Understanding a New Generation of Non-State Armed Groups
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United Nations Peace Operations in a Changing Global Order
United Nations Peace Operations in a Changing Global Order Cedric de Coning · Mateja Peter Editors United Nations Peace Operations in a Changing Global Order Editors Cedric de Coning Mateja Peter Norwegian Institute of International School of International Relations Affairs University of St Andrews Oslo, Norway St Andrews, Fife, UK ISBN 978-3-319-99105-4 ISBN 978-3-319-99106-1 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99106-1 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018951555 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2019. This book is an open access publication. Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the book’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifc statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. -
Indias Kasteløse Løsner Lenkeneside 18 NB! Vennligst Oppgi Gate-/Leilighets- Og Ev
Bistandsbransjen: Givermarkedet: Bistand og sikkerhet: Bare én hane Humanitære budeier tema: ti år etter 10 igjen i kurven 16 melker samme ku 12 11. september Forstår vi det lokale maktspillet? Side 23 nr 6 – september 2011 www.bistandsaktuelt.no FAGbLAD Om bIstAnD OG UtVIKLInG En varslet katastrofe For ett år siden ble det advart om en mulig hungersnød på Afrikas horn. Politisk vilje til å reagere manglet. Nå er 12 millioner rammet av en sultkatastrofe. Side 2-9 nt Foto: Scanpix Foto: EmE onn Indias kasteløse B ta S løsner lenkene Side 18 B-Po 6.2011Bistandsaktuelt Kvinnelige ledere dominerer 2 nå de store norske bistands- organisasjonene. Aktuelt les mer på side 10 Tragedien en varslet l Somalia et er ikke tilfeldig at det er nettopp Somalias katastrofe innbyggere som i disse dager er hardest eder rammet av sultkatastrofen på Afrikas Igjenblirverdenssamfunnetkonfrontertmed Horn. I tidsskriftet Foreign Policys kåring av verdens dårligst fungerende stater for redselsbilderavAfrikasbarn,utmagredetildet D2011 topper Somalia listen, for fjerde år på rad. Ingen groteske.IngeneroverrasketoveratSomaliaer andre land kan måle seg med anarkiet som råder i dette landet. Indikasjonene på sammenbruddet er hardestrammet.Utenenpolitiskløsningerdet mange: et nærmest fraværende statsapparat, interne barespørsmålomtidførhistorienvilgjentaseg. motset ninger mellom en rekke ulike fraksjoner, elendig sikker het for landets innbyggere, flyktningstrømmer og av Hege Opseth ekstrem fattigdom. Somalia har ikke hatt en samlende regjering siden millioner sulter på direktør ved International Food Po- 1991. I dag er landet splittet. Den svake føderale over- Afrikas Horn. Både licy Research Institute. gangsregjeringen har kontroll over de midtre delene av Djibouti, Kenya og Også utenriksminister i USA, Hil- landet. -
Boko Haram Beyond the Headlines: Analyses of Africa’S Enduring Insurgency
Boko Haram Beyond the Headlines: Analyses of Africa’s Enduring Insurgency Editor: Jacob Zenn Boko Haram Beyond the Headlines: Analyses of Africa’s Enduring Insurgency Jacob Zenn (Editor) Abdulbasit Kassim Elizabeth Pearson Atta Barkindo Idayat Hassan Zacharias Pieri Omar Mahmoud Combating Terrorism Center at West Point United States Military Academy www.ctc.usma.edu The views expressed in this report are the authors’ and do not necessarily reflect those of the Combating Terrorism Center, United States Military Academy, Department of Defense, or U.S. Government. May 2018 Cover Photo: A group of Boko Haram fighters line up in this still taken from a propaganda video dated March 31, 2016. COMBATING TERRORISM CENTER ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Director The editor thanks colleagues at the Combating Terrorism Center at West Point (CTC), all of whom supported this endeavor by proposing the idea to carry out a LTC Bryan Price, Ph.D. report on Boko Haram and working with the editor and contributors to see the Deputy Director project to its rightful end. In this regard, I thank especially Brian Dodwell, Dan- iel Milton, Jason Warner, Kristina Hummel, and Larisa Baste, who all directly Brian Dodwell collaborated on the report. I also thank the two peer reviewers, Brandon Kend- hammer and Matthew Page, for their input and valuable feedback without which Research Director we could not have completed this project up to such a high standard. There were Dr. Daniel Milton numerous other leaders and experts at the CTC who assisted with this project behind-the-scenes, and I thank them, too. Distinguished Chair Most importantly, we would like to dedicate this volume to all those whose lives LTG (Ret) Dell Dailey have been afected by conflict and to those who have devoted their lives to seeking Class of 1987 Senior Fellow peace and justice. -
