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Home , William Halfpenny, William Kent

702132/702835 European Architecture B

landscape,associationism & exoticism COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Copyright Regulations 1969

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do not remove this notice Pope's Villa at Pevsner, Studies in Art, Architecture and Design, I, p 89 CCHISWICKHISWICK , by Lord Burlington, begun 1725, south front Jeff Turnbull Chiswick and its garden from the west, by Pieter Rysbrack, 1748 Steven Parissien, Palladian Style (London 1994), p 99 Chiswick: drawing by Kent showing portico and garden , The Palladian Revival: Lord Burlington, his Villa and Garden at Chiswick (Montréal 1994), p 255 Chiswick: general view of house and garden, by P J Donowell, 1753 Jourdain, The Work of William Kent, fig 103 Doric column, Chiswick, perhaps by William Kent, c 1714

Harris, The Palladian Revival, p 71 Bagno, Chiswick, by Burlington, 1717

Campbell, Vitruvius Britannicus, III, p 26 Bagno and watercourse, Chiswick Jourdain, The Work of William Kent, fig 105 Chiswick: plan of the garden Architectural Review, XCV (1944), p 146. Chiswick, garden walks painting by Peter Rysbrack & engraving

Lawrence Fleming & Alan Gore, The English Garden (London 1988 [1979]), pl 57. B S Allen, Tides in English Taste (1619-1800) (2 vols, New York 1958 [1937]), I, fig 33 Bagno and orange trees, Chiswick, by Rysbrack, c 1729-30 Fleming & Gore, The English Garden, pl 58 Bagno or Pantheon, Chiswick,probably by William Kent Jeff Turnbull Chiswick: design for the Cascade, by William Kent Harris, The Palladian Revival, p 14 Chiswick: the Great Walk and Exedra, by Kent. overall design & detail of the Exedra

Harris, The Palladian Revival, p 234; Wittkower, 'Burlington and Kent', p 130 Chiswick, drawing of garden with statuary, by Kent Harris, The Palladian Revival, p 236 Chiswick, pavilion on south-west avenue, probably by Kent; gateway formerly at Beaufort House, Chelsea, by , 1631 Jeff Turnbull Euston, Suffolk: Kent's design for gates, showing the clumping of trees Fleming & Gore, The English Garden, p 97 ASSOCIATIONISMASSOCIATIONISM && EXOTICISMEXOTICISM Castle Howard, the Mausoleum, begun 1729, by Hawksmoor: view with the house in the distance, in a painting by Hendrik de Cort from a postcard 'Merlin's Cave', Richmond, , by William Kent: view & section

J D Hunt, William Kent: Landscape and Garden Designs (London 1987), pl 31 Castle Howard, the Gatehouse, by Vanbrugh, 1719 MUAS 8,487 design for the south entrance of Holkham, Norfolk, by William Kent, undated Rudolf Wittkower, 'Lord Burlington and William Kent', p 131 South entrance, Holkham, Hall, Norfolk, by Kent: as executed by Matthew Brettingham without the side pavilions

Mott & Aall, Follies and Pleasure Pavilions, p 73 'Worcester Lodge' gatehouse, Badminton House, Gloucestershire, by William Kent, c 1740 Mott & Aall, Follies and Pleasure Pavilions, p 31 ROUSHAMROUSHAM Rousham, Oxfordshire Kent’s plan

Bridgeman's 1738-41 plan, c 1715-20, at small scale from a tourist map Rousham: Kent's drawing of 'Venus Vale', 1738-41 Jourdain, The Work of William Kent, fig 104 Rousham: Venus Vale seen from the lower cascade Miles Lewis Rousham: Venus Vale, tablet to Ringwood Miles Lewis Rousham: the arcade Miles Lewis Rousham: the arcade from below Miles Lewis Rousham: Kent's first design for the Temple of Echo (Townesend's Building), c 1738?

