TRAFFICKING in PERSONS and PEOPLE SMUGGLING in PAPUA NEW GUINEA Baseline Data and Training Needs Assessment Report

TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS AND PEOPLE SMUGGLING IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA Baseline Data and Training Needs Assessment Report

The opinions expressed in the report are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reﬂect the views of the Internaonal Organizaon for Migraon (IOM). The designaons employed and the presentaon of material throughout the report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authories, or concerning its froners or boundaries.

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This report was made possible through support provided by the United States Department of State, under the terms of Award No. S‐SGTIP‐10‐GR‐0082. The opinions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reﬂect the views of the United States Department of State.

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IOM is commied to the principle that humane and orderly migraon beneﬁts migrants and society. As an intergovernmental body, IOM acts with its partners in the internaonal community to: assist in meeng the operaonal challenges of migrants; advance understanding of migraon issues; encourage social and economic development through migraon; and work towards eﬀecve respect of the human dignity and well‐being of migrants.

IOM Internaonal Organizaon for Migraon Mission in Papua New Guinea Level 3, Paciﬁc MMI Building Champion Parade P.O. Box 1876 Port Moresby [email protected]

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IOM Papua New Guinea Report (English)

Cover Photo: Woman at Vanimo market wearing an IOM‐DJAG “Stop human traﬃcking in PNG” t‐shirt, in Vanimo, West Sepik Province – Photo taken by Alithia Barampataz, 7 June 2012 © IOM

TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS AND PEOPLE SMUGGLING IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA

Baseline Data and Training Needs Assessment Report

4 Table of Contents

List of Acronyms 5

Key de!nitions 6

Foreword 9

Acknowledgements 10

Executive Summary 11

Research Methodology 14

Key Findings 16

National Capital District 30

Autonomous Region of Bougainville 39

West Sepik Province 48

Western Province 59

Conclusion & Recommendations 70

List of Charts 72

References 75

Appendix A – IOM-DJAG People Smuggling and Human Tra"cking Baseline and Training Needs Assessment Survey 77

5 LIST OF ACRONYMS

ABG Autonomous Bougainville Government

ARB Autonomous Region of Bougainville

DJAG Department of Jusce and Aorney General

ILO Internaonal Labour Organizaon

IMR Instute of Medical Research

INGO Internaonal Non‐Government Organizaon

IOM Internaonal Organizaon for Migraon

MOU Memorandum of Understanding

NCD Naonal Capital District

NGO Non‐Government Organizaon

PNG Papua New Guinea

PNGDF Papua New Guinea Defence Force

PNGICSA Papua New Guinea Immigraon & Cizenship Service Authority

RPNGC Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary

SOP Standard Operaon Procedures

UN United Naons

UNWOMEN United Naons Enty for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women

WSP West Sepik Province

6 KEY DEFINITIONS

This secon defines key terms used throughout this report. To provide a reference for people smuggling and trafficking in persons in PNG these terms are based upon definions in the Papua New Guinea People Smuggling and Trafficking in Persons dra Bill, unless noted otherwise.

“Child traﬃcking” refers to the aggravang circumstance of traﬃcking commied in relaon to a person who is under 18 years of age;

“Exploitaon” includes, but is not limited to, the exploitaon of the prostuon of others or other forms of sexual exploitaon, forced labour or services, slavery or pracces similar to slavery, servitude, or the removal of organs;

“Forced labour” means all work or services which are exacted from any person under the menace of any penalty and for which the person has not oﬀered himself voluntarily;

“Fraudulent travel, identy, approval to stay or approval to stay document” means any document that entails a person’s travel, entry, and residence into a country and that‐: a) has been made, or altered in a material way, by a person other than a person or agency lawfully authorized to make or issue the travel or identy document on behalf of a country; or b) has been issued or obtained through misrepresentaon, corrupon or duress or in any other unlawful manner; or c) is being improperly used by a person other than the righul holder.

“Irregular migrant” refers to a person who, owing to unauthorized entry, breach of a condion of entry, or the expiry of his or her visa, lacks legal status in a transit or host country. The deﬁnion covers inter alia those persons who have entered a transit or host country lawfully but have stayed for a longer period than authorized or subsequently taken up unauthorized employment (also called clandesne/undocumented migrant or migrant in an irregular situaon). The term “irregular” is preferable to “illegal” because the laer carries a criminal connotaon and is seen as denying migrants’ humanity. 1

“People smuggling” means the intenonal facilitaon of a person’s unlawful entry into any country, including Papua New Guinea, in order to obtain a beneﬁt knowing or being reckless as to the fact that the person’s entry is unlawful;

“Posion of vulnerability” refers to a situaon in which a person has no real or acceptable alternave but to submit to the abuse involved which may result from, but is not limited to, the following circumstances:‐ (a) a person entering or residing in Papua New Guinea with fraudulent travel or identy documents or irregular work permit; or (b) a person fleeing a country as a consequence of a war or conflict or under well founded fear of persecuon; or (c) a person being internally displaced, relocated or reseled as a result of a conflict, situaons of generalized violence, natural disasters or other environmental factors; or

1 No. 25 IOM Glossary on Migraon, 2nd Edion, 2011, p54.

(d) a person being subject to domesc or gender‐based violence; or (e) a person whose extreme living condions limits or denies access to essenal public services; or (f) any physical or mental disease or disability of a person, including addicon to the use of any substance; or (g) a person who is infected by Human Immunodeﬁciency Virus (HIV) or has Acquired Immune Deﬁciency Syndrome (AIDS); or (h) any other socio‐economic or cultural factors that may impair or hinder a person’s capacity to form judgments.

“Sexual exploitaon” refers to any actual or aempted abuse of a posion of vulnerability, power diﬀerenal, or trust, for sexual purposes, including, but not limited to, proﬁng monetarily, socially, or polically from the sexual exploitaon of another.2

“Slavery or pracces similar to slavery” refers to the status or condion of a person over whom any or all of the powers aaching to the right of ownership are exercised and includes, but is not limited to, the following:‐ (a) the selling, bartering or buying of a person without that person’s consent for value received or other consideraon; or (b) the selling, bartering or buying of a person under the age of 18 against the best interest of that person, for value received or other consideraon; or (c) the status of debt bondage intended as the condion of a person who has no real or acceptable alternave but to provide labor or personal services or those of a person under his control to repay a debt, if the value of those services or labor as reasonably assessed is not applied towards the liquidaon of the debt or the length and nature of those services or labor are not limited and proporonate to the debt; or (d) the status of domesc servitude intended as the condion of a person who is forced, by physical or psychological coercion, to work without any real ﬁnancial reward, deprived of liberty and in a situaon contrary to human dignity;

“Smuggled person” means any person who is the object of an act of people smuggling with due regard to the status of the person under any applicable law;

“Trafficking in persons” means the recruitment, transportaon, transfer, concealment, harbor or receipt of any person by: (a) threat; or (b) use of force or other forms of coercion; or (c) abducon; or (d) fraud; or (e) decepon; or (f) use of drugs or intoxicang liquors; or (g) the abuse of office; or (h) the abuse of a relaonship of trust, authority or dependency; or (i) the abuse of a posion of vulnerability; or (j) the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitaon.

2 No. 25 IOM Glossary on Migraon, p. 90.

“Travel or identy document” includes, but is not limited to, passports and entry permits;

“Unlawful entry” means an entry into a country which is expressly or impliedly prohibited under any applicable law of that country;

“Vicm of traﬃcking” means any person who is the vicm of traﬃcking in persons.

9 FOREWORD

As the largest Pacific naon, sharing mulple land and sea borders with neighboring states, Papua New Guinea is at risk to be used as a country of origin, transit and desnaon for trafficking in persons and people smuggling to take place. This survey is the first of its kind in the area of trafficking in persons and people smuggling in PNG. Without a legislaon criminalizing trafficking in persons and people smuggling in PNG, data on these crimes in PNG is very limited and to date have been based only on anecdotal accounts and media reports. This report provides the first analysis of data gathered from key stakeholders on indicators of trafficking in persons and people smuggling in PNG.

Vicms of transnaonal and domesc trafficking in persons are at great risk to long‐term physical and psychological abuse. Perpetrators of trafficking benefit by generang billions of dollars from the exploitaon of vicms. Likewise, the health and dignity of smuggled persons is compromised to facilitate their irregular entry into the desnaon country, while people smugglers generate great profit. States are also negavely impacted by the irregular economic acvity and undocumented irregular entry of persons into the country.

A joint mul‐sector effort is needed to effecvely combat trafficking in persons and people smuggling in PNG. Coordinaon amongst impacted law enforcement agencies is the key to successful prosecuon of perpetrators. Referral networks amongst law enforcement agencies in cooperaon with social and medical providers are needed to provide assistance to vicms. The cooperaon demonstrated by stakeholders in the collecon of data for this survey and report shows the willingness and capacity of all impacted pares to combat trafficking in persons and people smuggling in PNG. These posive efforts create a plaorm to develop mechanisms in PNG which will strengthen the PNG Government’s response to trafficking in persons and people smuggling and provide protecon to vicms.

Dr. Lawrence Kalinoe Giuseppe Croce Secretary Chief of Mission Department of Jusce & Aorney General Internaonal Organizaon for Migraon ‐ PNG

10 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This report was prepared under the Combang Trafficking in Human Beings in Papua New Guinea project implemented by the Internaonal Organizaon for Migraon (IOM) Mission in Papua New Guinea in partnership with the Department of Jusce & Aorney General (DJAG) with funding from the United States Department of State Office to Combat and Monitor Trafficking in Persons. The hard work and support provided by DJAG and IOM officers is commended for the collecon, analysis and compilaon of data across the project provinces.

At the ﬁeld level, the survey was made possible by the cooperaon and support of the Autonomous Bougainville Government (ABG), the Sandaun Provincial Government (SPG) and the Fly River Provincial Government (FRPG) whose role was key in the collecon of data from relevant stakeholders in the project provinces. In parcular, the provincial partnerships commissioned for this project by Mr. Lawrence Disin, ABG Chief Administrator, Mr. Joseph Sungi, (former) SPG Provincial Administrator, and Mr. William Goinau, FRPA Provincial Administrator is acknowledged with appreciaon.

The partnerships at the central and provincial levels with key stakeholder agencies, the PNG Immigraon & Cizenship Service Authority (PNGICSA), the Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary (RPNGC) and the PNG Customs Service, were instrumental in obtaining cooperaon amongst officers in the four provinces. The partnerships commissioned by Mr. Joseph Nobetau, PNGICSA (former) Acng Chief Migraon Officer, Mr. Anthony Waigambie, (former) Commissioner, RPNGC and Mr. Gary Juffa, (former) Commissioner, PNG Customs Service, is acknowledged with appreciaon.

The support and coordinaon by focal points across government and non‐government agencies in the project provinces is greatly appreciated Their instrumental role in the administraon of the surveys to relevant officers in the field and in consultaons and verificaon of survey results is also acknowledged with appreciaon.

All officers and persons who provided responses to the survey are acknowledged with appreciaon. The informaon gathered provides the first data on indicators of trafficking in persons and people smuggling in PNG and offers a preliminary scope of these crimes occurring in the project provinces.

The support of the members of the Naonal Human Traﬃcking Commiee for the provision of their experse and key feedback on survey results is acknowledged with appreciaon.

The Research Team (Authors): Ms. Josephine Advent, Principal Legal Officer, DJAG Ms. Alice Hwana, Senior Legal Officer, DJAG Ms. Lilian Ipu, Senior Legal Officer, DJAG Mr. Solomon Kantha, Project Coordinator, IOM Ms. Alithia Barampataz, (former) Project Assistant, IOM

11 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report analyzes the results of a baseline and training needs assessment survey and in‐depth consultaons with key stakeholders on trafficking in persons and people smuggling in Papua New Guinea (PNG) conducted by the Department of Jusce & Aorney General (DJAG) in partnership with the Internaonal Organizaon for Migraon (IOM) in February to May 2011. This survey and report was conducted under the Combang Trafficking in Human Beings in Papua New Guinea project funded by the United States Department of State Office to Combat and Monitor Trafficking in Persons and implemented by IOM in partnership with the DJAG. The report covers both transnaonal and domesc trafficking in PNG, in addion to people smuggling.

The three objecves of the survey were: 1. To provide a preliminary overview on the indicators of trafficking in persons and people smuggling in the four project provinces in PNG; 2. To assess the training needs of law enforcement and protecon trafficking stakeholders in PNG; 3. To provide baseline data in support of the need for the People Smuggling and Trafficking in Persons Bill.

The survey was administered in the project’s four targeted provinces of: - Naonal Capital District (NCD); - Autonomous Region of Bougainville (ARB); - West Sepik Province; and - Western Province.

The research methodologies and tools involved both qualitave and quantave approaches to obtain informaon on traﬃcking in persons and people smuggling in PNG, including: - Surveys (93) - In‐depth consultaons (27)

In 2011 when the survey was administered, PNG did not have a legislaon specifically criminalizing trafficking in persons or people smuggling. Thus survey results do not include analysis of cases categorized as trafficking in persons as any reported cases would be categorized as a related exisng offence. Therefore survey results are reflecve of survey respondents’ experience and knowledge of indicators of trafficking in persons and people smuggling within their respecve work areas. Survey results also reflect training needs by highlighng limitaons and gaps in respondents’ knowledge and understanding of trafficking in persons and people smuggling.

Survey respondents indicated that trafficking for the purpose of forced labour and sexual exploitaon is occurring at a high rate in the four project provinces. Trafficking for the purpose of domesc servitude and child trafficking was also ranked at a moderately high level.

The logging industry received the highest results by survey respondents as a business sector that exposes persons to risks of traﬃcking. This highlights the vulnerability of men and women who work in and around this industry as well as other industries that operate at remote sites.

Persons who work in and around bars, restaurants and gaming clubs, were also indicated by survey respondents as at heightened risk to exposure to traﬃcking. The presence of alcohol and drugs at these

venues may contribute to recruitment of vicms for the purpose of traﬃcking. Intoxicaon by liquor or drugs was indicated by survey respondents as a common means of recruitment used for the purpose of traﬃcking.

Exchange of money and abuse of cultural pracces were ranked highest by survey respondents as means of recruitment used for trafficking in the four project provinces. This raises concern for cultural pracces in PNG which involve the exchange of money which could be distorted for the purpose of trafficking in persons. Indicators that traffickers can be persons known or familiar to the vicm in PNG were indicated by survey results which indicated that abuse of a posion of trust or authority are a common means of recruitment used for trafficking in the project provinces, in addion to threat, force, and abuse of a posion of vulnerability.

Female children were indicated as over twice more vulnerable to become vicm to trafficking than male children. Survey results also indicated that children who did not aend school were at greater risk to be targeted for child trafficking. Thus female children who did not aend school were at the highest risk to become vicm to child trafficking.

Both domesc and transnaonal trafficking was indicated as occurring in the four project provinces by survey respondents. Addionally, the vulnerability of regular and irregular migrants in PNG to become vicm to trafficking in persons was also indicated by survey respondents. Survey respondents that illegal entry or stay in PNG was the most frequent offence commied by persons from other countries in the four project provinces. The highest ranked geographic trend of transnaonal human trafficking in PNG was indicated by survey respondents as originang from another country and entering PNG through the PNG‐Indonesia border. High results were also received for entry from another country into PNG through the PNG‐Australian border and the PNG‐Solomon Islands border. Survey respondents also indicated that persons illegally enter PNG through non‐official entry points by sea or land, or the use of fraudulent travel documents or entry permits. Consultaons with stakeholders also suggest that border crossers abuse tradional border‐crossing passes and agreements between communies living on the border areas as a means to enter PNG illegally.

Geographic trends of domesc trafficking were indicated as occurring most frequently from a village to a town or city in a different province. Survey results also indicated that domesc trafficking can occur within the same province from a village to a town, or between villages.

Survey respondents also indicated that irregular migrants enter PNG assisted by organized crime rings which provides evidence of people smuggling operang in the four project provinces. Stakeholder consultaons also reported that the organizer or facilitator provides onward travel, employment and accommodaon to smuggled persons in PNG.

Currently informal and spontaneous forms of community surveillance are the most common method used to idenfy cases of people smuggling in PNG. Survey results highlighted the need to increase joint cooperaon amongst stakeholders and capacity building in the area of people smuggling.

In the absence of legislaon specifically criminalizing human trafficking and people smuggling in PNG, survey results indicated that under PNG’s exisng legislaon, vicms of trafficking and smuggled persons are at risk for prosecuon and further psychological and physical abuse and trauma. Currently, persons found without proper immigraon papers are arrested and detained for deportaon. Assessment on their status as a smuggled persons or vicm of transnaonal trafficking is not conducted.

Likewise, persons engaging in prostuon are arrested and are not assessed whether they are possibly vicms of traﬃcking for the purpose of sexual exploitaon.

Survey results and field consultaons indicate that trafficking in persons and people smuggling occurs in the four project provinces. In the absence of legislaon on trafficking in persons, stakeholders ulize exisng PNG laws to respond to cases of trafficking in persons and people smuggling. This puts vicms of trafficking at risk to arrest and addional physical and psychological trauma and further does not target perpetrators of trafficking and smuggling. Survey results highlighted the high rates of illegal entry and stay into PNG and the presence of organized crime networks, which facilitate illegal entry into PNG. These survey results, in addion to results on the vulnerability of irregular and regular migrants to trafficking, highlight the need for profiling procedures to be strengthened to increase idenficaon of smugglers and traffickers and provide assistance to vicms. Very few arrested persons currently receive social or medical services, highlighng the addional risks posed towards vicms of trafficking arrested for crimes commied as a result of being trafficked. Awareness‐raising is also needed amongst vulnerable populaons highlighted by survey results as persons in rural areas, especially young women. Training on idenficaon of trafficking in persons and people smuggling among law enforcement officers and legislaon criminalizing these two crimes in PNG would enable the prosecuon of perpetrators of trafficking in persons and people smuggling as well as provide assistance to vicms.

14 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The main source of data collecon and informaon for this report are responses to a quesonnaire‐ based survey administered by DJAG and IOM. The survey quesonnaires were distributed to government and civil society stakeholders in the four project provinces, the Naonal Capital District, Autonomous Region of Bougainville, West Sepik Province and Western Province. The three objecves of the survey were: 1. To provide a preliminary overview on indicators of trafficking in persons and people smuggling in the four project provinces in PNG. 2. To assess the training needs of law enforcement and protecon trafficking stakeholders in PNG. 3. To provide baseline data in support for the need for the People Smuggling and Trafficking in Persons bill.

Data was collected on issues associated with transnaonal and domesc trafficking as well as people smuggling, due to the high suscepbility of cases of people smuggling leading to trafficking in persons. Other sources of data analyzed for this report, and noted in the References secon, include presentaons delivered at the 2010 Workshop on the People smuggling and trafficking in persons Bill held in Port Moresby, NCD and available research, reports and PNG media newspaper arcles which include elements of people smuggling and trafficking in persons in PNG.

Sampling process A quesonnaire‐based survey was chosen as the format for data gathering to enable the collecon of data from a wide range of stakeholders across the four project provinces in PNG. The project provinces were strategically selected as they each contain internaonal borders or entry points and could therefore contain elements of transnaonal and domesc trafficking as well as people smuggling. While the survey responses were taken from the four project provinces, the data collected shows indicators of trends of trafficking in persons in PNG beyond the four project provinces as the data reflects survey respondents’ percepon of trafficking in PNG based on their knowledge and experience. Through the design of the survey quesonnaire, survey respondents provided answers based on their knowledge through their respecve work in their office as a whole and not solely confined to the province in which they currently operate. This is parcularly relevant for PNG where there is a high level of rotaon of officers between provinces and the capital city. Thus rotang officers would possess general knowledge of issues in PNG, beyond the province they currently operate in.

Between February and May 2011 joint field trips and consultave meengs were conducted by DJAG and IOM to the project provinces to gather data on trafficking in persons and people smuggling in PNG through the administraon of surveys to and consultaons with relevant stakeholders. In‐depth consultaons were conducted with senior‐level stakeholders in the project provinces and ten to twenty surveys were given to key secon heads of stakeholders agencies and administered amongst relevant officers within each respecve agency. Survey respondents possessed authenc, on‐the‐ground informaon on the irregular movement of persons across and within Papua New Guinea’s borders. A total of 100 surveys were collected from the following stakeholders in the four project provinces: Royal PNG Constabulary, PNG Customs Service, PNG Immigraon & Cizenship Service Authority, Magisterial Services, Law & Jusce Sector, PNG Defence Force, Department of Prime Minister & Naonal Execuve Council, Department of Provincial & Local Level Government Affairs, the Fly River Provincial Administraon, the Department of Community Development, Border officials and relevant non‐

governmental and faith‐based organizaons, Hako Women’s Collecve, Bougainville Women’s Federaon, Catholic Diocese of Vanimo and Red Cross – Vanimo.