Lessons from Colombia for Curtailing the Boko Haram Insurgency in Nigeria
Lessons From Colombia For Curtailing The Boko Haram Insurgency In Nigeria BY AFEIKHENA JEROME igeria is a highly complex and ethnically diverse country, with over 400 ethnic groups. This diversity is played out in the way the country is bifurcated along the lines of reli- Ngion, language, culture, ethnicity and regional identity. The population of about 178.5 million people in 2014 is made up of Christians and Muslims in equal measures of about 50 percent each, but including many who embrace traditional religions as well. The country has continued to experience serious and violent ethno-communal conflicts since independence in 1960, including the bloody and deadly thirty month fratricidal Civil War (also known as the Nigerian-Biafran war, 1967-70) when the eastern region of Biafra declared its seces- sion and which claimed more than one million lives. The most prominent of these conflicts recently pitch Muslims against Christians in a dangerous convergence of religion, ethnicity and politics. The first and most dramatic eruption in a series of recent religious disturbances was the Maitatsine uprising in Kano in December 1980, in which about 4,177 died. While the exact number of conflicts in Nigeria is unknown, because of a lack of reliable sta- tistical data, it is estimated that about 40 percent of all conflicts have taken place since the coun- try’s return to civilian rule in 1999.1 The increasing wave of violent conflicts across Nigeria under the current democratic regime is no doubt partly a direct consequence of the activities of ethno- communal groups seeking self-determination in their “homelands,” and of their surrogate ethnic militias that have assumed prominence since the last quarter of 2000. -
Verdivalg Og Veivalg for En Ny Tid
Verdivalg og veivalg for en ny tid KrFs alternative melding for morgendagens utviklingspolitikk FORORD Regjeringen har satt i gang en egen prosess, «Veivalg i Samtidig foreslår KrF store reformer i norsk bistandspolitikk. utenriks- og sikkerhetspolitikken» som skal munne ut i en Det er nødvendig med nye grep som skal sikre langsiktighet, stortingsmelding til våren. Samtidig har det kommet nye forutsigbarhet og en forsterket fattigdomsorientering. Gjen- signaler om hva dette kan bety for utviklingspolitikken. nom tverrpolitisk enighet om en overordnet bistandsnøkkel kan vilkårlighet i prioriteringene unngås. Vi foreslår at store Veivalg er verdivalg. Våren 2016 ba KrF derfor regjeringen tematiske satsinger bl.a. for utdanning og helse forankres om en egen melding som tar for seg utviklingspolitikken i flerårige avtaler i Stortinget. Samtidig er vi tydelige på at som helhet. Dette kravet kom også som en reaksjon på de fattigdomsbekjempelse og ikke norske egeninteresser skal betydelige endringer som nå gjøres i bistanden uten tilstrek- være styrende for arbeidet med å bistå sårbare stater. Det kelig forankring i Stortinget. Ettersom regjeringen ikke har bør være slike verdivalg som styrer veivalgene i utviklingspo- levert på dette, lanserer KrF nå en egen utviklingsmelding, litikken. Verdivalg og veivalg for en ny tid. Vi vil rette en spesiell takk til lederen for KrFs internasjo- KrF viser i dette dokumentet behovet for en ny retning for nale utvalg, Sturla Henriksbø, for hans innsats med denne norsk utviklingspolitikk. utviklingsmeldingen. Han har fått god hjelp av stortingsre- presentant Kjell Ingolf Ropstad, politisk rådgiver Odd Jostein Meldingen fokuserer på de store politikkområdene som på- Sæther, trainee Mathias Slettholm og resten av KrFs interna- virker utviklingslandene utover «bare» bistanden, enten det sjonale utvalg. -
Female Suicide Bombers in Boko Haram Insurgency: Victims Or Perpetrators?
