Drayton Hall and the First Generation of the Palladian Legacy in America

Carter C. Hudgins Ph.D. Andrea di Pietro della Gondola Andrea Palladio (1508-1580)

Conjectural Portrait Ricci, Sebastiano (1659-1734) I Quattro libri dell'architettura Giacomo Leoni 1715, London

17th century Neo- Palladio Palladianism Palladianism Details of the Corinthian and Composite capitals, Baths of Caracalla, Rome Andrea Palladio (1508-1580) RIBA Library Drawings Collection

17th century Neo- Palladio Palladianism Palladianism Design for a small villa: façade Andrea Palladio (1508-1580), RIBA Library Drawings Collection

17th century Neo- Palladio Palladianism Palladianism Villa Cornaro c. 1553-1554

Villa Cornaro I Quattro Libri Dell'Architettura Andrea Palladio 1570 , Venice

17th century Neo- Palladio Palladianism Palladianism Villa Capra, “La Rotonda” c. 1567-1571 Villa Pisani c.1553

Villa Foscari c.1558-1560 Villa Emo c.1565

17th century Neo- Palladio Palladianism Palladianism Palazzo del Capitaniato Il Redentore c.1577-1592 c.1571-1572

17th century Neo- Palladio Palladianism Palladianism Frontispiece I Quattro Libri Dell'Architettura Andrea Palladio 1570 , Venice

17th century Neo- Palladio Palladianism Palladianism Villa Pisani from I Quattro Libri Dell'Architettura

17th century Neo- Palladio Palladianism Palladianism Inigo Jones (1573-1652)

17th century Neo- Palladio Palladianism Palladianism Palazzo Valmarana, Vicenza. Andrea Palladio (1508-1580) RIBA Library Drawings Collection

17th century Neo- Palladio Palladianism Palladianism The Banqueting House at the Palace of Whitehall, London. Inigo Jones, c.1619

17th century Neo- Palladio Palladianism Palladianism The Queen's House, Greenwich, south facade. Inigo Jones, 1614-1617

17th century Neo- Palladio Palladianism Palladianism The Queen's House, Greenwich, north facade. Inigo Jones, 1614-1617

17th century Neo- Palladio Palladianism Palladianism Preliminary design for the north front of the Queen's House, Greenwich. Inigo Jones RIBA Library Drawings Collection

17th century Neo- Palladio Palladianism Palladianism John Webb, Architect 1611-1672

John Oliver , London City Surveyor 1616-1701

William Talman , Architect 1650-1719

John Talman, Architect 1677-1726

17th century Neo- Palladio Palladianism Palladianism Richard Boyle, 3rd Lord Burlington (1694-1753) Jonathan Richardson, 1717-1719 National Portrait Gallery, London

17th century Neo- Palladio Palladianism Palladianism Burlington House, 1717 Chiswick House, 1725

17th century Neo- Palladio Palladianism Palladianism Stourhead House c. 1720 Colen Campbell, 1676-1729 James Gibbs, 1682-1754 William Kent, 1685-1748

A Book of Architecture, 1728 Vitruvius Britannicus, or The Designs of Inigo Jones, Rules for Drawing the the British Architect. 1727 Several Parts of Architecture, 3 Vols. 1715-1725 1732

17th century Neo- Palladio Palladianism Palladianism James Gibbs, 1682-1754 William Kent, 1685-1748 Badminton House c. 1724

Colen Campbell, 1676-1729 Houghton Hall 1722

The Radcliffe Camera Oxford, England 1720-54

17th century Neo- Palladio Palladianism Palladianism James Gibbs, 1682-1754 Colen Campbell, 1676-1729 William Kent, 1685-1748

Mereworth Castle 1722-1723 A Book of Architecture Vitruvius Britannicus The Designs of Inigo Jones 1728 1715-1725 1727

17th century Neo- Palladio Palladianism Palladianism United States Capital, Washington D.C. Begun 1793

17th century Neo- American Palladio Palladianism Palladianism Palladianism Design for the President’s House, James Hoban, 1793

17th century Neo- American Palladio Palladianism Palladianism Palladianism Hammond House, Annapolis Maryland William Buckland 1773-1774

17th century Neo- American Palladio Palladianism Palladianism Palladianism Monticello 1768-1808 Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) by Gilbert Stuart, 1806

17th century Neo- American Palladio Palladianism Palladianism Palladianism The Rotunda, The University of Virginia 1822-1826

17th century Neo- American Palladio Palladianism Palladianism Palladianism A View of Charles Town Thomas Leitch, 1773. Courtesy of the Museum of Early Southern Decorative Arts.