Validaon & analysis of results The data collected from surveys and in‐depth consultaons between February to May 2011 was then analyzed and disaggregated by province to compare trends of trafficking in persons and people smuggling as well as gaps in available resources to address these issues in the four project provinces. The disaggregated data was validated by key senior officers of stakeholder agencies in each of the four project provinces between December 2011 and February 2012. Validaon and feedback at the central government level was also provided by the Naonal Human Trafficking Commiee (NHTC) who also provided validaon and feedback on data from survey results and in‐depth consultaons.

Limitaons At the me the survey was conducted, there was no legislaon criminalizing trafficking in persons and people smuggling in PNG and very lile data recorded on those crimes. Thus respondents were unable to analyze any documented cases for the purpose of the survey and thus results do not show numbers of trafficked persons. The survey collected data on the subjecve percepon of respondents on available indicators of trafficking in persons and people smuggling based on their knowledge and experience, which is reflected accordingly in the results.

Quesons in the survey centered around indicators of human trafficking and idenfying training gaps as, at the me the survey was taken, the majority of survey respondents had never received any training on human trafficking or people smuggling. Thus responses received and results collected reflect survey respondents’ limited understanding of human trafficking and people smuggling.

16 1. KEY FINDINGS This secon analyzes the data from surveys collected and in‐depth ﬁeld consultaons conducted with key stakeholders in all four project provinces. A total number of 93 surveys and 27 in‐depth consultaons were collected from the Naonal Capital District (NCD), Autonomous Region of Bougainville (ARB), West Sepik Province (WSP) and Western Province.

1.1 Types of Trafficking As shown in Chart 1.1, only a moderate amount of survey respondents indicated that they deal with cases of human trafficking. However, as there is currently no legislaon criminalizing human trafficking in PNG, cases of human trafficking would currently be classified under related offences. Chart 1.1: Frequent offences dealt with in PNG by survey respondents 60 55 52 50

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f 20 15 15 o

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Il B Drug F A P C P D La Gr R P P Se Human TO le u ra s e h ro o b o o ro t g rglary u sa o ild st m o iev b rn p xu h a / d u p es u b og e al er l A lt le A r/S o ery r entry/ l H S b u u r t A co o m u c s B a y s h m se o Viole lavery p C s ra o i u n o h ri a ﬃ s l ci ggli d y m u t relat d il es lt c ay e n n y /R king g c Harm a in e e p to d e

P cr N im G es

Trafficking in persons involves the recruitment, Chart 1.2: Types of trafficking in PNG according to survey respondents transportaon, transfer, harbouring, or receipt of persons, using decepve or coercive means, for the 60 55 purpose of exploitaon, including sexual exploitaon, 50 domesc servitude, forced labour and other forms of s t 50 slavery. Globally, human trafficking is a highly under‐ n

de reported offence. In PNG, under‐reporng of human n 39 40 po trafficking cases is compounded with the very low s e r awareness of human trafficking amongst the public in y 30 28 ve

r PNG. Thus Chart 1.1 results, while conﬁrming that u s human traﬃcking occurs in PNG, may not be of 20 # completely indicave of its full extent in PNG.

10 Sex Trafficking sex labor child domesc Prostuon is oen linked to human trafficking and trafficking trafficking trafficking servitude thus the high level of respondents that indicated in trafficking

Chart 1.1 that they deal with cases of prostuon as well as sexual assault/rape could include cases of trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitaon in the four project provinces. Respondents were asked to rank the types of trafficking that occurred most based on their experience. As shown in Chart 1.2 these results further support this possible link, as sex trafficking was ranked the highest by respondents. High results in Chart 1.1 for drug/alcohol related crime could also be connected to trafficking as the use or abuse of these substances is oen one of the means through which trafficking crime is perpetrated. This link, reflected in Chart 1.3, is also confirmed by a 2011 report by the Internaonal Labour Organizaon (ILO) on Child Labour in Papua New Guinea.3

Child Trafficking Child trafficking includes trafficking of children for the purpose of sexual exploitaon, child labour, domesc servitude, and other types of exploitaon. Child trafficking received a moderate ranking by survey respondents in West Sepik Province, NCD, and the ARB, and a high ranking from respondents in Western Province but is collecvely reflected in Chart 1.2 as the perceived least prevalent type of trafficking according to survey respondents. This draws parcular concern for pracces in Western Province which may be indicave of child trafficking occurring but also is in an indicator that child trafficking is present in all four project provinces. However, the issue may be more widespread than indicated by survey results as indicated by the 2011 ILO report on Child labour in Papua New Guinea4 which suggests that child trafficking is an issue in NCD, and therefore may also be a growing concern in the other project provinces as well as other parts of PNG. Parcularly concern was raised over urban centres in which children are increasingly vulnerable to exploitaon. Thus the mild ranking in Chart 1.2 for child trafficking highlight the under‐reporng and lack of aenon currently being given to this crime in PNG and highlights the vulnerability of children to abuse and exploitaon.

Trafficking for Forced Labour Labour trafficking also received high ranking in Chart 1.2 by respondents in all four project provinces. However, only a low amount of respondents indicated in Chart 1.1 that they regularly deal with labour or slavery crimes. This discrepancy indicates that labor offences are also highly under‐reported. This draws concerns for businesses which recruit and engage workers in methods which are conducive to labour trafficking. Consultaons with stakeholders during field trips to project provinces also revealed that it is perceived that the logging industry drives the demand for labour trafficking as well as sex trafficking to remote and unmonitored sites. This also provides a strong basis that other extracve industries may be aracng similar acvies at their project sites.

Trafficking for Domesc Servitude Domesc servitude trafficking also received high ranking by survey respondents in all project provinces as shown in Chart 1.2. This raises concern for the means through which domesc servants are recruited and engaged for pracces which exploit domesc servants rather than legimately employ their services. As domesc servitude takes place behind the doors of a home and isolate the domesc servant from the outside world, exploitave pracces have the heightened potenal to occur which could result in trafficking for the purpose of domesc servitude.

3 The report found that “consuming alcohol and smoking was the most common acvity children idenﬁed that was inﬂuenced or associated with their involvement in sex work.”, Internaonal Labour Organizaon (ILO), 2011, p. 46. 4 The report also found that “Child labour is an issue in Port Moresby [and]…There is a clear indicaon that the commercial sexual exploitaon of children is an exisng business.” Ibid, p.71.

1.2 Means of Recruitment Based on their experience or knowledge respondents were asked Chart 1.3 : Means of recruitment used for trafficking what methods/means of trafficking in PNG according to survey respondents are used by perpetrators, the results of which are reflected in Chart 1.3. 50 47 The recruitment means which

respondents ranked the highest were s t n exchange of money and abuse of 40 37 37 de 36 cultural pracces as shown in Chart n 35 35 po

s 32

1.3. This raises concern for cultural e

r 30

pracces in PNG which involve the y 30 28

ve 26 r

exchange of money which could be u 24 s

distorted and abused for the purpose of

of traﬃcking. Though these tradions # 20 are not criminal in nature, customary pracces that involve the movement of persons and the exchange of goods 10 y e w of of of of gs c b

ral o of r or money between pares are of u age

e on n on n reat n r u o se ey g f p h kn d lt se se

t n suscepble to be abused and n io io 't bu ond a o cu ao s s bu bu a n ece h bduc c o o m a a r or i c o d a p p distorted as a means to disguise x u d

ex o I ebt b to q d comming traﬃcking in persons. n li i

Abuse of a posion of vulnerability occurs when a person has no real acceptable alternave but to submit to the abuse involved. Western Province respondents ranked abuse of a posion of vulnerability for the purpose of trafficking high whereas moderate results were received in the other three project provinces. This draws concern for vulnerable populaons which could be abused through these means. High results for abuse of a posion of trust/authority, as well as threat, decepon and abducon across the four provinces indicate the use of forceful and manipulave means for the purpose of trafficking in the project provinces. This further provides support for the low number of respondents who indicated that they deal with cases of human trafficking shown in Chart 1.1, as vicms recruited under these types of forceful means would be fearful to seek assistance, which is an inherent factor of human trafficking and leads to a global level of under‐reporng.

1.3 At Risk Populations Respondents were asked which group of persons is most vulnerable to become vicms of traﬃcking based on their knowledge and experience, the results of which are displayed in Chart 1.4.

Female populaons Survey respondents in all four provinces indicated young women as the most vulnerable group of persons at risk to become vicms of trafficking, as shown in Chart 1.4. For the purpose of this survey, young women were classified as aged between 18‐25 years old, which represents a highly vulnerable demographic that could be manipulated through decepon and/or force. Thus survey responses in Chart 1.4 indicate that young women are at the highest risk to be trafficked into sex trafficking and trafficking for the purpose of domesc servitude as highlighted in Chart 1.2 and supported by results of a 2011 study on persons working in forced prostuon in Port Moresby by the Instute of Medical Research

(IMR).5 Prostuon is illegal in Papua New Chart 1.4 : Demographics vulnerable to Guinea and while not all prostutes may become vicms of trafficking in PNG be vicms of trafficking they are highly according to survey respondents vulnerable to exploitaon by the nature 70 64 of their work which can lead to circumstances of trafficking. 60

s t n

e 50 Overall respondents indicated a higher d

n Female perceived vulnerability for females over o

p 37 s 40 Male their male counterparts in all e 34 r

y 29 demographics as shown in Chart 1.4. e

v 30 r

u These stascs highlight the heightened s

20 f 17 o 16 vulnerability of women over men and also

# 12 9 9 show that the focus of the majority of 10 stakeholders remains on female vicms 0 conversely rendering male vicms of traﬃcking as receiving less aenon and Adults Young Children Regular Irregular Persons Migrants Migrants thus resulng in male vicms as more vulnerable to exploitaon.

Children Child trafficking was also indicated as occurring in PNG by survey respondents as shown in Chart 1.4 which correlates with results in Chart 1.2 on child trafficking. In Chart 1.4 respondents indicated the percepon that female children were more than twice as vulnerable to become vicms of trafficking than male children. This highlights the vulnerability of both male and female children as involvement in these volale pracces like child labor leaves children highly vulnerable to exploitaon which could result in child trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitaon, forced labour, domesc servitude and other types of exploitaon. The 2011 ILO report on child labour in Papua New Guinea also highlighted the vulnerability of both male and female children.6

Male populaons Of the male demographics, respondents ranked young men as the male group at highest risk to become vicm to traﬃcking. Like young women, young men represent a vulnerable group of society as they are in search of income generang opportunies which makes them vulnerable to decepon and coercion. This indicates that young men are at the highest risk to become vicm of traﬃcking for forced labour which a high level of respondents indicated in Chart 1.2 as acvely occurring in PNG.

Migrant populaons Chart 1.4 also reﬂects respondents’ perceived vulnerability of regular as well as irregular migrants to become vicm to traﬃcking in the four project provinces. Migrants who are new to a country and may be unfamiliar with the local language, culture and laws are highly suscepble to manipulaon through

5 The 2011 IMR report found that out of a sample of 593 people who sold or exchanged sex in Port Moresby, 74 per cent were women. Addionally, 56 per cent of those women were under the age of 29. Kelly, A., et al. (2011), p13. 6 The report found that “90 per cent of children (out of 175) involved in the study which are involved in commercial sexual work were female.6 However, 88 per cent of children (out of 213) working on the street were male.” ILO, 2011: p52.

which traffickers could abuse a posion of trust or authority as a means to recruit a person for the purpose of trafficking. Irregular migrants (persons who migrate using illegal means to enter or stay in a country) are in a heightened posion of vulnerability which could be abused as their entrance and or presence in the country is illegal and thus should any criminal offence be commied against them they are unlikely or unable to seek redress from the local authories.

1.4 Businesses which expose persons to risks of trafficking Respondents were asked which businesses from their experience and knowledge expose persons to risks of traﬃcking, Chart 1.5 reﬂects those responses.

Extracve industries Chart 1.5: Businesses that expose In line with Chart 1.2 results on respondents’ persons to risks of traﬃcking perceived prevalence of traﬃcking for forced labour according to survey respondents in PNG and consistent with the outcomes of 56 consultaons with stakeholders, the logging 60 s

industry was indicated by respondents in Chart 1.5 t 50 46 n

as the business that most exposes persons to risks de 40 40 of traﬃcking. This highlights the vulnerability of n 40 po s e

men and women who work in and around this r 27 30 industry to elements of traﬃcking. Concern is also y 23 ve 20

r 19

u 20 highlighted for persons working around plantaons, s 15 13 12

of 10 10 extracve industries and fisheries which operate at # 10 7 remote sites similar to logging camps and which are 5 also highlighted in Chart 1.5. 0 Mark P B R Ga P Ai Sc P ExtracLoggingF Garm Stree O M o la i a e r s t r s m r h h h V s t ts/ p o n a o ta ery er e /Taxi sta in o t Entertainment and hospitality industries u rt l e t ran g J /Un n S e ve p c o t e la l n Fac lli Respondents also indicated their percepon that t u es i s I c s b vers n n e g s du t s n o persons who work in and around bars, restaurants d stry ries s ity and gaming clubs are at heightened risk to trafficking. These results are supported by the findings of the 2011 ILO study on child labour in Papua New Guinea which also highlights risks posed to persons who work or stay at guesthouses. This also highlights risks posed to persons who work or stay at guesthouses. The presence of alcohol and drugs at these venues may contribute to recruitment of vicms for the purpose of trafficking through intoxicaon by liquor or drugs as highlighted by respondents in Chart 1.3.

Informal sector Survey respondents also indicated their percepon of the heightened risks posed to persons who work in the informal sector, which correlates with ﬁndings from the 2011 study on people who sell and exchange sex in Port Moresby by the Instute of Medical Research (IMR). According to survey respondents, persons working in the informal sector are four mes more vulnerable to become vicms

The 2011 ILO report found that “some nightclub workers and waiter/waitresses also engage in sex work…in one nightclub rooms were available for young waitresses to provide paid sexual services to clients.” Ibid: pp38‐39 The study also found that “some children were living in guest houses and operang as sex workers from these places.” Ibid, p:36 The 2011 IMR study found that “79 per cent of all sex workers which parcipated in the study, indicated their former line of work as selling cigarees or betelnut.” Kelly, A., et al,, 2011: p14.

of trafficking than those who work in the formal sector. Thus, considering the results of Chart 1.4, young women and female children who work in the informal sector would be highly vulnerable to become vicms of trafficking. Stakeholder consultaons also highlighted that residents of selements also reportedly have a higher suscepbility to becoming vicms of trafficking due to heightened social and economic stress, urban poverty and harsh living condions.

Marketplaces While few survey respondents indicated market places as a business which exposes persons to risks of trafficking in Chart 1.5, a 2011 scoping study by UNWOMEN on safety in marketplaces around Port Moresby found indicators that sex trafficking could be occurring in the market places with elements of organizaon and management present in commercial and transaconal sex occurring in and around market places.10 Chart 1.6: Geographic trends of PMV/Taxi stands human trafficking in PNG Low responses on PMV/taxi stands in Chart 1.5 could also according to survey respondents be under‐represented as findings from the UNWOMEN 80 11 12 72 study and the ILO study both suggest that PMV and 69 70 taxi stands could pose risks to trafficking. s t

n 60

de Schools and Universies n 50 Schools and universies were only indicated by a few po s

e respondents as venues which put persons at risk to r

y traﬃcking. This indicates that children who are not ve

r 30 aending school are at a higher risk to be targeted and u

s 20 20 recruited into forms of child traﬃcking. These results are of

# further supported by the results of the 2011 ILO study on 10 Child Labour in Papua New Guinea.13 0 Transnaonal Internal I don’t know 1.5 Transnational Human Trafficking Respondents were asked to rank the geographic scope of human traﬃcking in PNG, the results of which are reﬂected in Chart 1.6.

Transnaonal trafficking vs. domesc trafficking Transnaonal trafficking occurs between two or more countries, and survey respondents indicated that they perceived that transnaonal trafficking is occurring in the four project provinces, as shown in Chart

10 The 2011 UNWOMEN scoping study found that “Over 50 per cent of respondents in all [targeted] markets (except [one]) stated that some people parcipate in commercial sex willingly and others don’t….[in one market] some males are aware that people involved in commercial sex are forced into those acvies….The quesonnaires also included a queson on pimps and whether there is someone managing sex trade in the market…2% stated that some vendors also act as pimps or negoators, others said that parents got their children involved (1%), and about 5% stated that there are some adult males and females in the nearby communies that also come to the market to ﬁnd clients for ‘sex workers.’" UNWOMEN, “Scoping Study: Port Moresby: A Safer City for Women and Girls,” (forthcoming), pp: 60‐61 11 The UNWOMEN scoping study on safety in market places found that “sex trade and sexual transacons also happen at the bus stop…of the market areas.”.Ibid, p:7. 12 The ILO study found that in commercial sexual exploitaon of children “Taxi drivers and pimps were involved in arranging and being the ‘go between’ for the child and client.” ILO (2011), p:41. 13 The ILO study found that out of their respondents 78 per cent of child sex workers” and “81 per cent of children working on the streets were not in school.” Ibid, pp:37, 54

1.6. According to presentaons by representaves from the Sandaun Provincial Government, Fly River Provincial Government and the Autonomous Bougainville Government at the IOM‐DJAG People Smuggling and Traﬃcking in Persons workshop in September 2010 in Port Moresby, one of the main causes of PNG’s vulnerability to transnaonal human traﬃcking is the limited monitoring capacity of border security agencies tasked to patrol PNG’s land and sea borders.14

Further highlighng the constraints encountered by border officials, illegal entry or stay in PNG was indicated by the highest number of survey respondents as the most frequent offence commied by non‐ cizens in all four project provinces as shown in Chart 1.7. The perceived high frequency of illegal entries into PNG reflected in Chart 1.7 correlates with high results on transnaonal human trafficking in Chart 1.6 indicang a possible link that persons who illegally enter PNG could be involved in transnaonal trafficking.

Prostuon and pornography were also highlighted by respondents in Chart 1.7 as Chart 1.7: Oﬀences frequently commied perceived top oﬀences commied by by people from other countries in PNG according to suvey respondents foreigners in PNG. This indicates the 60

possible presence of transnaonal sex 50 s t 50 n

traﬃcking occurring in PNG, and further e d

supports the high results on sex n 40 o p

s 29

traﬃcking shown in Chart 1.2. e

r 30 24 23 y 22

e 19 v r 20 14 14 A moderate level of respondents u 12 13 s

10 10 10 f 9 8 8

o 6 indicated human trafficking and people 10 smuggling as offences frequently # 0 commied by persons from other I B DrugF A P C P D La Gr R P P Se Human TO lle u r e h r o o r rglary a ssa o ild o o b i b r o x th g u p st m o ev b n p u er countries in PNG, as shown in Chart 1.7. al / d u le es u o ery og e al entry/ A H lt A u r/sla u rt lc o S b s B ra y A o m m u o c p C ss r This indicates that some officers do h u se n Viole v o h ri a a o ic ggli ery d y m u ffi s l id il lt c tay relat e y e / k n n ra ing possess knowledge on these pracces and in PNG g ce Harm p ed e

highlights the need to pass legislaon to cr im criminalize human traﬃcking and people es smuggling in PNG.

Geographical scope of transnaonal trafficking Geographic trends of transnaonal trafficking indicated by respondents and depicted in Chart 1.8 highlight entry points through respondents perceive transnaonal trafficking is occurring in PNG. As highlighted earlier, irregular migrants, who enter PNG through the pathways highlighted in Chart 1.8 or through other means, are at high risk to becoming vicms of trafficking.

PNG-Indonesia border In Chart 1.8, the majority of respondents indicated that transnaonal traﬃcking occurs from another country to PNG through the PNG‐Indonesian border. High concern was also raised by survey respondents over transnaonal traﬃcking across the PNG‐Australian border as well as the PNG‐Solomon

14 People Smuggling and Traﬃcking in Persons Workshop – Presentaons by Mr. Paul Nengai, Execuve Oﬃcer, Sandaun Provincial Government, Mr. Willie Kokoba, Deputy Provincial Administrator, Fly River Provincial Government and Mr. Patrick Koles, Deputy Administrator, Autonomous Bougainville Government. (29 September 2010) Hideaway hotel. Port Moresby

Islands border. While the Indonesian side of the PNG‐Indonesia border is heavily and regularly patrolled, consultaons with stakeholders noted that due to logiscal and financial constraints, the PNG side of the vast PNG‐Indonesian land border and the PNG‐Australia sea border is not regularly patrolled as needed. Stakeholders also noted the difficulty of apprehending offenders encountered during border patrols due to weak implementaon of laws and limited resource capacies. Chart 1.8 thus highlights the dangers posed by weak border controls which could enable transnaonal trafficking to occur in PNG. These results stress the need to strengthen the capacity of border patrolling agencies to be able to effecvely protect PNG’s borders from transnaonal crimes including transnaonal human trafficking.