International Journal of World Policy and Development Studies ISSN(e): 2415-2331, ISSN(p): 2415-5241 Vol. 6, Issue. 2, pp: 11-18, 2020 Academic Research Publishing URL: https://arpgweb.com/journal/journal/11 Group DOI: https://doi.org/10.32861/ijwpds.62.11.18 Original Research Open Access Female Suicide Bombers in Boko Haram Insurgency: Victims or Perpetrators? James E. Archibong Article History Received: January 5, 2020 Department of Jurisprudence and International Law, Faculty of Law, University of Calabar, Nigeria Revised: January 30, 2020 Email: [email protected] Accepted: February 6, 2020 Published: February 8, 2020 Copyright © 2020 ARPG & Author This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International CC BY: Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 Abstract The increasing involvement of women in the advancement of insurgency in Nigeria has become a thing of great worry. The question often asked is as to whether their involvement is induced or free-willed. The concept of consent is on different layers and one would imagine the extent of consent given before they become members of the sect or culprits. The different ways women have been used to perpetrate the activities of Boko Haram ranges from threats to abuse, Indoctrination to hypnotism and many others. Due to the subtle and unsuspecting nature of women, they form a good strategy for members of the sect. However, their involvement is not evidence against them as they face situations that almost deny them the opportunity to choose whether or not to subscribe to the forceful approach used by Boko Haram insurgents!. Keywords: Boko haram; Women; Suicide bombing; Terrorism; Nigeria. -
RASTLØS VISJONÆR SIDE 16 SIDE 20 FOTO: SCANPIX FOTO: Utvalgt Irmelin Drake: Kvinner Må Overtales Utsatt Til Å Bli Ledere SIDE 14
Markedets eneste DNV-sertifi serte testportefølje for seleksjon og utvikling: Shapes personlighetstest og 'SFNHBOHTSJL)3 12 evne- og ferdighetstester XXXBTTFTTJPOP MEASURETOWIN WWWCUT ENO A-AVIS FOTO: SVEIN ERIK FURULUND/SCANPIX 31. AUGUST 2007 NR. 30 – 20. ÅRGANG – LØSSALG KR 25 FOTO: BJØRN R. JENSEN Lite «mandig» Gro Kielland, BP Norge: lederstil i Norden RASTLØS VISJONÆR SIDE 16 SIDE 20 FOTO: SCANPIX FOTO: Utvalgt Irmelin Drake: Kvinner må overtales Utsatt til å bli ledere SIDE 14 FOTO: SCANPIX FOTO: Uthengt Åslaug Haga: Utfordret Begge beina i Han ble utvalgt som den beste KrF hadde til å overta en kyllingsalaten utsatt posisjon etter et elendig valg. Nå blir han uthengt SIDE 2 av sine egne for å opptre sårende og støte både velgere og medarbeidere fra seg. Utfordringen for Dagfi nn Høybråten MER ENN JOBBEN: er å gå i dialog framfor å angripe, for oppslutning kan han bare «Vi skulle visst meir vinne, ikke kreve. Side 4, 8 og 10 om den torva vi FOTO: HÅKON MOSVOLD LARSEN/SCANPIX SIDE 26 SIDE 30 LEDERVERKTØY: trør på.» BYTT TIL GRATIS PROGRAMVARE Gratistips fra Bjørn Venn FOTO: ANITA MYKLEMYR Børsen ned i 400... Behold roen med TRYGG LØNN 2 NR. 30 – FREDAG 31. AUGUST 2007 – UKEAVISEN LEDELSE UKENS utviste Hansen småliberale, slik at Høybråtens hennes synspunkter er godt kjent selv har bekref- konservative og «tunge» profi l i partiet, og at stortingsgruppen – Han er en tøff leder, men jeg tet historien overfor VG. Det er kunne bli lettet litt opp. Foreløpig derfor visste hvilke argumenter den en episode som ikke akkurat har tyder ikke meningsmålingene på at ikke fi kk høre da hun ble nektet er også en tøff nestleder, sier mildnet inntrykket av Dagfi nn taktikken har lyktes. -
Mellom Altruisme Og Egeninteresser En Kvalitativ Analyse Målene I Norsk Bistandspolitikk
