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Petrologic Studies of the Malvern Howardite and the Merweville

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Petrologic Studies of the Malvern Howardite and the Merweville PETROLOGIC STUDIES OF THE MALVERN HOWARDITE AND THE MERWEVILLE CHONDRITE, AND A SURVEY ON THE AWARENESS AND LITERACY OF PLANETARY SCIENCES IN SOUTH AFRICAN SCHOOLS AND UNIVERSITIES by STEPHAN ADRIAAN BALLOT LAUBSCHER DISSERTATION submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF NATURAL SCIENCE in GEOLOGY in the FACULTY OF NATURAL SCIENCES at the RAND AFRIKAANS UNIVERSITY Supervisor: Prof. L.D. Ashwal (RAU) Co-Supervisor: Dr. M. Tredoux (UCT) September 2000 DECLARATION I declare that this thesis is my own work. It is being submitted for the degree of Master of Science in the Department of Geology, Rand Afrikaans University, Johannesburg. This thesis has not been submitted for any degree or examination in any other University. Stephan Adriaan Ballot Laubscher This l'\\ day of IL 2000 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS "Nobody said it would be easy but nobody said it would be this hard" I would like to thank all the following people for their invaluable assistance in the course of this study. In South Africa I thank my supervisors Prof. Lew Ashwal (RAU) and Dr. Marian Tredoux (UCT) for their initial support in granting me the opportunity to work on this project and also for their effort and help, to initialize the combined support of the project at NASA in Houston, Texas. I thank the Bloemfontein National Museum and especially Dr. Johan Welman for granting me the use of a piece of the Malvern meteorite and Mr. Johan Loock from The University of the Free State for giving us part of the new unclassified meteorite, Merweville, to analyse and classify. I thank Mr. Mick Rebak and Dr. Rodger Hart from Schonland Research Center respectively, for the cutting of Malvern and help with the INAA, and Dr. Piet Louw from Pelindaba for his help with the irradiation of the samples. I am also grateful to Mr. Jefferson Chaumba of UCT for his help in preparing the samples for XRF analysis. At the Department of Geology, Rand Afrikaans University I thank Dr. Manfred Troesch for answering all my questions on a daily basis in regard to all aspects of meteorites. I thank Mr. Hennie Jonker and Ms. Elsa Maritz for their logistical support as well as their friendliness, and Ms. Nellie Day for her help on the running of the electron microprobe. I thank Prof Bruce Cairncross for his help in photographing the samples, Mike Knoper for his continued help on the use of various computer programmes, Dr. Jan-Marten Huizenga for his help with computers and answering questions and Prof Nic Beukes, ProfJay Barton, Prof Henk Winter, Dr. Andre Smit, Dr. Jens Gutzmer and Dr. Frank Nyame for their support and interest in the study. I also thank Maurice Baloi and Daniel Selepe for cutting and polishing of samples, and Herbert Leteane for making sure the kitchen was always ready for use. I am indebted to the M.Sc and Ph.D. students at RAU Geology with whom I shared numerous discussions about the writing of our theses and less scientific things; they are Herman Dorland, Herman Van Niekerk, Andrea Sanderson, Richard Evans, Angus McIntyre, Riana van den Berg, Mark Le Grange, Quintin Swart, Marcus Schaefer, Mark Roth, Akos Szabo and Bernd Muller. I am grateful to the NRF (National Research Foundation) for granting me funding to do my study. I thank Miss Wilna Crous for her help at the RAU photographic lab with scanning of photographs and the use of their computers. I thank everybody that contributed to the collection of survey data needed for this thesis. They are Ms. Ronel Malan from RAU Dept. of Chemistry for her help in distributing the survey forms at the RAU first year chemistry class, Dr. Marian Tredoux, who collected data from UCT physics first year students and the Protec Programme, Linden, Vorentoe and Raucall High School for their willingness to be part of the survey. I thank the staff at the Transvaal Museum, the Science Museum, MuseumAfrica and the South African Museum in Cape Town for their information on museums in South Africa. I thank the Council for Geoscience for giving me "room" to finish my thesis, and the interest they showed in my topic. I thank Ms. Wilma van der Merwe for helping me with the maps made for this study. In the USA I am indebted to Dr. Michael Zolensky for his support of my study at NASA in Houston. Without his willingness to provide funding for my stay in Houston, this study would not have been half as interesting and fun as it turned out to be. I also gratefully acknowledge all his and his wife's friendliness and helpfulness. Dr. Vincent Yang should be thanked for his help and input with the electron microprobe at Johnson Space Center as well as Mary Sue Bell for helping me master the SEM. I thank Dr. Steven Symes, Ronnie and Penny Bernhard, Dr Graham Ryder, Rene Martinez, Dr. Arch Reid, Dr. Justin Wilkinson, Dr. Ben