Chart 1.8: Geographic trends of transnaonal human traﬃcking according to survey respondents PNG‐Australian border 50 High levels of respondents from Western Province indicated that 40 illegal entries into PNG are made 40 through the PNG‐Australian border while respondents from other project 30 provinces indicated that movement does occur over that border but not 22 19 at a high rate. However, as part of the 20 PNG‐Australian border is located in Western Province, respondents from # of survey respondents 10 Western Province would have beer 3 knowledge of movement that occurs across that channel. Western 0 Province respondents expressed From another From another From another Other strong concerns over unmonitored country to PNG country to PNG country to PNG through the through the through the movement of persons and goods Indonesian Solomon Australian across the PNG southern sea border border Islands border border with Australia through Daru town.

Consultaons with Western Province stakeholders also noted illegal and unregulated movement of arms and drugs between the PNG‐Australian froner and the Highlands Region through the Fly River located in Western Province. Transportaon routes that are used to traffic weapons, drugs and other contraband are the same routes used to traffic humans15 and are indicave of potenal elements of human trafficking. In consultaons with West Sepik Province stakeholders it was indicated that persons also enter PNG illegally through movement of persons in shipping containers across the PNG‐Indonesia border.

PNG‐Solomon Islands border ARB respondents ranked illegal entry through the PNG border with the Solomon Islands (which is located in the ARB) as the most common pathway for illegal entry into PNG. A low to moderate level of survey respondents from Western Province, West Sepik Province, and NCD also indicated that illegal entries are made through the PNG‐Solomon Islands border. These responses highlight the limited informaon available on the movement across the PNG‐Solomon Islands border and the diﬃcules posed upon authories to eﬀecvely monitor movement across that passageway. However, during consultaons with ARB stakeholders it was highlighted that the urgency to increase operaon along the

15 Pala, Ano, MP. (29 September 2010) Minister of Jusce & Aorney‐General Keynote speech. People Smuggling and Traﬃcking in Persons Workshop. Hideway Hotel, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea.

borders is a prime issue during border talks between PNG and the Solomon Islands and the Indonesian Government respecvely. PNG media reports also reported that border talks held in September 2010 between ARB and the Solomon Islands acknowledged the dangers posed by the inﬂux of people traveling across the PNG‐Solomon Islands border without proper papers.16

Transnaonal trafficking originang in PNG Some survey respondents also raised concern over transnaonal human trafficking which originates from PNG to another country. Although more supporng data is needed, this indicates that PNG may be a country of origin for transnaonal human trafficking in addion to a country of transit and desnaon. Thus PNG cizens could also be at risk to be vicmized into circumstances of transnaonal human trafficking between PNG and other countries.

1.6 Domestic Human Trafficking Domesc trafficking, which occurs within one Chart 1.9: Geographic trends of domesc country, was indicated as occurring in PNG by human trafficking in PNG according survey respondents as highlighted in Chart 1.6 to survey respondents as well as in the course of consultave 40 37 meengs in the four project provinces. The risks posed by rural‐urban migraon to 30 domesc trafficking were further highlighted in Chart 1.9 with the majority of respondents 19 18 indicang that domesc trafficking occurs 20 16 between a village to a town/city in a different province. Movement from a village to a

town/city within the same province received # of survey respondents 10 the second highest level of responses in Chart 1.9 which is also in line with reports by PNG 0 Customs Service Intelligence17 that indicated From one From one From one From one that sex trafficking and recruitment of women village to village to a village to village to from rural to urban areas is not confined to another town/city another of a town/city of the four project provinces from where within the within a different a different surveys were collected, but also impacts same province province province province other parts of PNG.

Chart 1.9 highlights the risks to trafficking and exploitaon involved with persons who are recruited or who move from rural sengs who travel to urban areas or other provinces which may result into circumstances of domesc human trafficking, parcularly if the means of recruitment highlighted in Chart 1.3 are present, such as: exchange of money, abuse of cultural pracces, threat, force, abuse of a posion of vulnerability or intoxicaon by liquor or drugs. As already highlighted in Chart 1.4 on demographics vulnerable to human trafficking in PNG, parcular concern is raised for young women and young men who move from village sengs to urban areas, both within the same province and between two different provinces.

16 “Border watch an urgency.” Post-Courier. 27 October 2010. 17 PNG Customs Service Intelligence reports that “young women from the rural areas are being enced to work in night clubs as hostesses and waitresses and comfort girls.” Juﬀa, Gary. “Human smuggling and traﬃcking commentary.” Sunday Chronicle. 6 March 2011

Chart 1.9 results also indicated that domesc trafficking in PNG can take place between villages within the same province or between villages in different provinces. This draws parcular concern for abuse of cultural pracces, highlighted in Chart 1.3 as a means of recruitment used for the purpose of trafficking, which could be manipulated to put persons at risk to domesc trafficking between villages. If decepve or coercive means are used to illicit movement between villages for the intended purpose of exploitaon, this could be indicave of domesc trafficking.

1.7 People Smuggling Survey respondents ranked people smuggling as the third top crime commied by non‐cizens in PNG, as shown in Chart 1.7. Closely related to transnaonal human trafficking, people smuggling is a highly lucrave transnaonal crime which respondents indicated is proliferang in PNG. People smuggling is the facilitaon of a person’s unlawful entry into another country for a fee or benefit, but unlike human trafficking, always occurs across internaonal borders and does not necessarily include exploitaon. By not following proper immigraon processes or entering through illegal entry points, people smuggling is a crime against the State and threatens naonal security through the unregulated entry and presence of persons in the desnaon country. Such unregulated migraon flow into a country also poses the potenal to undermine the confidence of private investors into invesng in the State economy. Furthermore, as irregular migrants, smuggled persons are at high risk to exploitaon which could result in transnaonal trafficking. Respondents were asked if irregular migrants enter PNG Chart 1.10: Do illegal migrants enter PNG assisted by an organizer. As shown in Chart 1.10, a assisted by an organizer? (survey responses) moderate amount of respondents indicated the 50

presence of organized criminal networks operang in s PNG. Survey respondents and in‐depth consultaons ent 40 38 d 34 indicated that this organizer provides onward travel for n o

p irregular migrants and in some cases also provides 30 res residence and jobs. This indicates that persons are not illegally entering PNG through individual means but are rvey 20 u s

facilitated through established criminal networks. f o 10 # 6

0 Chart 1.11: Methods of idenfying Yes No I don't know people smugglers in PNG according to survey respondents The diﬃculty of combang people smuggling 40 is also highlighted in Chart 1.10 by the large s t amount of survey respondents who indicated n 28 de 30 26 that they did not know if irregular migrants n po 20 s

entered PNG with the assistance of a e 18 17 r 20

facilitator. Other gaps in methods used for y ve r 8 u 7

the idenﬁcaon of people smugglers was s 10

of also highlighted by survey respondents as # shown in Chart 1.11. Informal procedures 0 ‐ r y e s y p er y o c b t ity c n

h such as received p‐oﬀs received the highest b e n Ti n n

t d

un d t d O s nc n GO e level of respondents in as methods used in ere m Age

N ff off ff i Joi rveilla o rested f eferre er om d r

Chart 1.11 showing a current lack of formal u eferre h R C s eceive A vesgao R R n ot procedures for the purpose of idenfying i people smugglers.

Chart 1.12: Methods used to enter PNG illegally 1.8 Methods of Illegal Entry according to survey respondents PNG as a country in the Pacific region was 70 s highlighted as vulnerable to be used as a transit t 57 n 60 53 50 country for traﬃcking in persons and people de

n 50 44 40 smuggling to occur in the 2009 Paciﬁc po

s 40 e Immigraon Directors’ Conference (PIDC) r

y 30 publicaon on People smuggling, human ve

r 18

u 20 12 traﬃcking and illegal migraon in the Paciﬁc. To s

of 10

create a beer understanding of the trend of # 0 these transnaonal crimes in PNG it is crucial to its ial ial c c er

ials analyze illegal means of entry into the country m d c h ﬃ ﬃ n t er travel o

o ﬃ sea

la which enable transnaonal human traﬃcking and p ‐ ‐ O t

y n n n y b o o ents b

le er people smuggling to occur. Respondents were n n

m ts ts rd u h h entry as)

c o s in g g in udu asked to indicate using their knowledge from t o b o u u a o vi n

( d r p o o p e f le r r their work, how people illegally enter PNG, the b h h t t ri r r B Use udu results of which are shown in Chart 1.12. As e e entry a entry t t r f n n shown in Chart 1.12, the majority of survey E E

Use respondents indicated that illegal entry into PNG is commonly accessed through non‐oﬃcial entry points by sea.

The four project provinces share respecvely a marime border with Indonesia, Australia, Solomon Islands and a major port located in NCD. Chart 1.12 highlights the difficulty and limited capacity of stakeholders to monitor movement which occurs over the sea which thus results in the limited informaon on people smuggling and human trafficking in PNG and the low level of respondents which indicated in Chart 1.1 that human trafficking and people smuggling are offences they frequently deal with. This reinforces the need to strengthen monitoring capacity of PNG’s land and sea borders.

Consultaons with stakeholders also indicated that the abuse of tradional border passes granted to limited villages along the PNG‐Indonesian border is another method to enter PNG illegally. Stakeholders indicated that these passes are abused by persons who are not tradional border crossers to illegally enter PNG.

Other means used to gain illegal entry into PNG indicated by survey respondents in Chart 1.12 are the use of fraudulent travel documents and fraudulent entry permits. During consultaons with stakeholders, it was indicated that persons also enter PNG legally on a valid visa and passport with the intenonal purpose of overstaying the expiraon of that visa or abusing that passport as a means to gain access into and remain in PNG. This indicates that persons are able to enter PNG legally through internaonal border posts on legimate visas and remain in the country for alternave purposes and duraon than that permied by their visa. This highlights the strong importance of screening immigraon applicaons for legimacy.

18 The PIDC report indicated that “The Pacific region is a transing point…while the targeted desnaons for traffickers were Australia, New Zealand and the United States of America. Members also reported the possibility of trafficked vicms staying for significant periods of me in transit countries in the Pacific before moving on to targeted desnaons.” PIDC. (November 2009),p27.

1.9 PROCEDURES Procedures for improper immigraon papers As irregular migrants are at high risk to be smuggled persons or become vicms of transnaonal trafficking, respondents were asked what is the procedure for an individual who is found in the country without proper immigraon papers, the results of which are shown in Chart 1.13. Survey respondents indicated that interviewing and profiling techniques used in conjuncon with persons without proper immigraon papers currently need to be strengthened. In‐depth stakeholder consultaons indicated that in lieu of specific legislaon on people smuggling, current cases are prosecuted where possible under the Migraon Act.

Other procedures used include exerng a monetary Chart 1.13 : Procedure for persons found ﬁne or refusing entry into PNG and forcing persons to without proper immigraon papers turn around. As this demonstrates, the lack of according to survey respondents 60 55 legislaon and formal procedures on human

traﬃcking and people smuggling in PNG is a crucial s 50 t 45 n burden and hindrance to PNG law enforcement e d

n 40 oﬃcials to eﬀecvely apprehend and prevent people o p s

e 28 smuggling crimes in PNG. As shown in Chart 1.13, r 30 y 24 survey respondents indicated that persons found e 22 v r

u 20 16 without proper immigraon papers in PNG are s

f o procedurally detained and arrested or removed from

# 8 8 PNG immediately in line with PNG’s current legislave 10 framework. These current pracces indicate that 0 criminal perpetrators could be potenally deported De Mon A Deal In Imm R O r t e t t re e fe h ai s rv e r er without going through the proper legal process and n e t o d m tar n iew iat to ot ent a y c e possibly even return to commit the same crime in the ﬁ ase‐ an h n d re er e m b re Age future. y m o ‐ val case o n val cy b as is Chart 1.14: Procedure for persons found A low level of respondents indicated that persons engaging in prostuon in PNG found without proper immigraon papers in PNG according to survey respondents are dealt with on a case‐by‐case basis. This 60 55

s highlights that under current procedures, vicms of t n 50 transnaonal traﬃcking or smuggled persons would de

n fail to be idenﬁed by authories and would thus

po 40 s be at high risk to suﬀer further duress. Chart 1.13 e r

y 30 highlights the strong need for PNG to pass 23 24 ve

r 20 legislaon which criminalizes people smuggling and u

s 20 15 human traﬃcking and for all concerned of 8 # 10 6 4 stakeholders to receive training on detecon of these crimes and idenﬁcaon of vicms. 0

De Mon A In R Deal R O rr t em ef th tai e erv e er n e st o o r Procedures for persons found engaging in m tar iew val n to social/me ent a y if F n case‐ prostution in o e n ‐ci b y ‐c d Respondents were asked what is the procedure for ze ase i n cal b an individual that is found engaging in prostuon, as serv is i ces the results of which are shown in Chart 1.14.

According to respondents, current procedures for persons found engaging in prostuon lack support mechanisms for vicms of sex trafficking. In line with PNG’s current legislave framework, the majority of survey respondents indicated that the most common procedure for persons found engaging in prostuon is arrest, as shown in Chart 1.14. This does not enable the idenficaon of vicms of sex trafficking who have suffered physical and psychological abuse as a result of being trafficked for the purpose of sexual exploitaon. Furthermore, very few survey respondents indicated that persons found engaging in prostuon currently receive referral to social or medical service providers or NGOs. This highlights the risk posed to potenal vicms of sex trafficking found engaging in prostuon and the lack of protecon and assistance mechanisms currently accessible to them. Thus Chart 1.14 highlights the need for officers to be trained on idenficaon of vicms of sex trafficking and to increase the use of interview techniques when dealing with cases of prostuon and increase the assessment of each case on an individual basis.

Chart 1.15: Are local or internaonal NOG’s Referral networks and collaboraon between law collaborated with to provide assistance enforcement and social services to vicms of crime? (survey responses) Respondents were asked if local or internaonal 40 NGOs are collaborated with to provide assistance to vicms of crime. Mixed results shown in Chart 1.15 31 30 indicate a low level of cooperaon amongst law 26 enforcement officers and NGOs in providing 22 assistance to any vicms of crime. The moderate 20 amount of respondents that indicated that they did not know if their agency collaborated with NGOs or not, highlights the need for the establishment of 10 # of survey respondents standard operang procedures (SOPs) amongst law enforcement agencies and NGOs and social service providers to enable the provision of specialized 0 assistance when vicms of trafficking are idenfied. Yes No I don’t know

1.10 CHALLENGES & TRAINING NEEDS Survey responses and field consultaons highlighted the need and interest by law enforcement officers to receive training on trafficking in persons and people smuggling. Only 30 percent of survey respondents could accurately define human trafficking and people smuggling and only 25 percent of survey respondents could provide correct disncons between the two offences.

Protecon for vicms of trafficking was highlighted by survey respondents as severely lacking. 65 percent of survey respondents indicated that they currently do not have the training to be able to idenfy vicms of trafficking and 73 percent of respondents indicated that they did not have the training to idenfy smuggled persons. Survey respondents also highlighted the need to strengthen officers’ profiling capacity to disnguish cases of sex trafficking from prostuon and also idenfy cases of transnaonal trafficking and people smuggling from illegal entries into PNG. The current low understanding and lack of sensivity to the abuse suffered by vicms of trafficking and smuggled persons enables wrongful prosecuon of vicms and thus further subjects vicms to addional physical and psychological trauma and abuse. Furthermore, the need to create referral mechanisms between key stakeholders was also highlighted by survey respondents. While survey respondents indicated that inter‐departmental governmental cooperaon is common in conducng invesgaons only 30 percent of respondents noted cooperaon with NGOs or faith‐based organizaons to provide assistance to vicms.

Highlighting the need for a legislaon directly criminalizing people smuggling and human trafficking in PNG, according to the majority of survey respondents the most crical challenge to detecng and dealing with people smuggling and human trafficking is the lack of formal rules and regulaon and their effecve implementaon. Furthermore large discrepancies between PNG’s border patrol capacity and its neighboring states was highlighted by survey respondents as a significant challenge to monitoring people smuggling or transnaonal trafficking acvies occurring into, out of and through PNG. Other challenges indicated by over 70 percent of respondents were the lack of adequate funding and lack of adequate human resources.

30 2. NATIONAL CAPITAL DISTRICT This secon analyzes the data from surveys responses and in‐depth ﬁeld consultaons with Naonal Capital District (NCD) stakeholders. A total number of 23 survey responses were collected from NCD.

2.1 TYPES OF TRAFFICKING As shown in Chart 2.1 only a few NCD respondents indicated that they currently deal with cases of human trafficking. However, a larger number of NCD respondents indicated that they commonly deal with offences related to trafficking, such as prostuon and pornography as reflected in Chart 2.1.

15 Chart 2.1: Frequent oﬀences dealt with by NCD survey respondents

10 10 8 8 8 7 7 7 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 # of survey respondents

0 Others Assault Burglary Robbery Prostuon Child Abuse Pornography crimes Labour/Slavery Fraud Homicide Property Crimes People Smuggling Human Trafficking Domesc Violence Illegal Entry/ Stay in PNG Sexual Assault/Rape Drug/ Alcohol related Grievious Bodily Harm The number of NCD respondents which indicated that Chart 2.2: Types of human trafficking they commonly deal with cases of prostuon and according to NCD survey respondents pornography in Chart 2.1 is a possible indicator that sex 25 trafficking may be occurring in NCD. In further support of that link, the majority of NCD survey respondents 20 20 indicated in Chart 2.2 that they perceive that sex 18 trafficking occurs in NCD and that it is the most prevalent type of trafficking occurring in NCD. 15

Other related oﬀences indicated in Chart 2.1 as 11 commonly dealt with by NCD respondents, such as 10 assault, child abuse, domesc violence, labour/slavery,

and sexual assault/rape could also be indicave of # of survey respondents 6 human trafficking as in the absence of legislaon 5 criminalizing trafficking in PNG any trafficking cases are currently reported and prosecuted under related crimes. 0 Sex Labor Child Domesc Trafficking Trafficking Trafficking Servitude As NCD respondents possess central level knowledge of Trafficking cases across PNG, the high level of NCD respondents in

Chart 2.3: Means of recruitment used Chart 2.2 that indicated labour trafficking as the for trafficking according to second most prevalent type of trafficking 20 NCD survey respondents occurring in PNG, raises concern on labour trafficking cases occurring in NCD as well as other 16 16 15 parts of PNG. 15

11 11 11 11 As shown in Chart 2.3, the use of force, exchange 10 9 of money and threat were indicated by the majority of NCD respondents as means used for 6 the purpose of traﬃcking. The indicated 5 4 prevalence of these violent and coercive means 2 2 correlates with the low level of respondents in # of NCD survey respondents 0 Chart 2.1 which indicated that they deal with cases of human traﬃcking, as vicms under the force threat

Others pressure of force and threat would be less willing decepon abducon to report cases and seek assistance out of fear. I don’t know

debt bondage The moderate number of NCD respondents which exchange of money abuse of posion of indicated in Chart 2.3 that abuse of a posion of

abuse of posion of trust trust or authority and abuse of cultural pracces abuse of cultural pracces intoxicaon by liquor drugs are used as means of recruitment by traﬃckers raises concern as these abuses are grounded on the pracce of manipulang a person’s free will by exacerbang his/her exisng structural vulnerability.