Jourdain, The Work of William Kent, fig 115 Rousham: Temple of Echo Kent's first design, and as built

Jourdain, The Work of William Kent, fig 115; Miles Lewis Rousham: Palladian Gate Miles Lewis Rousham: the Gothic Lodge Miles Lewis Rousham: Gothic seat by Kent, ?after 1738 Miles Lewis Rousham the Pyramid

Miles Lewis Rousham: Temple of the Mill Jourdain, The Work of William Kent, fig 120 Rousham: Kent's view of the Temple of the Mill and the Eyecatcher Jourdain, The Work of William Kent, fig 118 Rousham: the Eyecatcher Jourdain, The Work of William Kent, fig 119 VISUALVISUAL VARIETYVARIETY ASSOCIATIONALASSOCIATIONAL VARIETYVARIETY L B Alberti

The landmarks of some bygone era [and] records of times and events to fill the eyes and mind with admiration' made a region especially beautiful

Richard Payne Knight

All the pleasures of the intellect arise from the association of ideas ... EXHIBITIONALEXHIBITIONAL VARIETYVARIETY , Oxfordshire, by Sir John Vanbrugh, 1705-24 Blenheim: Military or State Garden by Henry Wise, from a plan of 1709

David Green, Blenheim Park and Gardens [guidebook] (Oxford 1972), p 3 the house

the octagon

the first stockade ditch the Rotondo at the tip by the lime walk of the projected salient

Stowe, Bridgeman's ærial perspective, 1719-20 Country Life, 18 May 1972, p 1256 Rotunda and Queen's Theatre, Stowe, Bucks, by Vanbrugh, c 1719-24

Christopher Hussey, English Gardens and Landscapes 1700-1750 (London 1967), pl 122 THETHE HAHA--HAHA Stowe, detail of a view by Rigaud, showing the ha-ha to the south-e Country Life, 18 May 1972, p 1254. Stowe, conjectural cross-section of early ha-ha Country Life, 18 May 1972, p 1256 Stowe, perimeter ha-ha of about 1727, detail of a view by Rigaud Country Life, 18 May 1972, p 1256 STOWESTOWE Stowe, Buckinghamshire: plan of the grounds as developed to 1739 Country Life, 18 May 1972, p 1254 Stowe, Buckinghamshire: plan of the grounds in 1797 Lawrence Fleming & Alan Gore, The English Garden (London 1988 [1979]), p 99 Stowe, the Cascade, undated, from an engraving by Bickham, 1750

Osvald Siren, China and the Gardens of Europe of the Eighteenth Century (New York 1950), p 31 Stowe, the Cascade Miles Lewis Stowe: the Temple of Venus, by Kent, before 1732 Miles Lewis

Every acre brings to one's mind some instance of the parts or pedantry, of the taste or want of taste, of the ambition or love of fame, or greatness or miscarriages, of those who have inhabited, decorated, planned or visited the place. Pope, Congreve, Vanbrugh, Kent, Gibbs, Lord Cobham, Lord Chesterfield, the mob of nephews, the Lyttletons, Grenvilles, Wests, Leonidas Glover and Wilkes, .... the late Prince of Wales, the King of Denmark, Princess Amelia, and the proud monuments of Lord Chatham's services, now enshrined here, then anathematized there, and now again commanding here, with the Temple of Friendship, like the Temple of Janus, sometimes open to war, and sometimes shut up in factious cabals - all these images crowd upon one's memory, and add visionary personages to the charming scenes, that are so enriched with fanes and temples, that the real prospects are little less than visions themselves. Stowe

Temple of Modern Virtue, by Kent, c 1734

emple of Modern Virtue, by Kent, c 1734.[1]

Temple of Ancient Virtue, by Kent, c 1734

William Gilpin, The Beauties of Stow [sic] (London 1750), p 25, 30 Stowe: Temple of Ancient Virtue, by Kent, c 1734

Miles Lewis Stowe: Temple of British Worthies, by Kent, c 1735 Shiremark, ST 133 Stowe: Temple of British Worthies, detail Shiremark Stowe: Temple of Friendship, by , finished 1739 Miles Lewis Stowe: the Pebble Alcove, by Kent

Shiremark, ST 136 Stowe: the Congreve Monument, by Kent, 1736 Shiremark, ST 141 Stowe: the Grenville Column, 1747