Mellom altruisme og egeninteresser En kvalitativ analyse målene i norsk bistandspolitikk Martha C. S. Holmes Masteroppgave i statsvitenskap Desember 2017 Institutt for sosiologi og statsvitenskap Sammendrag Siden Departementet for Utviklingshjelp (DUH) ble lagt ned i 1989, har bistanden blitt gradvis mer integrert i Utenriksdepartementet. Aldri før har bistanden hengt tettere sammen med utenrikspolitikken enn det den gjør i dag: Etter at Solberg-regjeringen fjernet utviklingsministerposten, har det fulle beslutningsansvaret i bistandspolitikken ligget hos Utenriksdepartementet og utenriksministeren, mens Norad kvalitetssikrer, og forvalter midlene som kanaliseres gjennom norske og internasjonale NGO-er, forskning og næringsliv. Argumentet for å integrere bistanden i utenrikspolitikken er at bistand ikke kan ses isolert fra andre utenrikspolitiske saker, og derfor må være en del av en bredere politikk. Samtidig er målene med bistands- og utenrikspolitikken forskjellige. Bistandspolitikken har et idealistisk, verdibasert fundament der målet er fattigdomsbekjempelse i mottakerlands interesser. Utenrikspolitikken har et mer pragmatisk fundament der det realpolitiske hovedmålet er å ivareta og fremme norske interesser. Utgangspunktet for denne studien, er om Utenriksdepartementets økte makt over bistandsmidlene kan føre til konflikt mellom de forskjellige målene som følges i utenriks- og bistandspolitikken. En rekke studier undersøker bistandens effekt kvantitativt, og overser dermed at målene med bistandspolitiske tiltak kan variere med politiske -
Examining the Boko Haram Insurgency in Northern
Global Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences Vol.3, No.8, pp.32-45, August 2015 ___Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.eajournals.org) EXAMINING THE BOKO HARAM INSURGENCY IN NORTHERN NIGERIA AND THE QUEST FOR A PERMANENT RESOLUTION OF THE CRISIS Joseph Olukayode Akinbi (Ph.D) Department of History, Adeyemi Federal University of Education P.M.B 520, Ondo, Ondo State, Nigeria ABSTRACT: The state of insecurity engendered by Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria, especially in the North-Eastern part of the country is quiet worrisome, disheartening and alarming. Terrorist attacks of the Boko Haram sect have resulted in the killing of countless number of innocent people and wanton destruction of properties that worth billions of naira through bombings. More worrisome however, is the fact that all the efforts of the Nigerian government to curtail the activities of the sect have not yielded any meaningful positive result. Thus, the Boko Haram scourge remains intractable to the government who appears helpless in curtailing/curbing their activities. The dynamics and sophistication of the Boko Haram operations have raised fundamental questions about national security, governance issue and Nigeria’s corporate existence. The major thrust of this paper is to investigate the Boko Haram insurgency in Northern Nigeria and to underscore the urgent need for a permanent resolution of the crisis. The paper argues that most of the circumstances that led to this insurgency are not unconnected with frustration caused by high rate of poverty, unemployment, weak governance, religious fanaticism among others. It also addresses the effects of the insurgency which among others include serious threat to national interest, peace and security, internal population displacement, violation of fundamental human rights, debilitating effects on the entrenchment of democratic principles in Nigeria among others. -
Psychological Consequences of the Boko Haram Insurgency for Nigerian Children Paul Adebayo Adepelumi Walden University
Walden University ScholarWorks Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection 2018 Psychological Consequences of the Boko Haram Insurgency for Nigerian Children Paul Adebayo Adepelumi Walden University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations Part of the Cognitive Psychology Commons, and the Public Policy Commons This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection at ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Walden University College of Social and Behavioral Sciences This is to certify that the doctoral dissertation by Paul A. Adepelumi has been found to be complete and satisfactory in all respects, and that any and all revisions required by the review committee have been made. Review Committee Dr. Ian Cole, Committee Chairperson, Public Policy and Administration Faculty Dr. Glenn Starks, Committee Member, Public Policy and Administration Faculty Dr. Eliesh Lane, University Reviewer, Public Policy and Administration Faculty Chief Academic Officer Eric Riedel, Ph.D. Walden University 2018 Abstract Psychological Consequences of the Boko Haram Insurgency for Nigerian Children by Paul A. Adepelumi MA, Coventry University, London, 2013 BL, Nigerian School of Law, 2009 LLB, University of Ado Ekiti, Nigeria, 2002 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Public Policy and Administration—Terrorism, Mediation, and Peace Walden University May 2018 Abstract Studies have examined the causes and impacts of terrorism in Nigeria; however, no known research has documented the psychological impacts of witnessing ongoing Boko Haram terrorist violence based on the lived experiences of Nigerian children. -