Shuraytz, Dr. Kristin Farry, the 1997 intern students, James Tutor , Betty Hartman and many others for providing friendship and help in making my stay in Houston and Johnson Space Center as pleasant as possible. I thank Aurora Pun of the University of New Mexico who supplied me with copies of her paper long before it was published and hints and comments on related subject material. I thank Dr. Tim McCoy of the Smithsonian Natural History Museum for his time and comments on the workings of a successful meteorite exhibit, i.e. Smithsonian Natural History Museum. I want to acknowledge and thank NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) for providing inspiration and excitement to the public and students the world over, including myself. Lastly, certainly not the least, my parents, brothers and sister and the whole family for being supportive of my every move and believing in me. All my friends allover. Without them most things would not have been possible. This dissertation is dedicated to my parents. Finally, I thank God for being the real goal in life and for how He keeps on showing me how wonderful and inspirational his universe can be. ABSTRACT This dissertation deals with meteorites, but from a few different perspectives. As of 2000, there are 49 known meteorites that have been recovered from South Africa, including the new Merweville chondrite, which is first described and classified here. This represents only about 1.5% of worldwide falls and finds. Perhaps because of the relatively small number of specimens, and a possible resulting drop in interest amongst the scientific community, research on extant South African meteorites has declined in recent years. In this study, new results are presented for two South African meteorites, the Malvern howardite, and the newly recovered Merweville chondrite. In addition, South African public knowledge and awareness of meteorites and planetary sciences is discussed, and remedial recommendations are made. The Malvern howardite is a rare type of polymictbreccia. New petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical studies of clasts reveal an abundance of impact-melt clasts, with lesser amounts of cataclastic, granoblastic and metal and sulphide-rich clasts. The matrix of Malvern is dominated by comminuted pyroxene, very likely derived from mechanical degradation of pre-existing, pyroxene-richimpact-meltclasts. Chondritic clasts, including carbonaceous chondrites, have been reported in similar howardites (e.g. Washougal, Jodzie and Kapoeta); such clasts were searched for, but not found in our specimens of Malvern. Microprobe analyses of pyroxene in the impact melt clasts show variable compositions (Wo 4 7_9 8 En29 7_70 9 FS70 69_61 ). Equilibration temperatures of coexisting low- and high-Ca pyroxene, using the Wells (1977) geothermometer, range from 965 to 1230°C (mean = 1042°C + 32°C), possibly recording high-energy impact-related magmatic processes. Malvern may have reached such a high temperature that the original chondritic clasts have all been melted, leaving behind only the impact-melts. Refractory Fe-Ni rich metals in Malvern may be the only surviving components from originally-presentchondritic materials; these may have acted as nuclei for the formation of impact melt clasts. A previously unstudied and unclassified meteorite specimen, recovered in 1977 near Merweville in the Western Cape Province, was obtained for this study. Although partly weathered, petrographic studies reveal the specimen to be an ordinary chondrite. Recognizable chondrules are present, but were not well defined. The matrix is recrystallized indicating that Merweville should be considered a Type 5 chondrite. Chemical analyses of the unweathered portion of the specimen reveal the following results: Fe°/Fe (0.092 ± 0.26), Fe/Si0 2 (0.37 ± 0.60), % Fa (23.3-30.7),and Si02/MgO 1.58-1.64. Elemental ratios (e.g Ca/Si vs Mg/Si, Al/Si vs Mg/Si etc.) of other L chondrites also match the results of Merweville. Based on these observations Merweville is hereby classified as an L5 chondrite. To investigate the social impact of meteorite studies, a survey of Grade 11 and 12 pupils and first year university students in South Africa was undertaken to determine their level of literacy, interest and awareness of meteorites and planetary sciences. Students in Johannesburg and Cape Town were chosen to represent different societal sectors, including school students from disadvantaged and advantaged communities. The results indicate that learners with poor results in awareness and literacy are still very keen on the subject. The advantaged learners outperformed their disadvantaged colleagues in most categories, proving that the discrepancy between them is still a factor and should be dealt with, but only 20% of all students asked have visited a museum before. Based on these results, it is recommended that much more emphasis be put on science and technology in South African schools.
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