Miles Lewis Stowe: the Temple of Liberty, or Gothic Temple, by James Gibbs, 1741 Shiremark Stowe: Temple of Liberty, view of the ceiling G B Clarke, Stowe [brochure] (St Ives [Huntingdon Shire] 1971), p 13 CHINOISERIECHINOISERIE Versailles, Trianon de Porcelaine, by Louis le Vau & Francois Dorbay from c 1669: reconstruction by Ian Dunlop Nancy Mitford, The Sun King (London 1966), p 40 Stowe: Chinese House, possibly by William Kent, before 1738 Mott & Aall, Follies and Pleasure Pavilions, p 71 Stowe: Palladian Bridge and Chinese House, engraving of 1750 Siren, China and the Gardens of Europe, p 30 design for a Chinese pavilion at Wallington, Northumberland, 1752

Country Life, CLV, 399 garden pavilions in the Chinese style, by William Halfpenny

William Halfpenny [Michael Hoare], New Designs for Chinese Temples (1750- 1752) Shugborough, Staffordshire: Chinese house, by Brett, 1747 B B & H Lewis Chinese house, from Chambers

William Chambers, Designs for Chinese Buildings &c (London 1757) pl ix A tower or taa, on the banks of the Ta-Ho, between Canton and Hoang-Pou, from Chambers Chambers, Designs for Chinese Buildings, pl v

Kew Gardens, Surrey: the Pagoda, by Chambers, 1761-2 MUAS Kew: Pheasantry, by Chambers Siren, China and the Gardens of Europe, pl 66A Kew, Ruined arch, by Chambers John Harris, Sir William Chambers, Knight of the Polar Star (London 1970), pl 31 Kew Gardens, view with the Orangery, temples of Aeolous and Bellona, the House of Confucius and the Chinese Bridge: mostly by Chambers

Fleming & Gore, The English Garden, pl 133 Kew, the Alhambra, by Chambers, 1758 Harris, Sir William Chambers, p 25 Kew, the Mosque by Chambers, 1765

William Chambers, Plans, Elevations, Sections and Perspective Views of the Gardens and Buildings at Kew in Surrey (London 1763) Kew, The Gothic Cathedral, by J H Muntz, 1753-9

Crook, The Dilemma of Style , p 22 GROTTOESGROTTOES && ARBOURSARBOURS design for an Arcadian hermitage, by William Kent, c 1731 Margaret Richardson, Soane: Connoisseur and Collector (London 1995), no 14 Gothick Grotto, from William Wrighte, Grottesque Architecture, 1757 Ralph Dutton, The English Garden (London 1945), pl 147 Rural bath, from Wrighte, Grottesque Architecture Barbara Jones, Follies and Grottoes (2nd ed, London 1974 [1953]), p 76 'Temple of Winter at the Bottom', attributed to John Donowell

Country Life, 20 June 1974, p 1621 entrance to the Hellfire Caves, West Wycombe, attributed to Donowell, mid-C18th Miles Lewis a root hut, from Thomas Wright, Book of Arbours, 1755 Country Life, 14 February 1974, p 309 Hermit's Park house at Badminton, Gloustershire, probably by Thomas Wright, 1750

Fleming & Gore, The English Garden, p 111 pavilion with bark- coated columns in the garden at Dropmore, Buckinghamshire

Siren, China and the Gardens of Europe, pl 69 THETHE GREEKGREEK James 'Athenian' Stuart, sketching the Erectheion, Athens Nikolaus Pevsner, Studies in Art, Architecture and Design, Volume One. From Mannerism to Romanticism (London 1968), p 203 Garden Temple of Theseus at Hagley, by James Stuart, 1758

Garden temple at Shugborough, by Stuart, c 1764

J M Crook, The Greek Revival (London 1972), pl 4; B B & H Lewis design from Thomas sketch of an Shepherd's Wright, Six Original antique column, Monument, Designs for Arbours, c by James Shugborough, by 1767 Stuart Thomas Wright, c + = 1756, & James Stuart, Country Life, CL, 3873 (2 British Museum c 1764 September 1971), p 548 BMS Add 22.153 B B & H Lewis Monument of Lysicrates, Athens, 334 BC

Lanthorne of Demosthenes, Shugborough, by Stuart, 1764- 1771

Stuart & Revett, Antiquities of Athens, I (1762), ch IV, pt 3 B B & H Lewis Tower of the Winds (or Horologium of Andronicus), Athens, C1st BC; Tower of the Winds, Shugborough, 1764

Hannibal 2/110; B B & H Lewis 1975 Arch of Hadrian, Athens, c AD 138

MUAS 12,617 Arch of Hadrian, Shugborough, 1764 B B & H Lewis In a landscape garden with its variety of vistas the Greek copy becomes an ornament, a stage property of exactly the same qualities as a Gothic ruin or a Chinese bridge.