2.2. AT RISK POPULATIONS Chart 2.4: Demographics vulnerable to become Survey results shown in Chart 2.4 reflect that the vicms of traffickng according to majority of NCD respondents perceive young 25 NCD survey respondents persons, both male and female, as the most 22 vulnerable demographic to become vicm to trafficking. 20

Although NCD respondents indicated that females in all demographics are at a higher risk to become 15 14 Male vicms of human trafficking than their male 12 Female counterparts as shown in Chart 2.4, young men 10 10 9 9 received the second highest number of results as a demographic vulnerable to become vicms of 6 # of NCD survey respondents 5 5 human trafficking. 5 2 A moderate number of NCD respondents also indicated that irregular and regular migrant 0 populaons, both male and female, as vulnerable to be vicmized into trafficking. Adults Regular Children Irregular Migrants Migrants Young Persons

Chart 2.5: Business that exposes persons As shown in Chart 2.5, the logging industry to risks of trafficking according to was indicated by the highest number of NCD survey respondents NCD survey respondents as a business 25 23 which exposes persons to risks of trafficking. Although there are no logging 20 19 19 camps in NCD, this figure is indicave of 17 NCD respondents’ knowledge, at the 15 headquarters level, of the risks posed by 15 the logging industry operaons in the provinces of PNG where the logging 10 10 industry is acve. These results also raise 10 concern over NCD as a hub for the recruitment of potenal vicms of 5 5 # of NCD survey respondents trafficking whose exploitaon would then 5 4 3 3 2 occur within the logging industry in other 1 1 provinces. As reflected in Chart 2.5, NCD 0 respondents also indicated concern for other large scale operaons engaging cheap Bars Others Airport Fishery

Logging labour such as the ﬁshery industry, Plantaons

Restaurants plantaons and the mining industry which Ports/Jees Street Selling Gaming clubs Market places

PMV/Taxi stands also pose the same risks to traﬃcking as the School/University Garment Factories Extracve Industry logging industry.

As the largest urban center in PNG with a large night entertainment scene, restaurants, gaming clubs and bars were indicated by high levels of NCD respondents as businesses that expose clients and staff to risks of being trafficked. Thus at‐risk persons highlighted by NCD respondents in Chart 2.4, parcularly young men and women and female children, and who are exposed to these entertainment venues, are at high‐risk to become vicm to trafficking. Chart 2.6: Geographical trends of human trafficking in PNG The informal sector was indicated by a large according to NCD survey respondents majority of NCD respondents as posing a higher risk 25 of exposure to risks of trafficking than the formal sector. Thus there is also strong concern for persons 20 20 who work in the informal sector in NCD reflected in 18 Chart 2.5 under street selling and market places.

15 2.3. TRANSNATIONAL HUMAN TRAFFICKING 11

10 As shown in Chart 2.6 transnaonal traﬃcking was

indicated by more NCD survey respondents as # of NCD survey respondents occurring in PNG than domesc trafficking, while a 5 moderate amount of NCD respondents indicated that they could not confirm the geographical trends of human trafficking in PNG. 0 Internally Transnaonally I don’t know

The majority of NCD respondents indicated Chart 2.7: Frequent offences commied by that the most common geographic scope of persons from other countries according to NCD survey respondents transnaonal trafficking into PNG occurs 15 through the PNG‐Indonesian border. Entry into PNG through the PNG‐Australian sea 12 border and the PNG‐Solomon Islands sea 10 border were also indicated by a third of NCD 10 respondents as other routes of transnaonal 7 trafficking.

5 5 5 4 4 NCD respondents also indicated that the 3 3 3 3 3 trafficking of PNG cizens out of PNG to other 2 2 2 countries also occurs. 1 # of NCD survey respondents 0 0 In Chart 2.7, illegal entry or stay was indicated by the majority of NCD respondents as a frequent offence commied by persons from Others Assault Burglary Robbery other countries. Due to the close link Prostuon Child Abuse Pornography between transnaonal human trafficking and Labour/Slavery Fraud Homicide Property Crimes illegal entry or presence in a country, this People Smuggling Human Trafficking Domesc Violence

Sexual Assault/Rape ﬁgure indicates that transnaonal traﬃcking Grievous Bodily Harm

Illegal Entry/Stay in PNG can and is occurring in PNG. Regarding the

Drug/Alcohol related crimes origin of transnaonal traﬃcking vicms in NCD respondents highlighted primarily the region of Asia and Africa.

As highlighted earlier, there is oen a nexus between sex trafficking, prostuon and Chart 2.8: Geographic trends of domesc pornography. Therefore, the high number of human trafficking according to NCD survey respondents NCD respondents in Chart 2.7 which indicated 15 that prostuon and pornography are frequent crimes commied by persons from other countries are indicave of the possibility of transnaonal trafficking for the purpose of 10 10 sexual exploitaon occurring in NCD.

2.4. DOMESTIC HUMAN TRAFFICKING 6 NCD survey respondents highlighted concern 5 5 over migraon paerns within PNG which 5 cause persons to be suscepble to domesc trafficking, the results of which are depicted in # of NCD survey respondents Chart 2.8. NCD respondents indicated the potenal risks of domesc trafficking involved 0 with rural‐urban migraon in Chart 2.8 with the from one from one from one from one most number of NCD respondents indicang village to village to village to village to that domesc trafficking in PNG occurs from a another town/city another of a town/city of village to a town/city in a different province. within a within a different a different This parcular emphasizes the vulnerability of province province province province

Chart 2.9: Do illegal migrants enter PNG persons who migrate to NCD from villages in assisted by an organizer? other provinces in PNG. NCD survey respondents (NCD survey responses) 15 also indicated that domesc trafficking occurs from a village to a town/city within the same 13 province. This raises concern for persons who reside in village sengs in NCD who are vulnerable to being trafficked into the urban parts of NCD. NCD respondents also highlighted 10 concern over movement of persons between 8 villages for the purposes of trafficking.

2.5 PEOPLE SMUGGLING Although only a minority of NCD respondents 5 indicated that their oﬃce currently deals with

# of NCD survey respondents cases of people smuggling, NCD respondents noted other indicators of people smuggling, with illegal entry or stay into PNG indicated by the 1 highest number of NCD respondents as a 0 frequent oﬀence commied by persons from Yes No I don’t Know other countries and one out of three NCD respondents indicang that illegal migrants enter PNG with the assistance of a facilitator as highlighted in Chart 2.9. Furthermore, almost half of NCD survey Chart 2.10: Methods of idenfying respondents indicated that the facilitator also people smugglers according to provides onward travel within and across PNG. This NCD survey respondents 15 type of operaon indicates an organized network 13 which constutes people smuggling. The majority of NCD survey results highlighted Asian countries as 10 the origin of people smuggling into PNG. The 8 8 complexity of people smuggling detecon and the 6 6 need to build capacity of oﬃcers to be able to 5 4 address these cases is demonstrated in Chart 2.9 by 3 over half of respondents who indicated that they did not know if illegal migrants’ entry into PNG is # of NCD survey respondents 0 facilitated by an organizer.

Others NCD survey respondents indicated that there is a lack of procedural mechanism for idenfying people Referred by NGO smugglers. As shown in Chart 2.10 most NCD survey Received Tip‐oﬀs respondents indicang that people smugglers are Joint invesgaons

currently idenﬁed acng on informal inside Community surveillance Referred by other Agency informaon and only very few NCD respondents

indicated the use of community surveillance. Arrested for a diﬀerent oﬀence

As a crime that aﬀects mulple sectors, a moderate level of NCD survey respondents indicated cooperaon between stakeholders as a method used to idenfy people smugglers, as reﬂected in Chart

2.10. With cooperaon occurring across these stakeholder agencies it is evident that joint training and capacity building iniaves on people smuggling and traﬃcking can be beneﬁcial.

NCD survey respondents also indicated that people smugglers are currently also idenfied aer being arrested for a different offence, indicated by respondents as: possession of illegal items such as drugs and firearms, fraudulent travel or idenficaon documents, money laundering, illegal entry and pornography.

In terms of idenfying smuggled persons, over half of NCD survey respondents idenfied received p‐ offs as the most frequently used method of idenficaon. This indicates that currently there is not a systemac method in place to idenfy smuggled persons. Furthermore, less than half of NCD survey respondents indicated that smuggled persons are also idenfied aer being arrested for a different offence such as possession of forged passports, money laundering, fraud, illegal entry, and over‐staying visas. Collaboraon between agencies was indicated by only a moderate level of NCD respondents which indicated that smuggled persons are also idenfied by being referred by other agencies. Referral by NGOs, community leaders and community surveillance were also indicated by NCD respondents as means currently used to idenfy smuggled persons. This stresses the need to build NCD respondents capacity to respond to people smuggling as less than half of NCD respondents indicated that they posses a general understanding of people smuggling.

2.6 METHODS OF ILLEGAL ENTRY Non‐oﬃcial entry by sea was indicated by the majority of NCD respondents as a method used to illegally enter PNG. NCD respondents also indicated that persons enter illegally in shipping containers.

High levels of NCD respondents also indicated Chart 2.11: Methods used to enter PNG that illegal entries into PNG are made by land illegally according which highlights the diﬃcules of controlling NCD survey respondents movement across PNG’s land border with 25 Indonesia, which was indicated by the majority 21 20 of NCD respondents as the most common 20 17 18 16 geographic route for transnaonal traﬃcking in 15 PNG. As shown in Chart 2.11, a high number of NCD respondents also indicated the use of 10 fraudulent travel documents (passports) and fraudulent entry permits (visas) as methods used 5 4 to enter PNG illegally. NCD survey respondents

# of NCD survey respondents also noted that persons enter PNG through legal 0 means using legimate documents with the intenon to remain in the country past the Other validity and expiraon of their entry permits. These results correspond with the high amount of NCD respondents that indicated that smuggled persons are idenﬁed aer being Bribe border oﬃcials

points by sea arrested for possession of fraudulent travel or points by land identy documents. This highlights the need to criminalize the use of fraudulent travel Enter through non‐oﬃcial entry Enter through non‐oﬃcial entry Use fraudulent travel documents documents for the purpose of people smuggling

Use fraudulent entry permits (visas) and transnaonal traﬀicking.

2.7 PROCEDURES Chart 2.12: Procedures for persons found Results in Chart 2.12 on procedures for persons without proper immigraon papers found without proper immigraon papers in according to NCD survey respondents 20 NCD indicate a lack of interviewing and profiling procedures currently in use. The strengthening 16 16 of the use of interviewing and profiling would 15 12 enable officers to idenfy possible vicms of 11 trafficking or smuggled persons from persons 10 found in PNG without proper immigraon 6 papers who are irregular migrants. 5 Furthermore, very few NCD respondents 5 2

indicated in Chart 2.12 that persons found # of NCD survey respondents 1 without proper immigraon papers are dealt 0 with on a case‐by‐case basis. This further stresses a gap in the current capacity and Arrest procedures to disnguish vicms of traﬃcking Others

and smuggled persons from perpetrators of Detainment

traﬃcking in persons and people smuggling. Monetary ﬁne Immediate Removal Refer to other Agency Chart 2.13: Procedure for persons found Interview and Removal

engaging in prostuon according to Deal on a case‐by‐case basis NCD survey respondents 20 NCD respondents’ results on current 16 16 procedures for persons engaging in 15 prostuon displayed in Chart 2.13 showed a 12 similar lack of support to potenal vicms of 11 sex traﬃcking. In Chart 2.13 arrest was 10 indicated by the majority of NCD respondents 6 as the procedural response for persons found 5 5 engaging in prostuon. While arrest is the

# of NCD survey respondents 2 procedural response in accordance with 1 exisng PNG laws, it does not enable law 0 enforcement officers to idenfy possible vicms of sex trafficking who are engaging in Arrest Others prostuon as a result of being trafficked.

Detainment Likewise, other processes which received a Monetary ﬁne moderate level of NCD responses in Chart

Immediate Removal 2.13, such as detainment and removal if non‐ Refer to other Agency Interview and Removal cizen do not enable the idenﬁcaon of possible vicms of trafﬁcking. Deal on a case‐by‐case basis

However, the moderate number of NCD respondents in Chart 2.13 which indicated the use of interviewing and dealing with these cases on a case‐by‐case shows room for improving mechanisms to enable increased idenficaon vicms of sex traﬃcking that are engaging in prostuon. These procedures should be strengthened and uniformly pracced by trained oﬃcers. The low number of NCD respondents which indicated that persons found engaging in prostuon are referred to social and

medical services highlights the risk of denying the necessary protecon and support to Chart 2.14: Are local or internaonal NGOs persons working in forced prostuon as collaborated with to provide assistance to vicms of crime? (NCD survey responses) vicms of trafficking. 15 Mixed results in Chart 2.14 over collaboraon with local or internaonal NGOs highlight gaps and room for improving assistance to vicms. Only one third of NCD survey 10 9 respondents indicated that a referral system 8 currently exists for vicms of crime to access assistance by service providers specifically 6 domesc violence organizaons, gender violence organizaons, faith‐based 5 organizaons, rehabilitaon organizaons # of NCD survey respondents and women’s shelter organizaons. This indicates that currently only a few vicms receive social‐medical assistance and that 0 there are a wide range of NGOs in operaon Yes No I don’t know in NCD which could be cooperated with to provide social, medical and legal assistance to idenfied vicms of trafficking.

Joint‐collaboraon efforts were noted by NCD respondents between RPNGC, Department of Foreign Affairs, PNGICSA, PNG Customs Service, Naonal Intelligence Office, PNG Defence Force, and other governmental departments such as the Department of Finance, Office of the Auditor General, Department of Labour & Industrial Relaons, Department of Provincial Affairs, Naonal Fisheries Authority, Port Services and welfare organizaons. Although there is cooperaon amongst counterparts, with less than a quarter of NCD respondents indicang such cooperaon takes place, there is a need to establish roune mechanisms to regularly implement collaboraon. Over half of NCD respondents indicated current cooperaon with judicial or invesgave authories of other countries. Australia was indicated by the highest number of NCD respondents as the country which PNG cooperates the most with. Internaonal cooperaon with Indonesia, England, China, Korea, Japan, New Zealand, Solomon Islands, foreign embassies and Interpol member countries, were also noted by NCD survey respondents.

2.8 CHALLENGES & TRAINING NEEDS NCD survey respondents reflected the need for basic training on human trafficking and people smuggling amongst officers at all levels to improve understanding, detecon and processing of perpetrators and enhance assistance mechanisms to vicms. Half of respondents from NCD displayed confusion between the concept of human trafficking and people smuggling and the disncon between the two offences. In line with these results, three quarters of NCD respondents highlighted lack of adequate training as a crical challenge to detecng and dealing with people smuggling and human trafficking. For the idenficaon of case of people smuggling, NCD respondents indicated the need to strengthen the use of community surveillance and capacity building training.

NCD survey respondents demonstrated accurate understanding of the gaps in their capacity to respond to human traﬃcking and people smuggling. Lack of formal rules and regulaons and their eﬀecve implementaon, lack of knowledge on vicms’ rights and lack of understanding of people smuggling and

human trafﬁcking were also indicated by half of NCD respondents as crical barriers to combang traﬃcking.

The top challenge to combang human trafficking and people smuggling according to NCD respondents was coordinaon with other relevant governmental departments. These results correlate with the low level of NCD respondents who were aware of joint‐agency collaboraons on invesgaons. Equally crucial in combang trafficking efforts, the need to improve coordinaon mechanisms with NGOs to provide support services to vicms was highlighted by over half of NCD respondents as a current crical challenge. These results correspond with survey results which show that only a quarter of NCD respondents indicated that they currently collaborate with NGOs to provide assistance to vicms. Other major factors indicated by NCD respondents that currently create challenges to combat trafficking and people smuggling included: lack of adequate funding and language barriers, and lack of human resources.

2.1 Consultaon meeng with NGOs representaves in NCD 2.2 Consultaon meeng with Government oﬃcers in NCD

39 3. AUTONOMOUS REGION OF BOUGAINVILLE This secon analyzes data from surveys and in‐depth consultaon with stakeholders in the Autonomous Region of Bougainville (ARB). A total number of 33 responses were collected from the ARB.

3.1. TYPES OF TRAFFICKING As shown in Chart 3.1, out of ARB survey respondents, only a small minority indicated human trafficking as an offence they frequently deal with. However, a moderate to high number of ARB respondents indicated that they deal with offences related to human trafficking, such as sexual assault/rape, pornography and prostuon. There may be a connecon with these high results in ARB and sex trafficking which was indicated by ARB respondents as occurring in ARB in Chart 3.2. Chart 3.1: Frequent offences dealt with by ARB survey respondents 30

24 25 23 21 21 20 18

9 10 8 7 5 4 4 5 3 3 # of ARB survey respondents 2 1 1 1 0

Others Assault Burglary Robbery Prostuon Child Abuse Pornography Labour/Slavery Fraud Homicide Property Crimes Human Traﬃcking People Smuggling Domesc Violence Sexual Assault/Rape Grievious Bodily Harm Illegal Entry/ Stay in PNG

Drug/ Alcohol related crimes

Chart 3.2: Types of human trafficking Consistent with Chart 3.1 results, only a low number according to ARB survey respondents of ARB respondents indicated types of trafficking occurring in ARB, as shown in Chart 3.2. Only a few 5 ARB respondents indicated that domesc servitude 4 4 4 trafficking, labour trafficking, child trafficking and sex trafficking are occurring in ARB. This indicates 3 the need for strengthening of law enforcement officers’ understanding of trafficking in persons in ARB. # of ARB survey respondents

0 sex labour child domesc trafficking trafficking trafficking servitude trafficking

Chart 3.3: Means of recruitment Furthermore, the majority of ARB respondents indicated used for trafficking according in Chart 3.3 that they did not know what means of to ARB survey respondents recruitment are used by traffickers, highlighng the low 15 14 level of understanding of trafficking by ARB respondents and the need for training of ARB law enforcements on human trafficking. However, of those ARB respondents 10 that did respond, the abuse of cultural practices, the abuse of a posion of vulnerability, the abuse of trust/authority, and the exchange of money were the 5 4 4 4 means of recruitment that were indicated by the most 3 3 2 ARB respondents. 1 1 1 1 # of ARB survey respondents 0 A few ARB respondents indicated in Chart 3.3 that traffickers use intoxicaon by liquor or drugs as a means force

threat to recruit persons for the purpose of traﬃcking. This Others correlates with the high number of ARB respondents in abducon

I don’t know Chart 3.1 which indicated that they frequently deal with debt bondage drug and alcohol related crime.

exchange of money

abuse of cultural pracces intoxicaon by liquor or drugs abuse of posion of vulnerability abuse of posion of trust/authority

3.2 AT RISK POPULATIONS As shown in Chart 3.4 ARB survey respondents indicated that females in all Chart 3.4: Demographics vulnerable to demographics are at a significantly higher risk become vicms of trafficking to become vicms of human trafficking than according to ARB survey respondents male counterparts. Young women and female 15 children were indicated by the most ARB respondents as demographics vulnerable to become vicm to trafficking. This highlights 10 Male the heightened vulnerability of young women 10 9 Female and female children to be recruited through exchange of money and abuse of cultural pracces, highlighted in Chart 3.3 as means of 5 4 recruitment used by traffickers for the 3 purpose of child trafficking, sex trafficking and 2 # of ARB survey respondents domesc servitude trafficking. A few ARB 1 1 respondents also indicated that female 0 irregular migrants are vulnerable to fall vicm Adults Young Children Irregular to human trafficking, as shown in Chart 3.4. persons migrants

Chart 3.5: Businesses that expose Out of male demographics, young men were persons to risks of trafficking indicated by the most number of ARB respondents according to ARB survey respondents as a demographic vulnerable to become vicm to 10 trafficking. This indicates the vulnerability of young men in ARB to be targeted for the purpose of labour trafficking, as highlighted by ARB respondents in Chart 3.2. Male children were also 6 indicated by ARB respondents in Chart 3.4 as vulnerable to child trafficking, although over four 5 mes the number of respondents indicated female 4 4 children as a demographic vulnerable to trafficking. 3 3 3 This highlights the heightened perceived vulnerability of female children over male children 2 2 2 2 and draws concerns for the types of exploitaon # of ARB survey respondents 1 1 1 1 female children would be recruited to perform.

0 In Chart 3.5 bars were highlighted by the most ARB survey respondents as the business industry which Bars Others Airport

Logging exposes its workers and clients to risks of being

Plantaons traﬃcked. This correlates with Chart 3.3 results in Restaurants Ports/ Jees Street Selling Gaming Clubs Market places which ARB respondents indicated that intoxicang PMV/Taxi stands School/University Garment Factories Extracve Industry liquors and drugs are a means of recruitment used for the purpose of traﬃcking.

Based on results of Chart 3.3, Chart 3.4, and Chart 3.5 there is concern for young women and female children who work in and around bar venues to be targeted for the purpose of traﬃcking. ARB respondents also highlighted other entertainment industry venues like restaurants and gaming clubs as businesses which expose persons to risks of traﬃcking, as shown in Chart 3.5.

Three quarters of ARB survey respondents indicated that the informal sector poses a higher risk to trafficking than the formal sector. Due to the lack of regulaon by authories, security and formal employment in the informal sector, clients and tenants in a posion of vulnerability would be at a higher risk to be manipulated for the purpose of trafficking. In line with those results, market places and street selling, both informal sector businesses, were highlighted by ARB survey respondents in Chart 5 as businesses which expose persons to risks of trafficking.

