of the River Nile and south of Cairo – was the main commercial capital. The city still had a majority population of Coptic Christians and the Mosque of ‘Amr Ibn al-‘As was the main place of worship for Muslims. The governor and his army occupied the ‘Asakir district adjacent to Fustat. Name: Textile fragment Dynasty: Hegira 193–8 / AD 809–13 Abbasid Details: Museum of Islamic Art Cairo, Egypt Justification: The oldest surviving example of an official tiraz textile produced at the highly respected workshops of Fustat, which was patronised by the court and government. This piece was made in the name of Caliph al-'Amin (r. 193–8 / 809– 13). Name: Single earring Dynasty: Hegira 1st–2nd century / AD 7th–8th century Umayyad or Abbasid Details: Museum of Islamic Art at the Pergamon Museum Berlin, Germany Justification: During the Abbasid period, Egypt's urban population was prosperous and sophisticated. A variety of craft workshops and industries thrived, including jewellery-making enterprises. Name: Nilometer Dynasty: Hegira 247 / AD 861 Abbasid Details: Cairo, Egypt Justification: The Abbasids exploited Egypt's potential agriculturally. The governor was responsible both for ensuring that taxes were collected and that the Nilometer, used to estimate the level of the Nile and predict the coming harvest, was in working order. -
Encyclopaedism in the Mamluk Period: the Composition of Shihāb Al-Dīn Al-Nuwayrī’S (D
Encyclopaedism in the Mamluk Period: The Composition of Shihāb al-Dīn al-Nuwayrī’s (D. 1333) Nihāyat al-Arab fī Funūn al-Adab The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Muhanna, Elias Ibrahim. 2012. Encyclopaedism in the Mamluk Period: The Composition of Shihāb al-Dīn al-Nuwayrī’s (D. 1333) Nihāyat al-Arab fī Funūn al-Adab. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:9366551 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA © 2012 Elias Muhanna All rights reserved. Advisor: Professor Wolfhart P. Heinrichs Elias Muhanna Encyclopaedism in the Mamluk Period: The Composition of Shihāb al-Dīn al-Nuwayrī’s (d. 1333) Nihāyat al-arab fī funūn al-adab Abstract This dissertation explores the emergence of a golden age of Arabic encyclopaedic literature in the scholarly centers of Egypt and Syria during the Mamluk Empire (1250-1517). At the heart of the project is a study of Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad b. ʿAbd al-Wahhāb al-Nuwayrī’s (d. 1333) Nihāyat al-arab fī funūn al-adab (‘The Ultimate Ambition in the Branches of Erudition’), a 31-volume encyclopaedic work composed at the beginning of the 14th century and divided into five parts: (i) heaven and earth; (ii) the human being; (iii) animals; (iv) plants; and (v) the history of the world. -
Download Date 04/10/2021 06:40:30
Mamluk cavalry practices: Evolution and influence Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Nettles, Isolde Betty Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 04/10/2021 06:40:30 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289748 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this roproduction is dependent upon the quaiity of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that tfie author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g.. maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal secttons with small overlaps. Photograpiis included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6' x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrattons appearing in this copy for an additk)nal charge. -
CAIRO of the MAMLUKS
CAIRO of the MAMLUKS A History of the Architecture and its Culture Doris Behrens-Abouseif I.B.TAURIS List of Illustrations ix 6. Treasures, Status and Style 35 Treasures 35 Preface xv Status and style 38 Acknowledgements xvii 7. Construction: Organization and Cost 43 Supervisors, master builders and builders 43 Note to the Reader xix Time and money 45 The cost of a mosque 47 1. The Mamluk Sultanate (1250-1517) 1 The Mamluk system 1 8. The Growth of the Metropolis 51 The Mamluks in history 2 Urban visions and building zeal 51 The cultural environment 4 9. The Metropolitan Architectural Style 65 2. Pious Patronage 9 The singularity of Cairo 65 Institutions, scholars and waqf 9 10. The Evolution of Mamluk Architecture 3. Motivation and Perception of in Cairo 71 Monumental Patronage 15 The formation of an architectural identity 71 Prestige, memory and urban development 15 The layout 73 Minarets 77 4. The Patronage of the Civilian Elite 21 Domes 80 Functionaries, shaykhs and merchants 21 Facades and fenestration 84 Portals and entrances 86 5. Ceremonial Culture 25 Materials and techniques of decoration 90 The spectacle of the Sultan 25 Epigraphy 97 The Sultan in the city 28 Oddities 99 The Sultan as overseer 32 CONTENTS Appendix to Chapter 10: Building Materials 18. The mosque of Emir Qawsun (1330) 171 and Construction Methods 19. The mosque of al-Nasir Muhammad at the by Philipp Speiser 101 Citadel (1318-35) 173 Building materials IOI 20. The mosques of Emirs Almalik al-Juqandar Construction methods 102 (1319) and Ahmad al-Mihmandar (1325) 178 Conclusion 105 21. -
Constructing God's Community: Umayyad Religious Monumentation
Constructing God’s Community: Umayyad Religious Monumentation in Bilad al-Sham, 640-743 CE Nissim Lebovits Senior Honors Thesis in the Department of History Vanderbilt University 20 April 2020 Contents Maps 2 Note on Conventions 6 Acknowledgements 8 Chronology 9 Glossary 10 Introduction 12 Chapter One 21 Chapter Two 45 Chapter Three 74 Chapter Four 92 Conclusion 116 Figures 121 Works Cited 191 1 Maps Map 1: Bilad al-Sham, ca. 9th Century CE. “Map of Islamic Syria and its Provinces”, last modified 27 December 2013, accessed April 19, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham#/media/File:Syria_in_the_9th_century.svg. 2 Map 2: Umayyad Bilad al-Sham, early 8th century CE. Khaled Yahya Blankinship, The End of the Jihad State: The Reign of Hisham Ibn ʿAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994), 240. 3 Map 3: The approximate borders of the eastern portion of the Umayyad caliphate, ca. 724 CE. Blankinship, The End of the Jihad State, 238. 4 Map 4: Ghassanid buildings and inscriptions in Bilad al-Sham prior to the Muslim conquest. Heinz Gaube, “The Syrian desert castles: some economic and political perspectives on their genesis,” trans. Goldbloom, in The Articulation of Early Islamic State Structures, ed. Fred Donner (Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2012) 352. 5 Note on Conventions Because this thesis addresses itself to a non-specialist audience, certain accommodations have been made. Dates are based on the Julian, rather than Islamic, calendar. All dates referenced are in the Common Era (CE) unless otherwise specified. Transliteration follows the system of the International Journal of Middle East Studies (IJMES), including the recommended exceptions.