Boko Haram Beyond the Headlines: Analyses of Africa’S Enduring Insurgency
Boko Haram Beyond the Headlines: Analyses of Africa’s Enduring Insurgency Editor: Jacob Zenn BOKO HARAM BEYOND THE HEADLINES MAY 2018 Executive Summary Ten years ago when scholars and analysts wrote about security in Africa, northern Nigeria and the Lake Chad region rarely registered in their assessments.1 That may have been understandable: there was still no insurgency in the region, and the group popularly known as Boko Haram,2 which literally means “Western education is sinful” in the Hausa language, was considered “moderate revivalists at- tempting to implement social change.”3 The violent potential of Boko Haram was neither recognized nor anticipated. Yet the launch of Boko Haram’s insurgency in 2009 immediately forced observers and scholars to reassess the threat it posed. Although some analysts denied at first that Boko Haram was receiving training, funding, and weapons from other jihadi groups, ofcials and researchers in West Africa rec- ognized early that Boko Haram had cultivated networks to al-Qa`ida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) and al-Shabaab.4 There is evidence that these two groups, in particular, assisted Boko Haram in rap- idly increasing its tactical sophistication, such as with suicide bombings, after 2009.5 By 2016, Boko Haram was not only ranked the “most deadly” jihadi group in Africa, but also the world.6 On the verge of the 10-year anniversary of the group’s launch of its jihad—which will be in 2019—Boko Haram rivals and in some ways has surpassed its jihadi counterparts in AQIM in Alge- ria and the Sahel and al-Shabaab in Somalia and East Africa in tactical sophistication, lethality, and territory under its control. -
Oslosenteret-Årsrapport-2012-2013.Pdf
2012 - 2013 ANNUAL REPORT THE OSlo CENTER 2 CONTENTS NEW STEPS FORWARD PAGE 4 CONSOLIDATIONS AND NEW INITIATIVES PAGE 5 STRATEGY PAGE 7 DEMOCRACY SUPPORT PAGE 9 Kenya PAGE 9 SOMALIA PAGE 11 SOUTH SUDAN PAGE 12 MONGOLIA, AFGHANISTAN AND CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT PAGE 13 BURMA PAGE 15 RELIGION AND DEVELOPMENT PAGE 17 A UNIVERSAL CODE ON HOLY SITES PAGE 19 CHILD RIGHTS PAGE 20 FREEDOM OF RELIGION PAGE 22 OTHER ACTIVITIES PAGE 23 THE OSlo CENTER US FoundaTION PAGE 27 STAFF PAGE 28 Board OF DIRECTORS PAGE 30 Board OF TRUSTEES PAGE 31 INCOME AND EXPENDITURE PAGE 32 PARTNERS PAGE 33 FINANCIAL SUPPORTERS PAGE 34 3 NEW STEPS FORWARD 2012 has been a year for Norway and other countries – which was a huge strengthening and extending our inspiration for us. During the last year we have also program for democracy assist- had several meetings with representatives of the ance. Our goal is to assist emerg- Burmese government, and we are continuing our ing, vulnerable and fragile demo- dialogue for democracy and human rights in the cracies. Our efforts are directed country. towards legal frameworks for a functioning democracy, structures and working principles The Oslo Center will pursue activities within the field of political institutions, and to develop a mindset of human rights, but we will gradually try to integrate and political culture that supports democratic them more in our main program: democracy development. assistance. We will also continue our engagement on the project for a Universal Code on Holy Sites. The Oslo Center works in particular with political parties, governments, parliaments, election During autumn 2012 we started a process for a new commissions and young people from within civil strategy for the Oslo Center, which will be concluded society.