Only a few ARB survey respondents in Chart 3.5 indicated schools as a business which exposes persons to risks of trafficking. This may indicate that children and young women that are targeted for the purpose of trafficking are those not enrolled or aending school which puts those persons at a higher risk to trafficking. ARB survey respondents also indicated concern about the towns of Buka and Arawa as transit points between villages and schools where traffickers proposion students in exchange for school fees. Guesthouses which provide one‐hour rentals were also noted as indicators of possible sex trafficking occurring, as these venues expose clients and vulnerable female staff to risks of trafficking. Banks and ATM lobbies were also indicated by ARB survey respondents as venues where trafficking can take place as these are venues where monetary transacons occur.

3.3 TRANSNATIONAL HUMAN TRAFFICKING Transnaonal trafficking was indicated by only a very Chart 3.6: Geographic trends of small minority of ARB survey respondents as human trafficking in PNG occurring in ARB, as shown in Chart 3.6. However, a according to ARB survey respondents large majority of persons in ARB indicated that they 25 do not know the geographical trends or whether 22 transnaonal human trafficking is occurring to, from 20 or through ARB. These results reflect the need to build capacity amongst stakeholders in ARB to improve monitoring and response to internal and 15 transnaonal trends of human trafficking. This is of parcular concern, as out of offences commied by persons from other countries shown in Chart 3.7, 10 illegal entry or stay was indicated by the majority of 7 ARB respondents. This could include cases of

# of ARB survey respondents 5 transnaonal human trafficking and suggests that the low results in Chart 3.6 on transnaonal trafficking 1 occurring in ARB could be under‐representave due 0 to limitaons in respondents’ understanding of Internally Transnaonally I don’t know human trafficking and the lack of data available on cases of human trafficking occurring in ARB. Prostuon and pornography were also indicated Chart 3.7: Frequent offences commied by by ARB survey respondents as offences frequently persons from other countries commied by persons from other countries, as according to ARB survey respondents shown in Chart 3.7. This further correlates with 15 13 results from Chart 3.4 which highlighted the vulnerability of female irregular migrants to become vicms of trafficking and suggests that 10 female irregular migrants are vulnerable to 7 become vicms of transnaonal sex trafficking. 5 5 4 As the PNG internaonal border with the 2 2 Solomon Islands is located on the ARB, ARB

# of ARB survey respondents 1 1 1 survey respondents possess strong understanding 0 of movement across that border. ARB survey respondents indicated that transnaonal

Others traﬃcking occurs in ARB via the PNG‐Solomon Islands sea border where a substanal movement Prostuon Pornography of people takes place. Consultaons with ARB Labour/Slavery Property Crimes

People Smuggling stakeholders indicated that organized crime Domesc Violence networks take advantage of weak border control

Illegal Entry/Stay in PNG and infrastructure and also abuse tradional

Drug/Alcohol related crimes border crossing for the purpose of trafficking. This highlights the difficules imposed upon officers to monitor and patrol movement across the PNG‐ Solomon Islands sea border.

Lacking capacity to patrol the PNG‐Solomon Islands border, ARB officers do not possess data on the types of movement occurring over that passageway which affirms why the large majority of ARB survey respondents in Chart 3.6 could not confirm the geographical trends of trafficking occurring in ARB.

3.4 DOMESTIC HUMAN TRAFFICKING Regarding human trafficking occurring internally Chart 3.8: Geographic trends of within PNG, the majority of ARB survey respondents domesc human trafficking indicated that domesc trafficking occurs from a according to ARB survey respondents village to a town of a different province, as shown in 5 Chart 3.8. This highlights the potenal risks of trafficking involved with rural‐urban migraon, parcularly in movement of persons from villages in 3 ARB to towns in other provinces. 2 As shown in Chart 3.8 ARB survey respondents also raised concern about domesc trafficking from a 1 1 village to a town within the same province. This raises concern over the risks to trafficking involved # of ARB survey respondents during migraon from rural areas to the town areas 0 in the ARB. Considering that bars were indicated by from one from one from one from one most of ARB survey respondents in Chart 3.5 as the village to village to village to village to industry which exposes clients and staff to risks of another town/city another of a town/city of within a within a different a different trafficking, results on the risks of trafficking in urban province province province province areas highlighted in Chart 3.8 correlates with these stascs, as bars are more numerous in towns. Thus these results raise concern for persons who are recruited from a village seng to work in or around bars in a town.

A few ARB survey respondents also indicated that Chart 3.9: Do illegal migrants enter PNG domesc traﬃcking occurs through movement of assisted by an organiser? persons between villages, as shown in Chart 8. This (ARB survey responses) 20 raises concern over the use of recruitment taccs highlighted in Chart 3.3 (such as abuse of cultural pracces, exchange of money, abducon, abuse of a 15 posion of vulnerability and abuse of a posion of 15 trust or authority) to coerce or deceive persons into moving from one village to another. As highlighted in Chart 3.4, female populaon groups which move 10 across these passages are at the highest risk to become vicms of traﬃcking.

5 3.5 PEOPLE SMUGGLING # of ARB survey respondents 3 Indicators of people smuggling occurring in ARB are 2 the frequency of illegal entry or stay commied by people from other countries. In Chart 3.9 only very 0 few ARB survey respondents indicated that persons Yes No I don’t know who enter PNG illegally ulize the assistance of a

facilitator, while the majority of ARB survey respondents could not conﬁrm the use of a facilitator to gain illegal entry into PNG. The majority of ARB respondents highlighted people smuggling regions as originang from Asia and North Africa.

PNG was also listed as a country of origin for people smuggling by ARB survey respondents, indicang Chart 3.10: Methods of idenfying people smugglers according to that persons (whether PNG cizens or persons from ARB survey respondents other countries) are smuggled from PNG to other countries. Thus, ARB survey respondents indicate 5 that PNG, therefore, is used as a transit country and country of origin for people smuggling. 3 As shown in Chart 3.9, the majority of ARB survey respondents were unable to definively confirm 2 2 2 whether the illegal entry of migrants occurs with the assistance of an organizer. Results in Chart 3.11 1 provide an explanaon, as the majority of ARB survey respondents indicated that illegal entries # of ARB survey respondents into PNG are made via sea. This highlights the 0 difficules posed upon officers to monitor movement over PNG’s sea border which thus indicates why respondents were not able to verify whether the illegal entry of irregular migrants is an organized process. The results shown in Chart 3.9 Received Tip‐offs

indicate the limited capacity of ARB oﬃcials to Joint invesgaons gather data on illegal entries made into PNG and Community Surveillance the diﬃculty to apprehend organized criminal Referred by other Agency

networks facilitang such processes. Thus Chart 3.9 Arrested for a different offence stresses the need for capacity building on people smuggling as well as human trafficking amongst ARB law enforcement authories.

As shown in Chart 3.10, arrest for a different offence was indicated by the most ARB survey respondents as the method currently used to idenfy people smuggling. This indicates that currently there is no formal process in place to acvely idenfy people smugglers. Although some ARB survey respondents indicated in Chart 3.10 the use of community surveillance, joint‐invesgaons and referral between agencies to apprehend people smugglers, the strengthening of these mechanisms would be instrumental to increasing ARB law enforcement officers’ capacity to combat people smuggling.

In terms of idenfying smuggled persons, ARB respondents indicated that smuggled persons are referred to police through the Crimes and Invesgaon Division and the Intelligence Branch aer being arrested for a different offence such as “illegal entry.” Tip‐offs, community surveillance and joint invesgaons were also other ways which ARB survey respondents idenfied persons who have been the object of people smuggling. ARB survey results reflected that general understanding of people smuggling amongst ARB respondents is weak. This further highlights the need for ARB law enforcement authories to receive training on people smuggling to empower authories on the ground to detect and respond effecvely to any cases they may come across.

Chart 3.11: Methods used to enter PNG illegally 3.6. METHODS OF ILLEGAL ENTRY according to ARB survey respondents The method of illegal entry into PNG indicated by 10 the majority of ARB survey respondents was via non‐official entry by sea, as shown in Chart 3.11. This corresponds with ARB results which 6 idenfied the PNG‐Solomon Islands sea border as 5 the most common pathway for transnaonal 5 4 4 4 trafficking to occur. These results again support 3 the need to increase capacity of patrolling that passageway and highlight the current difficules faced by ARB authories to gather informaon on and apprehend criminals moving across those # of ARB survey respondents 0 waters. This further highlights the need for officials patrolling PNG’s sea borders to be trained

Others to be able to idenfy cases of people smuggling and human traﬃcking.

The need to criminalize the act of falsifying travel

Bribe border oﬃcials documents (passports) and entry permits (visas) for the purpose of people smuggling and

Fraudulent travel documents transnaonal human traﬃcking is also indicated Fraudulent entry permits (visas) Non ‐ oﬃcial entry points by sea

Non ‐ oﬃcial entry points by land by ARB survey respondents in Chart 3.11.

3.7 PROCEDURES Chart 3.12: Procedure for persons found As shown in Chart 3.12, the majority of ARB survey without proper immigraon papers respondents indicated arrest as the current according to ARB survey respondents procedure to deal with persons found without 15 14 proper immigraon papers, which is in accordance with PNG exisng laws.

As shown in Chart 3.12, very few ARB survey 10 respondents currently interview persons found without proper immigraon papers and even fewer procedurally deal with each case on a case‐by‐case basis. This indicates that vicms of transnaonal traﬃcking as well as smuggled persons could go 5 4 4 undetected under the current procedural system. 3 # of ARB survey respondents 2 2 Current procedures for persons engaging in prostuon showed a similar lack of support 0 available to potenal vicms of sex traﬃcking. As

shown in Chart 3.13, the majority of ARB survey Arrest Removal

respondents also indicated arrest as the current Agency Immediate Removal Detainment Refer to other by‐case basis

procedural response for persons found engaging in Interview and Deal on a case‐ prostuon, which is in line with PNG law.

Addionally, very few ARB survey respondents indicated the use of interviewing techniques with persons found engaging in prostuon and dealing with a case on a case‐by‐case basis. This indicates

Chart 3.13: Procedure for persons that currently oﬃcers are not assessing found engaging in prostuon whether apprehended persons engaging in according to ARB survey respondents prostuon are vicms of sexual exploitaon as 20 a result of being traﬃcked. Thus exposing 17 persons to further risk and physical and 15 psychological abuse through arrest. Furthermore, the results in Chart 3.13 indicate 10 that currently very few ARB survey respondents refer persons apprehended for engaging in prostuon to social or medical services or 5 NGOs operang in ARB. Respondents that 2 2 2 2 # of ARB survey respondents 1 1 indicated that they currently do refer vicms for 0 assistance, indicated referral to NGOs in ARB such as the Leitana Nehan Foundaon, the Nazareth Rehabilitaon Centre and Family Life. Arrest This referral mechanism should be Interview

Detainment strengthened to improve assistance available to

Monetary Fine vicms of trafﬁcking forced to engage in prostuon who would have been physically services/NGOs and psychologically traumazed as a result of Removal if non‐cizen Refer to social/medical sexual exploitaon.

Deal on a case‐by‐case basis Potenal to expand this mechanism is shown in Chart 3.14: Are local or internaonal NGOs Chart 3.14 where the majority of ARB collaborated with to provide assistance to respondents indicated that collaboraon does vicms of crime? (ARB survey responses) 20 take place with local or internaonal non‐ governmental organizaons (INGOs) to provide assistance to vicms of crimes. There is a 15 relavely strong network of NGOs in ARB that 15 could provide assistance to vicms of traﬃcking and smuggled persons. ARB survey respondents indicated that they already collaborate with rehabilitaon organizaons, domesc violence 10 organizaons, faith‐based organizaons, gender‐violence organizaon and women’s shelter organizaons. One response also

specified a vicm referral system in place # of ARB survey respondents 5 4 between the Buka hospital and the ARB Police. 3 Such a referral mechanism between NGOs and law enforcement agencies should be incorporated into official procedures to provide assistance to idenfied vicms of trafficking and Yes No I don’t know smuggled persons.

A small number of ARB survey respondents indicated some joint‐work between the ABG and naonal government departments. This indicates the need for SOPs on cases of people smuggling and human traﬃcking to be established amongst all stakeholders to enhance prosecuon of criminals and

protecon given to vicms. At the internaonal level, ARB survey respondents indicated strong cooperaon with judicial or invesgave authories of other countries through Interpol.

3.8 CHALLENGES & TRAINING NEEDS With high levels of movement indicated as occurring over the PNG‐Solomon Islands border, ARB survey results reflected the need for ARB officers to receive basic training on human trafficking and people smuggling to improve detecon and prosecuon of these criminal offences. Only one quarter of ARB survey respondents reflected a general understanding of human trafficking. The majority of ARB respondents also showed a general weak understanding of the disncon between trafficking in persons and people smuggling. In line with these results ARB survey respondents highlighted lack of adequate training and lack of understanding on people smuggling and human trafficking as two of the most crical challenges to combang trafficking in PNG. With the ARB located on the PNG‐Solomon Islands border, ARB respondents parcularly highlighted the need for officials patrolling PNG’s sea borders to be trained to be able to idenfy cases of people smuggling and human trafficking.

With the majority of ARB survey respondents unable to confirm the geographic trends of trafficking in PNG and whether illegal entry into PNG is facilitated, ARB survey respondents emphasized the need for a legislaon criminalizing people smuggling and trafficking indicang that the current lack of formal rules and regulaons hampers authories from prosecung criminals and providing assistance to vicms, thereby further enabling these crimes to proliferate. Addionally, ARB survey respondents indicated that lack of knowledge about the rights of vicms of trafficking poses a crical challenge to combang trafficking and people smuggling in the ARB. Legislaon on trafficking would clearly outline the rights of vicms and assistance mechanisms they are entled to. ARB survey respondents indicated that currently very minimal cooperave invesgaons occur and thus highlighted the need for improved coordinaon between relevant government departments which was indicated as a current crucial barrier to combang people smuggling and human trafficking.

3.1 IOM‐DJAG oﬃcers with NGOs training parcipants in ARB 3.2 IOM‐DJAG oﬃcers with ABG training parcipants

48 4. WEST SEPIK PROVINCE This secon analyzes the data collected from surveys and in‐depth consultaons with West Sepik Province (WSP) stakeholders. A total number of 12 responses were collected from WSP.

4.1 TYPES OF TRAFFICKING As highlighted in Chart 4.1, a moderate amount of WSP survey respondents indicated human trafficking as an offence that they frequently deal with, making it the fourth highest ranked offence in Chart 4.1. This corresponds with over half of WSP respondents who indicated that their office currently deals with cases of human trafficking. These results indicate that WSP respondents perceive that human trafficking is occurring in WSP at a tangible level and highlights the urgency to effecvely address this crime by enacng effecve legislaon that will criminalize human trafficking in PNG.

Chart 4.1: Frequent oﬀences dealt with WSP survey respondents 15

10 10 7 6 5 5 5 5 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 0 # of WSP survey respondents Other Assault Burglary Robbery Child abuse Prostuon Pornography Fraud Homicide Property Crimes People Smuggling Human Traﬃcking Domesc Violence Sexual Assault/Rape Grievous Bodily Harm Illegal Entry/Stay into PNG Drug/Alcohol related crimes

The high results in Chart 4.1 for the frequency Chart 4.2: Types of human trafficking of illegal entry or stay into PNG and people according to WSP survey repondents 15 smuggling indicates the high probability of transnaonal trafficking occurring in West Sepik Province. Furthermore, related offences 11 indicated by WSP survey respondents in Chart 10 4.1, such as sexual assault or rape, drug or 10 alcohol related crimes, prostuon or pornography, could indicate cases of trafficking 7 for the purpose of sexual exploitaon. Thus, there is a correlaon between the majority of 5

WSP survey respondents that indicated in Chart # of WSP survey respondents 4.2 that sex trafficking is occurring in PNG and 2 the majority of WSP survey respondents, which indicated in Chart 4.1 that illegal entry or stay in 0 PNG is the most frequent offence that they deal sex labour child domesc with. These results raise concern for trafficking trafficking trafficking servitude transnaonal sex trafficking occurring in West trafficking

Sepik Province as West Sepik Province shares a border post with Indonesia that enables regular movement of irregular and regular migrants (from PNG and Indonesia) across the border on a daily basis. This also makes West Sepik Province vulnerable as an entry point for illegal entry or stay and people smuggling to occur as indicated in results in Chart 4.1.

The economy of West Sepik Province is also dominated by the logging industry which makes the province highly suscepble to labour traﬃcking, as indicated by the high levels of WSP survey respondents in Chart 4.2.

As shown in Chart 4.1 the majority of WSP survey respondents indicated labour and sex trafficking as occurring in PNG. This raises concern for the transnaonal and domesc trafficking of men and women for the purpose of forced labour and sexual exploitaon through industries operang in West Sepik Province which aract mass movement of foreign and local men and women and create opportunies for labour trafficking and sex trafficking to occur. A high number of WSP survey respondents in Chart 4.2 also indicated that domesc servitude trafficking occurs, which raises concern for persons recruited as domesc servants for the purpose of exploitaon.

Consultaons with WSP law enforcement and border officers indicated that logging industry tugboats smuggle people in containers under the cover of darkness at night or during stormy weather bypassing checkpoints to directly enter logging camps to evade detecon. These people work as laborers or as prostutes at the logging sites. WSP stakeholders also indicated that challenges in monitoring and policing PNG’s land and sea borders is compounded by the lack of logiscal capacity of the PNG authories. Addionally, WSP stakeholders indicated that the remoteness and inaccessibility of most logging sites in the WSP adds to the difficulty in regulang the industry in the province which may account for the high results in Chart 4.2 on labour trafficking in the province.

WSP stakeholders also indicated experience with a form of human trafficking that involves “big men”19 from PNG going over to Indonesia accompanied by young girls as their “bride”. It was observed by WSP officers that the same man returns to PNG with different “brides” in every trip. WSP stakeholders indicated that this process is suspected to occur with the facilitaon of an organizer. WSP stakeholders indicated that although WSP border officers believed this process to be an illegal pracce, they were unable to interrogate or charge the person due to the lack of legislaon specifying the offence and lack of awareness of the crime of trafficking. These cases correspond with the high level of WSP survey respondents which indicated in Chart 4.4 that female children, women and young girls are vulnerable to be targeted for trafficking and the high level of WSP survey respondents which indicated in Chart 4.2 that trafficking is occurring in PNG for the purpose of sexual exploitaon and domesc servitude.

The daily buying and selling of goods at the Batas trade fair area at the Wutung Border Post with Indonesia located in West Sepik Province involves a very high level of exchanges of money and goods that may aract the vulnerable segment of the populaon to conduct informal trade acvies around the area or to shop for cheaper goods. This posion of vulnerability can be exploited by traﬃckers or people smugglers to deceive vulnerable persons through exchange of money to recruit them for sex traﬃcking, domesc servitude or forced labour in villages, at the logging sites, or in another town or province in PNG.

19 In PNG, “Big Men” are commonly referred to as men with money, popularity or of high status in the community, province or country.

Consultaons with WSP stakeholders also indicated that the exchange of money is also Chart 4.3: Means of recruitment commonly used by “big men” to deceive and used for trafficking according recruit women and young girls across the to WSP survey respondents border for sex trafficking, forced marriage and 10 domesc servitude. This corresponds with the 8 majority of WSP survey respondents in Chart 4.3 who indicated that exchange of money is 5 used as a means of recruitment by traffickers in 5 4 4 4 PNG. These results in addion to results in 3 3 3 Chart 4.3 on the use of threat and force as a 2 2 2 2 means of recruitment indicated that the number of reported cases of trafficking in West # of WSP survey respondents 0 Sepik Province could be much higher than force Other reported in Chart 4.1 as vicms would be threat decepon reluctant to seek assistance and report cases abducon I don’t know

out of fear. debt bondage

A moderate number of WSP survey respondents exchange of money also indicated in Chart 4.3 that the abuse of a posion of vulnerability is used as a means of abuse of cultural pracces recruitment for the purpose of traﬃcking. intoxicaon by liquor or drugs abuse of posion of vulnerability

These results correspond with Chart 4.1 in abuse of posion of trust/authority which the majority of WSP survey respondents indicated that illegal entry or stay in PNG was an oﬀence deal with frequently by respondents. Irregular migrants, persons who enter or stay in PNG illegally, enter into a posion of vulnerability which could be abused through debt bondage which was also highlighted in Chart 4.3 as a means of recruitment used for the purpose of traﬃcking in West Sepik .