Stuart's patrons no doubt wished to be in the latest fashion and to demonstrate their archaeological interest by such three-dimensional quotations from the Greek

Nikolaus Pevsner, Studies in Art, Architecture and Design, I, p 203 Church at Ayot St Lawrence, by Nicholas Revett, 1778-9 Colonnade of the Temple of Apollo, Delos, from Stuart & Revett, The Antiquities of Athens, III (1794)] Pevsner, Studies in Art, Architecture and Design, I, p 208; Crook, The Greek Revival, pl 16 STOURHEADSTOURHEAD view of Delphi, by Claude Gellée (Lorrain) [1600-1682] H A Millon [ed], The Triumph of the Baroque: Architecture in Europe, 1600-1750 (New York 1999), p 250 Apollo Guarding the Herds of Admetus, by Claude, 1654 Earl of Leicester, , Norfolk Ascanius and the Stag, by Claude, 1682 Ashmolean Museum, Oxford The Ashes of Phocion, by Nicholas Poussin Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool The Falls of Tivoli, by Gaspard Poussin [Dughet] (1615- 1675)

John Ingamells, The Wallace Collection (London 1994 [1990]), p 46 Arcadian landscape by Claude Lorrain (or Gellée) (1600-1682), 1675; Arcadian landscape by l’Orizonte [J F van Bloeman]; Aeneas at Delos, by Claude; The Pantheon and Gothic Cottage, by Nicholson Lawrence Fleming & Alan Gore, The English Garden (London 1988 [1979]), plates 55, 56 Kenneth Woodbridge, Landscape and Antiquity: Aspects of English Culture at Stourhead 1718 to 1838 (Oxford 1970), pls 2B, 19A Stourhead, Wiltshire, first design by , c 1721 John Summerson, Architecture in Britain 1530 to 1830 (4th ed, Harmondsworth [Middlesex] 1963 [1953]), pl 134A. Stourhead, plan of the lake & buildings

Kenneth Woodbridge, The Stourhead Landscape (no place [London] 1971), p 2 Stourhead, Temple of Flora, by , c 1745 Nicholson's view, of 1812, and modern view

Woodbridge, Landscape and Antiquity, pl 18a; Trans-Globe slide NT Stourhead, the Grotto, 1748: plan by Piper, 1779 Woodbridge, Landscape and Antiquity, pl 12a Stourhead, the Grotto:interior, by Nicholson; the Nymph of the Grot, attributed to John Cheere

Woodbridge, Landscape and Antiquity, pl 18b; Trans-Globe slide NT 395, bought 1974

Nymph of the grot, these sacred springs I keep, And to the murmur of these waters sleep; Ah, spare my slumbers, gently tread the cave! And drink in silence, or in silence lave

Alexander Pope to Edward Blount, 2 June 1725, in Alexander Pope [ed G Sherburn] Correspondence (Oxford 1956), II, p 297 Stourhead, the Grotto, River God, by John Cheere, 1751

Trans-Globe slide NT 402 Stourhead, view from the grotto Trans-Globe slide NT Stourhead, the Pantheon, by Henry Flitcroft, c 1754 Miles Lewis Stourhead, the Rock Arch, c 1765 Miles Lewis Stourhead, the tunnel Miles Lewis Stourhead, Temple of Apollo, by Henry Flitcroft, 1765

Trans-Globe slide NT 405 Temple of Apollo, Stourhead, by Henry Flitcroft, 1765 the ‘Temple of Venus’ at Baalbek, c AD 273 George Mott & S S Aall, Follies and Pleasure Pavilions (London 1989), p 102; Robert Wood, The Ruins of Balbec, otherwise Heliopolis in Coelosyria (London 1757) Stourhead: view looking across the lake towards Stourton village and church

Trans-Globe slide NT 403