17th century Neo- American Palladianism Palladianism Palladianism Palladianism Drayton Family Crest c.1738

17th century Neo- American Palladianism Palladianism Palladianism Palladianism

An accurate map of the Island of Barbadoes. Drawn from an actual survey containing all the towns, churches, fortifications, roads, paths, plantations &c. By Eman. Bowen. London, 1747. Caribbean sugar works, French West Indies Jean Baptiste DuTertre Histoire Générale des Antilles Habitées par les Francois, 1667 A picturesque tour of the island of Jamaica James Hakewill London, 1825 Detail From A Map of South Carolina and a Part of Georgia William DeBrahm London, 1757 Indigo Stamp Bearing the Mark of John Drayton

3 inches Charleston Peninsula

18th Century Drayton Landholdings in South Carolina 145 Properties 76,000 Acres South Carolina Gazette Map of South Carolina and Part of Georgia December 22, 1758 William Gerard De Brahm 1757 John Drayton’s Palace

A Possible Design for Drayton Hall

Villa Cornaro Piombino Dese 1553-1554 Drayton Hall First Floor Drayton Hall First Floor

Ratio 3:5 Ratio 1:2 Ratio 3:5

Ratio 1:1 Ratio 1:1

Overall Ratio 4:3 North Flanker South Flanker Ratio 3:5 Ratio 3:5 Flow patterns

Molding details

Doric Pilasters Ionic Pilasters Great Hall Withdrawing Room

Parterre

Entrance Avenue The Drayton Garden House

Ratio 3:5 18th Century Study of Service Stair

Modern Paint Analysis and AutoCAD Documentation John Drayton’s Library….. Batty Langley The city and country builder's and workman's treasury of designs, 1740. Batty Langley, The city and country builder's and workman's treasury of designs, 1740. Johannes Kip Burlington House from Britannia Illustrata, 1707. Drayton Hall William Kent Room 101Mantel and Overmantel The Designs of Inigo Jones, 1727. Houghton Hall, Norfolk William Kent The Stone Hall, Colin Campbell and James Gibbs. The Designs of Inigo Jones, 1727. James Gibbes A Book of Architecture, 1728. Drayton Hall Room 105 John Drayton’s Library….. Hale Park, Hale, Hampshire: elevation and first floor plan for a villa Designer Webb, John (1611-1672) John Webb, The Vyne, Hampshire,1654

John Webb, Hale Park, Hale, Hampshire: elevation and first floor plan for a villa RIBA Library Drawings Collection Withdrawing Room Ceiling Drayton Hall c. 1738 Withdrawing Room Ceiling Drayton Hall c. 1738 Greenwich Palace, quarter plan design for a ceiling for the alcove in the King's bedchamber featuring foliate decoration. John Webb, 1666 RIBA Library Drawings Collection The Queen's House, Greenwich, north facade. Inigo Jones, 1614-1617. The Drayton Garden House Drayton Hall, 1765 Pierre Eugene du Simitiere Drayton Hall, 1845 Lewis Reeves Gibbes Drayton Papers Collection

Low line of bricks topped with iron railing 2009-2010 Excavations 2009-2010 Excavations North Flanker

Colonnade Wall Foundation Trench Drayton Hall, 1765 Pierre Eugene du Simitiere

The Cascade of Water of a river Called Bog which divides the Estate of W Gordon & one Butterfield in the parish of St. Amen Jamaica 3 miles from ocho rios on Sherras Bay. Drawn by me on the spot in the month of 8 nov 1761 for Charles Price Esq & afterwards part from my Sketches of it my manuscript description & the help of my memory, I have made this design of it at Burlington in New Jersey No America august 1766 PED of Geneva. Original Design for the Great Seal of the United States George Washington William Henry Drayton

Si quebro el cantaro Francisco Jose de Goya y Lucientes, 1799

Chinese Imari c. 1720-1740

Chinese Export Porcelain Set of Four Tea Bowls Yongzheng Period c. 1722-50

Pyramid of Salvers with Sweetmeat Glasses and Vases c. 1720-1770 Winterthur Collection Sterling Silver Cruet Top Sterling Silver Cruet Set Drayton Hall Archaeological Collection Hallmarks for London, 1726 Thomas Bamford I Dutch/English “Delft” Hearth Tiles

George Edwards 1694-1773

 English Naturalist

 Father of British Ornithology

 Member of the Royal Society

 Colleague of Mark Catesby

 Published History of Birds (1743-1751)

Gleaning of Natural History (1758, 1760, 1764) African Parrot The Black Parrot from Madagascar Watercolor by Edwards Engraving by Edwards ► ◄ Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington Elevation of Lord Burlington’s and 4th Earl of Cork Courtesy Chiswick Villa Jonathan Richardson c.1717-1719 RIBA Library Drawings Collection National Portrait Gallery, London “It is doubtful that John Drayton had a coherent philosophic architectural whole in mind when it came to the designing and building of Drayton Hall.”

“For though it can be argued that John Drayton was a gentleman, it cannot be argued that Drayton was an educated gentleman.”

Andrea Palladio (1508-1580) Details of the Corinthian and Composite capitals, Baths of Caracalla, Rome. RIBA Library Drawings Collection. Palladio drawings

Andrea Palladio (1508-1580) Design for a small villa: facade RIBA Library Drawings Collection