Chart 4.4: Demographics vulnerable to 4.2 AT RISK POPULATIONS become vicms of trafficking according The majority of WSP survey respondents to WSP survey respondents 15 indicated in Chart 4.4 that the most vulnerable demographics to become vicms 12 of human trafficking are young persons, both male and female. However, WSP survey 10 Male respondents unanimously indicated young 7 Female women as the most vulnerable to become vicm to trafficking overall. This indicates that WSP survey respondents perceive young 5 women as the most at risk group to be 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 targeted for the purpose of sex trafficking or

# of WSP survey respondents domesc servitude traﬃcking as highlighted 0 by WSP survey respondents in Chart 4.2. Furthermore, high results in Chart 4.4 for young men also indicate young men as the Adults

Children male demographic most at risk to be targeted for the purpose of labour traﬃcking. The Young Persons Regular Migrants Irregular Migrants

results in Chart 4.4 also show that females in all demographic categories were indicated by WSP survey respondents as more vulnerable than their male counterparts, except for regular migrants, in which the vulnerability of men and women were indicated as equal.

Despite high results in Chart 4.1 for the frequency of illegal entries made in West Sepik Province, only a few WSP survey respondents indicated that irregular migrants are vulnerable to become vicms of human trafficking, as shown in Chart 4.4. These results may be indicave of the lack of awareness among WSP law enforcement officers of transnaonal trafficking and reflecve of the common percepon that most irregular migrants are looking for opportunies in another country rather than being viewed as a vulnerable demographic suscepble to human trafficking or vicms of forced migraon due to polical circumstances or other factors in their countries of origin.

Corresponding with high results on labour trafficking in Chart 4.2, the logging industry was indicated by the majority of WSP survey respondents as a business that exposes persons to risks of trafficking as shown in Chart 4.5. This raises concern over the risks of trafficking involved in the recruitment of young men in West Sepik Province for the purpose of forced or cheap labour in logging operaons. Consultaons with WSP law enforcement and border officers indicated alleged people smuggling of foreign workers into the logging sites. Thus Chart 4.5 results may also be indicave of foreign and local men recruited through force or decepon for forced labour in the logging industry.

Entertainment venues such as bars, gaming Chart 4.5: Businesses that expose persons to risks of trafficking according to clubs and restaurants were indicated as WSP survey respondents businesses which expose persons to risks of 10 trafficking by high levels of WSP survey 9 respondents in Chart 4.5. These results 8 correspond with results in Chart 4.3 on the 7 use of intoxicaon by liquor or drugs indicated by WSP survey respondents as a 6 5 means of recruitment used for the purpose of trafficking. Traffickers could easily ulize the 4 means of recruitment highlighted by WSP 3 3 3 survey respondents in Chart 4.3, such as the 2 2 exchange of money, decepon and the abuse 1 1 1 1 1 # of WSP survey respondents of the posion of vulnerability and authority, for the purpose of trafficking women and 0 young girls at entertainment venues. Thus, Bars Airport Chart 4.4 results indicate that young women Fishery Logging who work in or around entertainment venues Restaurants Ports Jees Street Selling Gaming clubs

are at high risk to become vicms of sex Market places

traﬃcking. School/University Garment Factories Extracve Industry

The informal sector was indicated by three quarters of WSP survey results as posing higher risk to clients and workers to traﬃcking than the formal sector. Informal employment and the lack of regulaons and security in the informal sector can increase a person’s vulnerability to exploitaon. In line with those results, Chart 4.5 highlights street selling and market places, such as the Batas trade fair area, as parcularly vulnerable venues and draws concern for recruitment for the purpose of traﬃcking at those sites.

Chart 4.6 Geographic trends of During consultaons WSP stakeholders also indicated human trafficking in PNG according to concern for ports and jees as avenues where sex WSP survey resopondents trafficking can take place. WSP stakeholders indicated 15 that local women and young girls are lured mostly by 12 foreign workers on ships abusing the vicm’s posion 11 of vulnerability through exchange of money and 10 decepon as means of recruitment for the purpose of trafficking.

1 # of WSP survey respondents 0 Internal Transnaonal I don’t know

4.3 TRANSNATIONAL HUMAN TRAFFICKING As shown in Chart 4.6, transnaonal trafficking was indicated as occurring in PNG by more WSP survey respondents than those that indicated that domesc trafficking is occurring in PNG. The PNG land border with Indonesia is located in West Sepik Province, and WSP survey respondents indicated high concern for transnaonal trafficking occurring across that border.

Consultaons with WSP stakeholders further corroborated the high results for transnaonal traﬃcking in Chart 4.6. WSP law enforcement and border oﬃcers indicated that they regularly intercept irregular migrants of foreign naonalies crossing over to PNG from the land and sea border in WSP.

Corresponding with high results in Chart 4.6 on Chart 4.7: Frequent offences commied transnaonal trafficking, in Chart 4.7 illegal by persons from other countries according to WSP survey respondents entry or stay was indicated by the highest level 15 of WSP respondents as an offence frequently commied by persons from other countries, 12 followed by human trafficking and people smuggling crimes. 10

A few WSP survey respondents also indicated in 6 6 Chart 4.7 that prostuon is an offence 5 frequently commied by persons from other 3 countries. This indicates concern for 2 transnaonal trafficking for the purpose of # of WSP survey respondents 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 sexual exploitaon occurring in West Sepik 0 Province and correlates with survey results in Chart 4.3 in which WSP survey respondents indicated that sex trafficking is occurring in Robbery Prostuon Child Abuse PNG. Pornography Labour/Slavery Property crimes People Smuggling Human Trafficking Sexual Assault/Rape Drug/Alcohol related

Pathways through which transnaonal Grievous Bodily Harm

traﬃcking can occur were highlighted by WSP Illegal Entry/Stay in PNG survey respondents in Chart 4.8. These results

Chart 4.8: Geographic trends of show that the majority of WSP survey respondents transnaonal human trafficking perceive that transnaonal trafficking in PNG occurs according to WSP survey respondents 15 from another country to PNG through the PNG‐ Indonesian border. WSP survey respondents also 11 raised concern over transnaonal trafficking

10 originang from PNG to another country. This indicates that based on their knowledge and experience, WSP survey respondents perceive PNG as a country of origin as well as desnaon and transit 5 4 for the purpose of trafficking. 3 2 # of WSP survey respondents In consultaons, WSP stakeholders highlighted 0 challenges in dealing with irregular border crossers From From From Other who use PNG as a transit point to reach Australia and another another another other Pacific Island countries. WSP stakeholders country to country to country to PNG through PNG through PNG through indicated difficules deterring such illegal movements the the Solomon the due to limited laws to prosecute offenders Indonesian Islands Australian compounded with limited logiscal capacity and border border border manpower to patrol the PNG‐Indonesia land and sea border.

4.4 DOMESTIC HUMAN TRAFFICKING The route of domesc trafficking which was indicated by the highest number of WSP survey respondents was trafficking from a village to a town or city of a different province, as shown in Chart 4.9. These results raise concern over migraon paerns that involve movement of persons from rural areas in WSP into urban areas of other provinces which could expose persons to risks of trafficking. Thus, as indicated by Chart 4.4 as the demographics most at risk to trafficking, young women and young men who travel across these routes are highly vulnerable to become vicms of trafficking.

A moderate level of WSP survey Chart 4.9: Geographic trends of domesc respondents also indicated in Chart 4.9 that human trafficking according to domesc trafficking also occurs from one WSP survey respondents village to another within the same province 10 as well as from one village to a village in an outside province. Thus there is concern for movement of persons between villages 6 which involve the use of means of 5 recruitment highlighted by WSP survey 4 respondents in Chart 4.3, such as abuse of a 3 3 3 posion of trust or authority and exchange of money, which could be abused for the # of WSP survey respondents purpose of domesc trafficking. 0 The pracce of forced marriage and “big from one from one from one from one Other village to village to village to village to men” recruing women and young girls another town/city another of a town/city of using decepon or coercion is also within a within a a different a different province province province province applicable in the context of domesc trafficking for the purpose of sexual 54

exploitaon, domesc servitude and labour trafficking. In Chart 4.9 WSP survey respondents indicated that vicms from a village are transported to a town or city in another province or to another village in the same province. Consultaons with NGOs in Vanimo indicated that these forms of domesc trafficking exist in WSP and as such this may account for the high results in Chart 4.9 on geographical trends of domesc trafficking.

Chart 4.10: Do illegal migrants 4.5 PEOPLE SMUGGLING enter PNG assisted by an organizer? In West Sepik Province over half of survey respondents (WSP survey responses) indicated that currently their oﬃce deals with cases of 10 people smuggling. These results correspond with Chart 4.7 results in which the majority of WSP survey 7 respondents indicated illegal entry or stay in PNG and people smuggling as the top two oﬀences frequently commied by persons from other countries in PNG. 5 4 Furthermore, as Chart 4.10 shows, the majority of WSP survey respondents indicated that persons who enter PNG illegally ulize the assistance of a facilitator, who also # of WSP survey respondents 1 provides on‐ward travel within and across PNG. These kinds of operaons are indicave of an organized criminal 0 network operang in West Sepik Province, which Yes No I don’t know constutes people smuggling.

The countries of origin for people smuggling, indicated by the majority of WSP survey respondents, originated from South East Asia, Central Asia and Africa. PNG was also perceived by WSP survey respondents as a country of origin for people smuggling, in addion to a country of transit and desnation.

WSP survey respondents also indicated exisng gaps in Chart 4.11: Methods of idenfying current procedures to idenfy people smuggling people smugglers according perpetrators. The method currently used to idenfy to WSP survey respondents 10 9 people smuggling perpetrators which was indicated by the highest level of WSP survey respondents was acng

on informal inside informaon, as shown in Chart 4.11. 5 WSP survey respondents also noted that people 5 4 4 4 smuggling informants provide informaon which leads to 2 the idenﬁcaon of people smugglers. Community

surveillance was highlighted in Chart 4.11 as the second 0

most common method currently used to idenfy people # of WSP survey respondents smugglers. These results highlight the mul‐sector approach needed to effecvely combat people smuggling as an offence that impacts mulple fronts. WSP survey Referred by NGO Received Tip‐offs

respondents indicated in Chart 4.11 that joint‐ Joint invesgaons invesgaons are currently undertaken between the Community surveillance RPNGC (Police), PNGICSA, PNG Customs Service, PNG Referred by other Agency

Defence Force, and the Department of Labour & Industrial Arrested for a diﬀerent oﬀence Relaons.

In the trade fair zone known as Batas, in the Indonesian side of the PNG‐Indonesia border at Wutung Border, largely Indonesian products, such as clothes, electrical gadgets, cigarees and food items are sold at a fairly cheaper price. In consultaons, WSP stakeholders also indicated that illegal acvies such as the smuggling of goods, drugs and guns and even people smuggling frequently occurs across the vast and rarely patrolled PNG‐Indonesia sea border and dense land border. In January 2011 a large number of illegal goods were conﬁscated by the PNG government sanconed Operaon Sunset Merona conducted jointly by PNG’s law enforcement and border agencies in West Sepik Province.

WSP survey respondents indicated many of the same means used to idenfy people smuggling perpetrators as those used to idenfy smuggled persons, such as acng on received p‐offs and receiving a referral from another agency. WSP survey respondents indicated that smuggled persons are also idenfied through referral from non‐governmental organizaons (NGOs) and churches. This indicates the need to train NGOs and churches on providing assistance and protecon to smuggled persons and vicms of trafficking. Despite its indicated prevalence in West Sepik Province, WSP survey respondents showed that the general comprehension of people smuggling amongst West Sepik Province stakeholders is generally weak with less than half of the respondents possessing a general understanding of the concept.

4.6 METHODS OF ILLEGAL ENTRY Chart 4.12: Methods used to enter Non‐official entry points by sea was indicated by the PNG illegally according to most WSP survey respondents as a method used to WSP survey respondents enter PNG illegally. As shown in Chart 4.12. WSP 15 survey respondents indicated that containers in 11 logging ships and tugboats are used as a means of 10 10 10 transporng persons illegally into PNG via non‐ 8 7 official entry points by sea. This highlights WSP survey respondents concern over movement in and 5 out of West Sepik Province which occurs over sea 2 parcularly for unmonitored vessels entering logging sites. Illegal entry through non‐official entry

# of WSP survey respondents 0 points by land was also indicated by a high level of WSP survey respondents as a method used to enter Others PNG illegally. This draws concern over movement that does not occur through the Wutung Border Post but through unofficial entry points across the dense forest of the Papua New Guinea‐Indonesia Bribe border officials points by sea points by land land border. High results in Chart 4.12 were also received by WSP survey respondents on the use of fraudulent travel documents (passports) and entry Enter through non‐official entry Enter through non‐official entry Use fraudulent travel document permits (visas) as methods used to gain illegal entry Use fraudulent entry permits (visas) into PNG.

4.7 PROCEDURES The moderate number of WSP survey resopndents in Chart 4.13 that indicated the Chart 4.13: Procedure for persons found procedural use of interview when dealing with a without proper immigraon documents according to WSP survey respondents person found without proper immigraon papers indicates the need to strengthen interviewing and 15 profiling procedures to enhance idenficaon of 11 possible vicms of trafficking or smuggled persons. Thus, it is important to establish SOPs on 10 human trafficking and people smuggling between 7 7 6 all concerned departments and for all ground 5 4 officers to receive training on idenficaon of 3 vicms of trafficking and smuggled persons. 2 1

# of WSP survey respondents Only a low level of respondents indicated in Chart 0 4.13 that persons without proper immigraon Other papers are deal with on an ad hoc basis. As Arrest

smuggled persons and vicms of transnaonal Detainment traﬃcking can enter a country without proper Monetary Fine

immigraon papers, these results indicate the Immediate Removal Refer to other Agency need strengthen oﬃcers use of deal with each Interview and Removal

case on a case‐by‐case basis, which will enable Deal on a case‐by‐case basis officers to idenfy cases of transnaonal trafficking or people smuggling from irregular migraon and also enable officers to disnguish vicms of trafficking from perpetrators. Chart 4.14: Procedure for persons found In consultaons, WSP law enforcement and engaging in prostuon according border officials indicated from their knowledge to WSP survey respondents and experience that many irregular migrants from 15 Asia, Africa and other regions are intercepted by law enforcement officers in WSP, but due to the lack of a legislaon on people smuggling and 10 10 human trafficking, these persons who are intercepted on land or at sea and may potenally include people smugglers, smuggled persons or 5 4 4 4 3 vicms of trafficking, are oen turned back 2 1 without being thoroughly interviewed or charged

# of WSP survey respondents for illegal entry into PNG. WSP stakeholders 0 indicated that in most cases, irregular migrants are detained and pay a monetary ﬁne before Arrest being allowed to return to the Indonesian side of Interview

Detainment the border.

Monetary Fine

services/ NGOs Chart 4.14 results show a similar lack of support Removal if non‐cizen

Refer to social/medical to persons fond engaging in prostuon that could include potenal vicms of sex trafficking. Deal on a case‐by‐case basis As shown in Chart 4.14 the majority of WSP survey respondents indicated that the procedural response for persons found engaging in prostuon is 57 arrest in accordance with PNG law. The pracces of detainment and removal if non‐cizen as indicated by WSP survey respondents in Chart 4.14 do not consider if persons are vicms of trafficking. However, a moderate amount of WSP survey respondents in Chart 4.14 indicated the use of interviewing and dealing with these persons on a case‐by‐case basis in dealing with persons engaging in prostuon. This highlights room for improving mechanisms to enhance idenficaon of vicms of sex trafficking that are engaging in prostuon. These procedures should be strengthened and uniformly pracced by trained officers. Chart 4.14 indicates that only a very low level of WSP survey respondents refer persons engaging in prostuon to social and medical services. This indicates tha vicms of sex trafficking who are engaging in prostuon as a result of being trafficked are at high risk of being denied necessary protecon and psychosocial assistance.

In Chart 4.15 the majority of WSP survey Chart 4.15: Are local or Internaonal NGOs respondents indicated that currently collaborated with to provide assistance cooperaon occurs between law enforcement to vicms of crime? (WSP survey responses) agencies and faith‐based Chrisan organizaons 10 to provide assistance to vicms of crime. This highlights the need for NGO workers and 8 service providers to also receive training on the provision of assistance to vicms of traﬃcking and smuggled persons which may have gone through physically and psychologically 5 traumac experiences. 3

At the internaonal level, WSP survey # of WSP survey respondents 1 respondents indicated that cooperaon with judicial or invesgave authories of other 0 countries currently occurs with authories in Yes No I don’t know Australia, Indonesia, New Zealand, United States of America and other Paciﬁc naons.

4.8 CHALLENGES & TRAINING NEEDS Survey results reflected that stakeholders in West Sepik Province are acutely aware of irregular acvies occurring across the PNG‐Indonesia land and sea border located in West Sepik Province, which include indicators of human trafficking and people smuggling. Basic training on human trafficking and people smuggling amongst law enforcement and border officers in West Sepik Province will improve detecon and processing of these criminal offences and strengthen assistance mechanisms to vicms of trafficking. Lack of training and a lack of adequate understanding of human trafficking and people smuggling were indicated by WSP survey respondents as crical challenges to combang human trafficking and people smuggling.

A lack of understanding of the rights of vicms of trafficking was also highlighted as a challenge faced by WSP survey respondents. While half of WSP survey respondents indicated cooperaon with NGOs to provide support services to vicms, very few WSP survey respondents indicated that persons found engaging in prostuon are referred to social or medical services. With WSP survey respondents indicang a strong understanding of methods used to enter PNG illegally, via non‐official entry points by sea and land and use of fraudulent documents and entry permits. Law enforcement and border officials in West Sepik Provinces need to receive training to idenfy vicms of transnaonal trafficking or 58

smuggled persons from irregular migrants, prostutes and vulnerable young girls which were indicated as being transported across the PNG‐Indonesia border by “big men.”

Highlighng the need to criminalize people smuggling and human trafficking in PNG through legislaon, WSP survey respondents also indicated the lack of formal rules and regulaons and their effecve implementaon as a crical barrier to dealing with cases of human trafficking and people smuggling. WSP survey respondents indicated high levels of illegal entry or stay into PNG by persons from other countries, thus also indicang the need to increase the capacity of PNG officials to patrol the PNG‐ Indonesia land and sea border to strengthen their capacity to intercept cases of transnaonal trafficking and people smuggling.

WSP survey respondents indicated an accurate awareness of their current capacity limitaons. The need for the establishment of human traﬃcking and people smuggling SOPs amongst all concerned agencies was demonstrated by WSP survey respondents who also noted feelings of isolaon and lack of support brought about by weak coordinaon with other relevant governmental departments.

4.1 Wutung Border Post, West Sepik Province 4.2 Training parcipants in Vanimo

59 5. WESTERN PROVINCE This secon analyzes the data collected from surveys and in‐depth ﬁeld consultaons with Western Province respondents. A total number of 24 responses were collected from Western Province.

5.1 TYPES OF TRAFFICKING Out of the frequent offences dealt with by Western Province survey respondents depicted in Chart 5.1, only a moderate level of Western Province survey respondents indicated that human trafficking is an offence they frequently deal with. However, an offence closely linked to trafficking, prostuon, was ranked as the fourth highest results in Chart 5.1 by Western Province survey respondents. Chart 5.1: Frequent offences dealt with by Western Province survey respondents 30

25 24 23 22 21 21 20 19 20 20 18 16 16 15 15 13 12 10 10

5 5

# of Western Province survey respondents 0 Others Assault Burglary Robbery Child Abuse Prostuon Pornography Labour/Slavery Fraud Homicide Property Crimes People Smuggling Human Traﬃcking Domesc Violence Sexual Assault/Rape Grievous Bodily Harm Illegal Entry/Stay in PNG

Drug/Alcohol related crimes As at the me of the survey, PNG did not have Chart 5.2: Types of human trafficking legislaon criminalizing human trafficking, according to Western Province trafficking offences could be included in the high survey respondents results for assault, sexual assault or rape, illegal 25 entry or stay, child abuse, or drug or alcohol related 20 20 20 crime. 18 16 In further support of the likely link between 15 prostuon and human trafficking, the highest number of Western Province survey respondents 10 indicated that sex trafficking is a type of trafficking occurring in Western Province, as shown in Chart 5 5.2. The moderate amount of Western Province respondents which indicated in Chart 5.2 that child 0 trafficking occurs in Western Province correlates # of Western Province survey respondents with the high number of Western Province sex labor child domesc trafficking trafficking trafficking servitude respondents which indicated in Chart 5.1 that child trafficking abuse is an offence they frequently deal with. 60

During consultaons with Western Province stakeholders concern was raised over the Western Province cultural pracce of “exchange marriage” in which when a man marries a woman from another village, a male relave of the bride’s family or village must marry a woman from the man’s family or village in exchange. Western Province stakeholders indicated that this pracce is now regularly abused leading to forced marriage, rape, or abducon of women or young girls if a purported exchange marriage does not take place. This pracce is tantamount to child traﬃcking and sex traﬃcking when young female vicms are abducted for the purpose of sexual exploitaon and domesc servitude.

Western Province consultaons also revealed the recruitment of young boys from development project areas as “haus boys” or male domesc servants that eventually disappear and are claimed to be “adopted” by the family employing them. This pracce can also lead to subsets of child trafficking, domesc servitude trafficking or labour trafficking, which many Western Province respondents indicated in Chart 5.2 as occurring in Western Province.

Labour trafficking was indicated by the majority of Western Province survey respondents as a type of trafficking occurring in Western Province as shown in Chart 5.2. However, very few respondents indicated in Chart 5.1 that labour or slavery was an offence that they regularly dealt with, thus suggesng that cases of labour trafficking are highly under‐reported. This draws concern for certain industries operang in Western Province which create opportunies for labour trafficking to occur.

High results in Chart 5.2 for domesc servitude traﬃcking also draw concern for the condions of domesc servitude in Western Province and the means used to recruit and engage persons for domesc work.

Chart 5.3: Means of recruitment The means of recruitment which were indicated in used for trafficking according to Chart 5.3 as used by traffickers by the highest number Western Province survey respondents of Western Province respondents, were force, threat, 25 and abuse of a posion of authority or trust. These means create situaons of inmidaon in which 20 18 18 18 18 18 vicms would be fearful to come forward to seek help 17 16 16 15 or report crimes and thus may explain why Chart 5.1 15 13 shows very low reporng of human trafficking cases. This fear factor is inherent in human trafficking and as 10 a result human trafficking is grossly underreported worldwide as shown in Chart 5.1 in Western Province. 5 In Chart 5.3 a high amount of Western Province survey respondents also indicated that the abuse of

# of Western Province survey respondents 0 cultural pracces and the exchange of money is distorted by traﬃckers for the purpose of traﬃcking. force threat decepon abducon Intoxicaon by liquor or drugs was also indicated as a

debt bondage means of recruitment used for the purpose of

exchange of money traﬃcking by a high number of Western Province survey respondents in Chart 5.3. These results

abuse of cultural pracces indicate concern over the use of alcohol or drugs as a intoxicaon by liquor or drugs means of recruitment to coerce persons into sex abuse of posion of vulnerability

abuse of posion of trust/authority traﬃcking and child traﬃcking indicated by Western Province respondents as occurring in Chart 5.2. 61

Furthermore, high results for child traﬃcking in Chart 5.2 correlate with the high number of Western Province respondents who indicated in Chart 5.3 that abducon is used a means of recruitment for the purpose of traﬃcking especially if there is a high level of cases of abducon of children occurring. Abducon of young girls in the abused Western Province cultural pracce of exchange marriage also supports this Chart 5.3 result.

As shown in Chart 5.3, a high amount of Western Province survey respondents also indicated the use of decepon as a means of recruitment which is used to trap people into cases of trafficking. Decepon is oen used to recruit persons using false employment offers for labour trafficking or domesc servitude trafficking which were highlighted by Western Province respondents in Chart 5.2. This type of recruitment can take place in the mining and forestry industries in Western Province as well as through informal channels such as the recruitment of “haus boys” as highlighted by Western Province stakeholders.

5.2 AT RISK POPULATIONS As shown in Chart 5.4, female populaons were indicated by Western Province survey respondents as at signiﬁcantly higher risk to become vicms of traﬃcking in persons than male populaons.

While adult women were indicated by half of Western Province survey respondents as a demographic vulnerable to become vicms of trafficking, double the number of Western Province survey respondents indicated young women as a demographic vulnerable to become vicms of trafficking in persons. As show in Chart 5.4 young women received the highest results, with all Western Province survey respondents indicang young women as a vulnerable demographic to become vicm to trafficking in persons.

This indicates that young women are Chart 5.4: Demographics vulnerable to highly vulnerable to become vicms of become vicms of human trafficking according sex trafficking and domesc servitude to Western Province survey respondents trafficking which were highlighted by 25 Western Province survey respondents in 22 Chart 5.2. 20 Out of all the male populaons in Chart Male 5.4, young men were indicated by the 15 Female highest amount of Western Province respondents as the male demographic at‐ 11 11 risk to become vicms of trafficking in 10 9 9 persons. This indicates that young men are at the highest risk to become vicms 5 5 5 4 of labour trafficking as highlighted in 5 Chart 5.2. 1 # of Western Province survey respondents 0 The perceived high vulnerability of female

children indicated by Western Province Adults respondents in Chart 5.4 further Children corroborates Chart 5.2 results for the Young Persons Regular Migrants indicated high presence of child Irregular Migrants 62

traﬃcking in Western Province as well as Chart 5.1 results on child abuse. Although at a lesser level, male children were also indicated by Western Province survey respondents in Chart 5.4 as a vulnerable demographic to be targeted for child traﬃcking in Western Province.

The perceived vulnerability of migrants was also indicated in Chart 5.4 by Western Province survey respondents who indicated that both regular and irregular migrants are vulnerable to become vicms of trafficking. Although only a few Western Province survey respondents indicated in Chart 5.4 that irregular female migrants are vulnerable to trafficking in persons, this indicates concern for the trafficking of foreign women into Western Province possibly for the purpose of sexual exploitaon.

Chart 5.5: Businesses that expose persons The logging industry was indicated by the to risks of trafficking according to majority of Western Province survey Western Province survey respondents respondents in Chart 5.5 as an industry which 25 exposes persons to risks of trafficking. This 20 indicates high concern over logging companies 20 operang or recruing in Western Province. 16 Chart 5.4 results thus further draw concern for 15 15 14 young men in Western Province to be recruited 12 11 into labour trafficking and also the risk of young 10 10 9 women to be trafficked into sexual exploitaon around those businesses. Plantaons and the 6 5 fishery industry were also indicated by Western 5 4 4 4 3 Province survey respondents in Chart 5.5 as 1 businesses which expose persons to risks of

# of Western Province survey respondents 0 traﬃcking. Like the logging industry, these

Bars businesses operate in remote sites which Other Airport Fishery Logging aract movement of men and women Plantaons Restaurants

Ports/ Jees searching for employment, and thus potenally Street Selling Gaming clubs Market places

PMV/Taxi stands put persons in a vulnerable posion where School/University Garment Factories Extracve Industry exploitaon and traﬃcking can occur.

Entertainment industries such as bars, restaurants and gaming clubs were also indicated by high levels of Western Province survey respondents as industries that expose persons to risks of trafficking in persons in Chart 5.5. These results combined with Chart 5.4 results, indicates high concern for young women, who work in or around those venues. Furthermore, Chart 5.3 also highlighted the use of intoxicang liquor or drugs as a common means of recruitment perceived as used by traffickers in Western Province. Thus the presence of alcohol and drugs at these venues make them potenal places for trafficking recruitment to occur.

Western Province survey respondents also indicated that the informal sector poses a higher risk of exposure to risks of traﬃcking than the formal sector. In line with those results, a moderate amount of Western Province survey respondents in Chart 5.5 indicated street selling and market places as venues that pose risks of traﬃcking to clients and workers.

The vulnerability of children to become vicms of trafficking is again highlighted in Chart 5.5 through results on schools as locaons that pose risks to trafficking. Only a few Western Province survey respondents indicated schools as a venue that exposes persons to risks of trafficking. This indicates that 63 children who are not aending school are at a higher risk to be targeted and recruited into child trafficking than those that do aend school.

5.3 TRANSNATIONAL HUMAN TRAFFICKING Transnaonal trafficking was indicated by Western Chart 5.6: Geographic trends of Province survey respondents in Chart 5.6 as human trafficking in PNG according perceived as occurring in Western Province. With a to Western Province survey respondents massive internaonal land border with Indonesia 25 and a sea border with Australia, there are many 22 unofficial entry points through which transnaonal 20 19 trafficking can occur into and out of Western Province. 15

Chart 5.6 shows that Western Province survey 10 respondents perceive the trend and extent of transnaonal traﬃcking as almost the same as 5 4 domesc traﬃcking with only a small amount of

respondents unable to indicate the geographical # of Western Province survey respondents 0 trends of human traﬃcking in PNG. Internal Transnaonal I don’t know

Another strong indicator of transnaonal trafficking is that illegal entry or stay was indicated by the highest amount of Western Province survey respondents in Chart 5.7 as an offence commied by persons from other countries. These results further correspond with results in Chart 5.4 that highlight the vulnerability of irregular migrants, parcularly irregular female migrants, to risks of trafficking.

Chart 5.7: Frequent offences commied by The high amount of Western Province survey persons from other countries according to Western Province survey respondents respondents which indicated prostuon as an 20 offence frequently commied by persons from other countries in Chart 5.7 further supports 16 15 results in Chart 5.4 in which irregular female 15 13 migrants were being trafficked into Western 12 Province for the purpose of sexual exploitaon. 11 10 10 9 8 8 A moderate amount of Western Province 7 7 6 6 6 survey respondents also indicated in Chart 5.7 5 that alcohol and drug related offences are 3 2 frequently commied by persons from other countries. These results further support Chart 0 5.3 results on the use of intoxicang drugs or # of Western Province survey respondents alcohol as a means of recruing vicms for the

Assault purpose of traﬃcking and also indicated Burglary Robbery concern on the risks posed by entertainment Prostuon Child Abuse Pornography Labour/Slavery

Fraud Homicide venues where alcohol and drugs are present. Property Crimes People Smuggling Human Traﬃcking Domesc Violence Sexual Assault/Rape Drug/Alcohol related Grievous Bodily Harm Illegal Entry/Stay in PNG

People smuggling and human traﬃcking were also indicated by a moderate amount of Western Province survey respondents as crimes commied by persons from other countries. However, it is unclear which 64

specific law these offenders are charged under when arrested, as at the me the survey was conducted there was no law in PNG that criminalized these offences. Nonetheless, the results show that Western Province law enforcement officers have some understanding of the illegality and existence of human trafficking and people smuggling. During consultaons, Western Province stakeholders also indicated concern over the increasing number of foreign migrants, parcularly of Asian origin, arriving from Port Moresby to Western Province. This indicated influx in the number of foreign migrants in the business sector in Western Province was indicated as perceived by Western Province survey respondents as facilitated through an organized people smuggling and human trafficking network. This percepon may have also contributed to the high results on people smuggling and human trafficking in Chart 5.7.

Perceived geographic trends of transnaonal Chart 5.8: Geographic trends of transnaonal trafficking in Western Province shown in Chart human trafficking according to 5.8 highlight entry points through which Western Province survey respondents transnaonal trafficking can enter PNG. 20 Transnaonal trafficking from another country to PNG through the PNG‐Indonesian border was 16 indicated by the highest amount of Western 15 Province survey respondents in Chart 5.8 as an 13 acve geographic trend of transnaonal 11 trafficking. As supported by Chart 5.8, there are 10 a relavely high number of irregular border crossings from other countries to PNG through the Indonesian border. Consultaons with 5 Western Province law enforcement and border officers confirmed the laxity of border control # of Western Province survey respondents and patrol in Western Province due mostly to 0 the lack of logiscal capacity, resources and from another from another from another manpower on the ground which collecvely country to PNG country to PNG country to PNG through the through the through the enables the perpetuaon of irregular border Indonesian Solomon Islands Australian crossings across the PNG‐Indonesia border. border border border

Western Province stakeholders also indicated concern in consultaons over the abuse of tradional border passes which are issued to people who have families living on both sides of PNG’s internaonal borders (PNG‐Indonesia and PNG‐Torres Strait). It was indicated that these passes are frequently abused by non‐genuine tradional pass holders from other parts of PNG and could be used to facilitate transnaonal human traﬃcking.

A high number of Western Province survey respondents also indicated that transnaonal traﬃcking also occurs from another country to PNG through the PNG‐Australia border, as shown in Chart 5.8. The PNG‐ Australian border is located in the southern region of Western Province, thus Western Province stakeholders and survey respondents posses good knowledge of movement that occurs across that border. Pathways used to move goods are also used to move persons and in consultaons, Western Province stakeholders indicated that irregular movements of drugs and arms enter PNG through the PNG‐Australian border, entering through the Fly River in Western Province and travelling up to the PNG Highlands highway.

Western Province survey respondents also indicated that transnaonal traﬃcking originates from PNG into another country. This indicates the percepon of Western Province survey respondents that PNG is a country of origin for transnaonal traﬃcking in addion to a country of transit and desnaon.

Chart 5.9: Geographic trends of domesc 5.4 DOMESTIC HUMAN TRAFFICKING human trafficking according to A high level of Western Province survey Western Province survey respondents respondents indicated in Chart 5.9 that 25 domesc trafficking occurs from one village to a town or city of a different province. This 20 19 highlights the risks of trafficking for persons who are recruited from rural areas in Western Province to travel to and work in other 15 provinces in PNG, parcularly if the means of recruitment highlighted in Chart 5.3 are used 10 9 such as: threat, force, decepon, abuse of a 7 7 posion of trust or authority, abuse of a 5 posion of vulnerability or intoxicaon by liquor or drugs. As indicated as the most at‐risk female

# of Western Province survey respondents 0 and male demographics to trafficking, parcular from one from one from one from one concern is raised for young women and young village to village to village to village to men who move from a village in Western another town/city another of a town/city of Province to a town or city of a different within a within a different a different province. province province province province

These results highlight the potenal risks of traﬃcking involved with rural‐urban migraon and raise concern for persons recruited in villages to move to one of the urban and industrial centres in Western Province. Furthermore, Western Province survey respondents also indicated that domesc traﬃcking occurs in Western Province from one town to another. This draws concern on movement between the main towns in Western Province and highlights the added risk involved with movement of persons between urbanized environments.

In Chart 5.9 a low level of Western Province survey Chart 5.10: Do illegal migrants enter PNG respondents indicated that domesc trafficking assisted by an organiser? occurs during movement of persons between (Western Province responses) villages. As indicated in Chart 5.4 as highly 20 vulnerable to trafficking, female demographics which move between villages are at the highest risk 15 to become vicms of trafficking, parcularly young 15 women.

5.5 PEOPLE SMUGGLING The high level of Western Province survey 10 respondents which indicated in Chart 5.7 that illegal 7 entry or stay is a frequent oﬀence commied by people from other countries is a strong indicator 5 that people smuggling is occurring in Western 2

Province. Addionally in Chart 5.10, the majority of # of Western Province survey respondents Western Province survey respondents indicated 0 Yes No I don’t know 66

that persons who illegally enter PNG ulize the assistance of a facilitator and that the facilitator further provides on‐ward travel across PNG, as well as housing and jobs. These kinds of operaons indicate an organized network which constutes people smuggling. As shown in Chart 5.10 one third of Western Province survey respondents indicated that they are not unable to confirm whether illegal migrants use the assistance of an organizer to enter PNG. This reflects the need for Western Province law enforcement and border officers to be trained to conduct well structured interviews to assess cases of irregular migrants effecvely and enable idenficaon of vicms of trafficking or smuggled persons. This also further indicates that Western Province border communies needed to be targeted by an awareness campaign on trafficking in persons to enable beer monitoring and reporng of movements by the community.

Western Province survey respondents indicated people smuggling countries of origin as largely from Asia, South‐East Asia, and Africa. However, as shown in Chart 5.11 survey results highlighted gaps in procedures currently used in Western Province to idenfy people smuggling perpetrators.

Chart 5.11: Methods of idenfying Received p‐offs, joint invesgaons and people smugglers according to community surveillance were indicated by the Western Province survey respondents highest amount of Western Province survey 15 respondents as methods currently used to idenfy people smugglers. These results reflected 12 11 in Chart 5.11 further support the need for 10 relevant officers in all Western Province 10 stakeholder agencies to be trained on detecon of people smuggling and idenficaon of smuggled persons.

5 4 4 Western Province survey respondents also indicated that people smugglers are currently 2 idenﬁed through checks on travel documents 1 and entry permits. As shown in Chart 5.11 a low # of Western Province survey respondents 0 level of Western Province survey respondents also indicated that people smugglers are currently

Others idenfied aer being arrested for a different offence, such as possession or smuggling of dangerous drugs or guns. This indicates a Referred by NGO Received Tip‐offs connecon between drug and arms smuggling Joint invesgaons and people smuggling operang in Western Community Surveillance

Referred by other Agency Province. As highlighted earlier, criminals may ulize the same routes and methods used to Arrested for a diﬀerent oﬀence smuggle goods to smuggle persons into and across the country.

Western Province respondents indicated that the same methods of joint‐invesgaons, p‐oﬀs and community surveillance are also used to idenfy smuggled persons. One Western Province respondent further indicated checks in retail shops as a method used to idenfy smuggled persons. However, with only 40% of Western Province survey respondents displaying a concrete understanding of the concept of people smuggling, survey results indicate the need to strengthen the capacity of Western Province stakeholders to understand and respond to cases of people smuggling. 67

Only a few Western Province survey respondents indicated in Chart 5.11 that people smugglers are idenfied through referral by other agencies. This indicates the need for the establishment of SOPs on people smuggling amongst Western Province stakeholder agencies. Strengthening coordinaon between stakeholders through the development and establishment of SOPs will enable each agency to act effecvely in their respecve capacity and lead to the enhancement of prosecuon of people smugglers. Chart 5.12: Methods used to enter 5.6 METHODS OF ILLEGAL ENTRY PNG illegally according to Methods indicated by Western Province Western Province survey respondents 25 survey respondents in Chart 5.12 as used to 21 19 gain illegal entry into PNG are indicave of 20 16 16 ways in which transnaonal human 15 14 trafficking and people smuggling can occur in PNG, as both offences involve the illegal 10 survey respondents facilitaon of vicms into another country. # of Western Province 5 In Chart 5.12, the majority of Western 0 Province survey respondents indicated non‐ official entry points by land as a method used to enter PNG illegally. This indicates perceived concern over illegal entries made over the PNG‐Indonesia land border in Western Province. Chart 5.12 also raises Bribe border officials concern over the Western Province internaonal sea‐border with Australia, as the second highest number of Western Province survey respondents indicated non‐ Use fraudulent travel documents Use fraudulent entry permits (visas)

official entry points by sea as a method Enter through non‐official entry by sea Enter through non‐official entry by land used to enter PNG illegally.

Chart 5.13: Procedures for persons found 5.7 PROCEDURES without proper papers according to Chart 5.13 results reﬂect a lack of Western Province survey respondents 25 interviewing and proﬁling procedures, as only

19 a moderate amount of Western Province 20 survey respondents indicated that persons 15 15 found without proper immigraon papers are 11 interviewed before they are removed from 10 8 9 5 PNG, and a very low level of Western 5 3 Province survey respondents indicated that survey respondents 2 # of Western Province 0 cases are dealt with on an individual basis. These procedures need to be procedurally integrated to enhance idenﬁcaon of Other Arrest possible vicms of traﬃcking or smuggled

Detainment persons among persons who are found to lack Monetary Fine proper immigraon papers. As highlighted in

Immediate Removal Chart 5.13, currently in Western Province, Refer to other Agency

Interview and Removal persons who are found without proper immigraon papers are detained and Deal on a case‐by‐case basis 68

arrested, in line with PNG exisng laws. There is Chart 5.14: Procedures for persons found currently no mechanism or procedure in engaging in prostuon according to Western Province that enables idenficaon of Western Province survey respondents persons found without proper immigraon 20 papers as a result of being a vicm of trafficking 15 14 or a smuggled person. Thus vicms of 12 transnaonal trafficking are currently at risk of being arrested and detained for illegal entry 10 into PNG instead of being treated as vicms, 5 5 5

survey respondents 3 3

which thus further subjects them to addional # of Western Province 2 physical and psychological abuse and trauma. 0

Western Province survey respondents also Arrest

indicated in Chart 5.14 that current procedures Interview for persons engaging in prostuon show a Detainment Monetary Fine similar lack of support to potenal vicms of

sex traﬃcking. Following current PNG laws, the Removal if non‐cizen majority of Western Province survey respondents indicated arrest as the procedure Deal on a case‐by‐case basis for persons engaging in prostuon as shown in

Chart 5.14. Refer to social/medical services/ NGOs

However high results in Western Province for dealing with each case on an ad hoc basis, shown in Chart 5.14 indicate the capacity of Western Province law enforcement officers to screen persons engaging in prostuon as a result of being a vicm of trafficking. Further highlighng the current risk to vicms of trafficking, only a very low level of Western Province survey respondents indicated in Chart 5.14 that currently persons found engaging in prostuon are referred to social or medical services or NGOs. This indicates the need to expand referral mechanisms in Western Province by establishing SOPs between law enforcement officers and NGOs to provide essenal support and assistance to vicms of trafficking.

Chart 5.15: Are local or internaonal NGOs Chart 5.15 further supports the need for the collaborated with to provide assistance to vicms establishment of this mechanism by showing of crime? (Western Province survey responses) that only a quarter of Western Province survey respondents are aware of current collaboraon 15 with NGOs to provide assistance to vicms of crime and over half of Western Province survey 11 respondents were unable to verify if collaboraon with NGOs currently exists. Field 10 visits to Western province also revealed a weak presence of local and internaonal NGOs whose presence in the province would be vital in the 5 5 protecon of vicms of traﬃcking in providing 5 the necessary counseling, temporary shelter, medical and basic care on recorded cases. In the absence of these vital counterparts the role of # of Western Province survey respondents faith‐based organizaons or churches become 0 Yes No I don’t know crucial in ﬁlling this gap.

Joint‐collaboraon on crime invesgaons was indicated by all Western Province survey respondents as acvely occurring between stakeholders such as: the Department of Foreign Affairs, PNGICSA, PNG Customs Service, RPNGC, PNG Defence Force, Naonal Intelligence Organizaon and Border Administraon Office. These joint‐collaboraon mechanisms can be ulized in establishing human trafficking and people smuggling SOPs to coordinate prosecuon and protecon efforts. At the internaonal level Western Province survey respondents indicated that there was a high level of cooperaon with judicial or invesgave authories of other countries.

5.8 CHALLENGES & TRAINING NEEDS Western Province survey respondents indicated that transnaonal and domesc trafficking is occurring in PNG and indicated knowledge of the geographic pathways of trafficking occurring in PNG. Consistent with Western Province survey respondents who indicated the most crical challenges to combang trafficking and people smuggling is a lack of understanding on people smuggling, human trafficking, vicms rights and lack of adequate training, Western Province survey results also reflected the need for Western Province stakeholders to receive basic training on human trafficking and people smuggling. Results showed the need to strengthen procedures to improve detecon and prosecuon of these criminal offences and improve assistance mechanisms to vicms of trafficking. Weak coordinaon between law enforcement and NGOs were also highlighted by Western Province respondents as mechanisms which needed strengthening to provide assistance to idenfied vicms of trafficking or smuggled persons through the establishment of SOPs amongst all stakeholders.

Training on idenficaon of cases of domesc trafficking was also highlighted as needed due to Western Province survey respondents and stakeholders indicang certain Western Province cultural pracces as containing elements suscepble to trafficking. Thus Western Province stakeholders also need to be trained to be able to idenfy cases of domesc trafficking occurring in Western Province.

Western Province survey respondents also showed awareness of the need to strengthen legislaon to criminalize people smuggling and human traﬃcking by indicang that the lack of formal rules and regulaons and their eﬀecve implementaon is currently a major barrier to combang these crimes in PNG.

5.1 IOM‐DJAG oﬃcers meeng with Western Province oﬃcials 5.2 Training parcipants in Western Province

70 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The findings of this research provide a preliminary scope of indicators of trafficking in persons and people smuggling in the four project provinces and highlights the training needs of stakeholders who are impacted by trafficking in persons and people smuggling in PNG. Survey results and field consultaons show that stakeholders in the four project provinces encounter cases of trafficking in persons and are aware of demographics vulnerable to become vicms of trafficking in PNG. Specific legislaon on trafficking in persons and people smuggling in PNG would strengthen stakeholders’ ability to arrest and prosecute perpetrators of these crimes and also provide assistance to vicms. Without legislaon on trafficking in persons in PNG, stakeholders use the exisng PNG criminal and immigraon laws to best respond to cases of trafficking in persons and people smuggling which does not provide for the idenficaon of vicms of trafficking or smuggled persons.

Concern for transnaonal trafficking was indicated by survey respondents in all four project provinces which indicated illegal entry and stay in PNG as one of the most frequent offences commied in the four project provinces. Survey results also highlighted that irregular movement into and out of PNG, which could be used for the purpose of transnaonal trafficking and people smuggling, posed great challenges to law enforcement stakeholders in apprehending cases of trafficking in persons and people smuggling. Survey respondents highlighted an awareness of organized crime networks that facilitate irregular entry of persons into PNG across PNG’s internaonal land and sea borders with Indonesia, Australia and the Solomon Islands. This highlights the need to strengthen the allocaon of resources to support border patrolling procedures along PNG’s internaonal borders. Furthermore, legislaon on trafficking in persons and people smuggling would enable authories to apprehend perpetrators of trafficking in persons and people smuggling entering and operang in PNG.

Furthermore, irregular and regular migrants were indicated by survey respondents as moderately vulnerable to trafficking and this indicate the need to strengthen procedures to idenfy vicms of transnaonal trafficking amongst persons who illegally enter PNG as irregular migrants. Procedural profiling of persons who enter PNG through non‐official entry points or with improper immigraon documents would strengthen law enforcement authories’ capacity to target perpetrators that facilitate trafficking in persons and people smuggling into PNG. It would also enable authories to provide assistance to vicms of transnaonal trafficking rather than prosecung and deporng them for illegal entry into the country as they are currently processed.

Current limitaons in authories’ ability to respond to cases of trafficking put vicms of trafficking at risk to further abuse within the jusce system and limit adequate prosecuon of perpetrators of trafficking in persons and people smuggling. With young women being idenfied by survey respondents as the populaon at highest risk to become vicms of trafficking, survey results highlighted current gaps in the invesgaon of prostuon cases which could include vicms of sex trafficking. Persons engaging in prostuon are currently not interviewed to idenfy if they are vicms of trafficking and are instead procedurally arrested in line with PNG’s exisng laws. Very few arrested persons receive social or medical assistance, and thus vicms of trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitaon who are arrested for engaging in prostuon would be at high risk to addional psychological and physical trauma in lieu of legislaon on trafficking in PNG. Specific legislaon on trafficking would greatly strengthen authories ability to protect vicms of trafficking in PNG.

To enable accurate invesgaons, it is evident from survey results that officers of all law enforcement agencies which would be impacted by trafficking in persons and people smuggling need to receive training on idenficaon of cases and responses, including increasing the use of profiling and interviewing techniques to disnguish vicms of trafficking from perpetrators.

Widespread awareness raising acvies on trafficking in persons at the community level was also highlighted as needed by survey results through indicators of domesc trafficking occurring within PNG. Survey results indicated that domesc trafficking is occurring in all project provinces with movement originang from villages to urban areas, as well as between villages. Thus rural populaons which could be targeted by traffickers would benefit from prevenon educaon on indicators of trafficking and the long‐term damages and consequences caused by trafficking. This would strengthen the ability of vulnerable persons’ to prevent potenal vicms from being targeted by traffickers.

The procedures and exisng laws currently ulized to respond to cases of trafficking in persons and people smuggling in PNG are not able to address the many complex manifestaons that these crimes can take. This enables these pracces to be able to proliferate in PNG as shown by survey respondents in the four project provinces, and could also be impacng other parts of PNG. Legislaon on trafficking in persons and people smuggling is key to combang these crimes in PNG. Furthermore, capacity building and increased support to law enforcement officers to combat cases of human trafficking and people smuggling is urgently needed to prevent these lucrave crime syndicates from further operang in PNG. Increased apprehension of cases of trafficking and people smuggling in PNG will also further increase data recording of these crimes which will build a beer understanding of the scale of the problem of people smuggling and human trafficking occurring in PNG and also contribute toward strengthening policies and mechanisms to effecvely address these issues accordingly in PNG.

Based on the results of the baseline survey and training needs assessment in the four target provinces, and in line with the scope of the project, the following recommendaons are to be implemented with the support of the government and civil society partners to address human trafficking and people smuggling in PNG: Criminalize trafficking in persons and people smuggling in PNG through legislaon; Develop and implement a Naonal Acon Plan to combat trafficking in persons and people smuggling in PNG; Implement a naonwide awareness‐raising campaign on human trafficking across PNG with targeted aenon to idenfied vulnerable demographics; Train law enforcement agencies and judiciary on idenficaon and response to cases of people smuggling and trafficking in persons using PNG’s exisng laws; Train non‐governmental organizaons and faith‐based organizaons on providing assistance to smuggled persons and vicms of trafficking; Develop and implement Standard Operang Procedures among all stakeholder agencies to respond to cases of people smuggling and trafficking in persons.

72 LIST OF CHARTS

CHARTS FOR CHAPTER 1. KEY FINDINGS Charts Title Page # Chart 1.1 Frequent offences dealt with in PNG by survey respondents 16 Chart 1.2 Types of trafficking in PNG according to survey respondents 16 Chart 1.3 Means of recruitment used for trafficking in PNG according to survey 18 respondents Chart 1.4 Demographics vulnerable to become vicm of trafficking in PNG according to 19 survey respondents Chart 1.5 Businesses that expose persons to risks of trafficking according to survey 20 respondents Chart 1.6 Geographic Trends of Human Trafficking in PNG according to survey 21 respondents Chart 1.7 Offences frequently commied by persons from other countries in PNG 22 according to survey respondents Chart 1.8 Geographic trends of transnaonal human trafficking in PNG according to 23 survey respondents Chart 1.9 Geographic trends of domesc human trafficking in PNG according to survey 24 respondents Chart 1.10 Do illegal migrants enter PNG assisted by an organizer? According to survey 25 respondents Chart 1.11 Methods of idenfying people smugglers in PNG according to survey 25 respondents Chart 1.12 Methods used to enter PNG illegally according to survey respondents 26 Chart 1.13 Procedure for persons found without proper immigraon papers in PNG 27 according to survey respondents Chart 1.14 Procedure for persons found engaging in prostuon in PNG according to 27 survey respondents Chart 1.15 Are local or internaonal NGOs collaborated with to provide assistance to 28 vicms of crime? (survey responses) CHARTS FOR CHAPTER 2. NATIONAL CAPITAL DISTRICT Charts Title Page # Chart 2.1 Frequent offences dealt with by NCD survey respondents 30 Chart 2.2 Types of human trafficking according to NCD survey respondents 30 Chart 2.3 Means of recruitment used for trafficking according to NCD survey respondents 31 Chart 2.4 Demographics vulnerable to become vicms of trafficking according to NCD 31 survey respondents Chart 2.5 Businesses that expose persons to risks of trafficking according to NCD survey 32 respondents Chart 2.6 Geographic trends of human trafficking in PNG according to NCD survey 32 respondents Chart 2.7 Frequent offences commied by persons from other countries according to 33 NCD survey respondents Chart 2.8 Geographic trends of domesc human trafficking according to NCD survey 33 73

respondents Chart 2.9 Do illegal migrants enter PNG assisted by an organizer? (NCD survey responses) 34 Chart 2.10 Methods of idenfying people smugglers according to NCD survey respondents 34 Chart 2.11 Methods used to enter PNG illegally according to NCD survey respondents 35 Chart 2.12 Procedure for persons found without proper immigraon papers according to 36 NCD survey respondents Chart 2.13 Procedure for persons found engaging in prostuon according to NCD survey 36 respondents Chart 2.14 Are local or internaonal NGOs collaborated with to provide assistance to 37 vicms of crime? (NCD survey responses) CHARTS FOR CHAPTER 3. AUTONOMOUS REGION OF BOUGAINVILLE Charts Title Page # Chart 3.1 Frequent offences dealt with by ARB survey respondents 39 Chart 3.2 Types of human trafficking according to ARB survey respondents 39 Chart 3.3 Means of recruitment used for trafficking according to ARB survey respondents 40 Chart 3.4 Demographics vulnerable to become vicms of trafficking according to ARB 40 survey respondents Chart 3.5 Businesses that expose persons to risks of trafficking according to ARB survey 41 respondents Chart 3.6 Geographic trends of human trafficking in PNG according to ARB survey 42 respondents Chart 3.7 Frequent offences commied by persons from other countries according to 42 ARB survey respondents Chart 3.8 Geographic trends of domesc human trafficking according to ARB survey 43 respondents Chart 3.9 Do illegal migrants enter PNG assisted by an organizer? (ARB survey responses) 43 Chart 3.10 Methods of idenfying people smugglers according to ARB survey respondents 44 Chart 3.11 Methods used to enter PNG illegally according to ARB survey respondents 45 Chart 3.12 Procedures for persons found without proper immigraon papers according to 45 ARB survey respondents Chart 3.13 Procedures for persons found engaging in prostuon according to ARB survey 46 respondents Chart 3.14 Are local or internaonal NGOs collaborated with to provide assistance to 46 vicms of crime? (ARB survey responses) CHARTS FOR CHAPTER 4. WEST SEPIK PROVINCE Charts Title Page # Chart 4.1 Frequent offences dealt with by WSP survey respondents 48 Chart 4.2 Types of human trafficking according to WSP survey respondents 48 Chart 4.3 Means of recruitment used for trafficking according to WSP survey respondents 50 Chart 4.4 Demographics vulnerable to become vicms of trafficking according to WSP 50 survey respondents Chart 4.5 Businesses that expose persons to risks of trafficking according to WSP survey 51 respondents Chart 4.6 Geographic trends of human trafficking in PNG according to WSP survey 52 74

respondents Chart 4.7 Frequent offences commied by persons from other countries according to 52 WSP survey respondents Chart 4.8 Geographic trends of transnaonal human trafficking according to WSP survey 53 respondents Chart 4.9 Geographic trends of domesc human trafficking according to WSP survey 53 respondents Chart 4.10 Do illegal migrants enter PNG assisted by an organizer? (WSP survey responses) 54 Chart 4.11 Methods of idenfying people smugglers according to WSP survey respondents 54 Chart 4.12 Methods used to enter PNG illegally according to WSP survey responses 55 Chart 4.13 Procedures for persons found without proper immigraon papers according to 56 WSP survey respondents Chart 4.14 Procedures for persons found engaging in prostuon according to WSP survey 56 respondents Chart 4.15 Are local or internaonal NGOs collaborated with to provide assistance to 57 vicms of crime? (WSP survey responses) CHARTS FOR CHAPTER 5. WESTERN PROVINCE Charts Title Page # Chart 5.1 Frequent offences dealt with by Western Province survey respondents 59 Chart 5.2 Types of human trafficking according to Western Province survey respondents 59 Chart 5.3 Means of recruitment used for trafficking according to Western Province survey 60 respondents Chart 5.4 Demographics vulnerable to become vicms of trafficking according to Western 61 Province survey respondents Chart 5.5 Businesses that expose persons to risks of trafficking according to Western 62 Province survey respondents Chart 5.6 Geographic trends of human trafficking according to Western Province survey 63 respondents Chart 5.7 Frequent offences commied by persons from other countries according to 63 Western Province survey respondents Chart 5.8 Geographic trends of transnaonal human trafficking according to Western 64 Province survey respondents Chart 5.9 Geographic trends of domesc human trafficking according to Western 65 Province survey respondents Chart 5.10 Do illegal migrants enter PNG assisted by an organizer? (Western Province 66 survey responses) Chart 5.11 Methods of idenfying people smugglers according to Western Province survey 66 respondents Chart 5.12 Methods used to enter PNG illegally according to Western Province survey 67 respondents Chart 5.13 Procedures for persons found without proper immigraon papers according to 67 Western Province survey respondents Chart 5.14 Procedures for persons found engaging in prostuon according to Western 68 Province survey respondents Chart 5.15 Are local or internaonal NGOs collaborated with to provide assistance to 68 vicms of crime? (Western Province survey responses) 75

REFERENCES

“Border watch an urgency.” (27 October 2010). Post‐Courier, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea.

Internaonal Labour Organisaon (ILO), Internaonal Programme on the Eliminaon of Child Labour (IPEC). 19 April 2012. Child labour in Papua New Guinea ‐ Report on the rapid assessment in Port Moresby on commercial sexual exploitaon of children and children working on the streets, ILO: Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea.

Internaonal Organizaon for Migraon (IOM), Glossary on Migraon 2nd Edion. 2011. Richard Perruchoud and Jillyanne Redpath‐Cross, eds. 17 route des Morillons, 1211 Geneva 19, Switzerland.

Juﬀa, Gary. “Human smuggling and traﬃcking Commentary.” (6 March 2011) Sunday Chronicle, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea.

Kelly, A., Kupul, M., et al. (2011) Askim na save (Ask and understand): People who sell and/or exchange sex in Port Moresby. Key Quantave Findings. Papua New Guinea Instute of Medical Research and the University of New South Wales: Sydney, Australia.

Pacific Immigraon Director’s Conference. (2009) People Smuggling, human trafficking and illegal migraon in the Pacific: A Regional Perspecve. Pacific Immigraon Directors’ Conference: Suva, Fiji Islands.

United States Trafficking in Persons Report. (June 2010) United States Department of State: Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons: Washington, D.C., U.S.A.

UNWOMEN. (Pending publicaon). Scoping study: Port Moresby: A Safer City for Women and Girls.

Workshop on the People Smuggling and Traﬃcking in Persons Bill Proceedings. (2010). Department of Jusce & Aorney‐General, PNG Immigraon & Cizenship Service and the Internaonal Organizaon for Migraon: Hideaway Hotel. Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea.

APPENDICES Appendix A. DJAG-IOM Baseline Data and Training Needs Assessment Survey

Objecve: To gather baseline data on the extent and nature of people smuggling and human traﬃcking in Papua New Guinea as well as on resources and training available to relevant Agencies to detect and refer people smuggling and human traﬃcking cases.

Agency: ……………………………………………. Branch/Department/Unit ......

Date: ………………………………………………… Locaon: ......

Note: If a combination of answers is required, mark all boxes that are relevant Personal

(1) Please select the oﬃcer level you fall into within your oﬃce. □ Junior Level □ Middle‐Level □ Management/Leadership Level

(2) On a daily basis you work: □ in your oﬃce □ in other parts of the province □ in the community □ Other (please specify) □ at the provincial border

(3) What type of oﬀences do you come across or deal with mostly?

□ Illegal Entry/Stay into PNG □ Child abuse □ Robbery □ Burglary □ Prostuon □ Pornography □ Drug/Alcohol related crimes □ Domesc Violence □ Property Crimes □ Fraud Homicide □ Labour/slavery □ Sexual Assault/rape □ Assault □ Grievous Bodily Harm □ Human traﬃcking □ People smuggling □ Other (please specify)

(4) What is your department/branch/unit’s average monthly caseload? less than 20 per month 20‐50 per month 50‐100 per month

more than 100 per month Other (please specify)

(5) In general, what type of clients do you serve? (a) local people from the province you work in always somemes never

(b) people from other provinces always somemes never

(6) If people from other countries, what type of oﬀences? □ Illegal entry/stay in PNG □ Child abuse □ Robbery □ Burglary □ Prostuon □ Pornography □ Drug/Alcohol related crimes □ Domesc Violence □ Property Crimes □ Fraud Homicide □ Labour/slavery □ Sexual Assault/rape □ Assault □ Grievous Bodily Harm □ Human traﬃcking □ People smuggling □ Other (please specify)

Human Trafficking

(7) How would you rate your understanding of human traﬃcking? very familiar some idea not at all

(8) What do you think human traﬃcking is?

(9) How would you rank the geographic scope of human traﬃcking in PNG as detailed below?

(a) □ I don’t know

(b) Internally not at all from one village to another within a province from one village to town/city within a province from one village to another of a diﬀerent province from one village to town/city of a diﬀerent province

□ other (please specify)

(c) trans‐naonally not at all from another country to PNG through the Indonesian border from another country to PNG through the Solomon Islands border from another country to PNG through the Australian border from one village to town/city of a diﬀerent province

□ other (i.e. from PNG to another country, etc. ‐ please specify)

If traﬃcking occurs trans‐naonally, please indicate the most frequent countries of origin/desnaon to the best of your knowledge

(10) Does your oﬃce ever deal with cases of human traﬃcking? □ Yes □ No

If you answered yes to the previous queson, how many of these cases does your oﬃce deal with? ______/week ______/month ______/year

(11) How would you rank the types of human traﬃcking below according to which occurs the most based on your experience or knowledge?

(d) sex traﬃcking not at all somemes always

(e) labor traﬃcking not at all somemes always

(f) child traﬃcking not at all somemes always

(g) domesc servitude traﬃcking not at all somemes always

□ other (please specify)

(12) What methods/means of traﬃcking are used by perpetrators based on your experience or knowledge?

□ abuse of cultural pracces □ exchange of money □ debt bondage

□ decepon □ intoxicaon by liquor or drugs □ abuse of posion of trust/authority

□ threat □ abducon □ abuse of posion of vulnerability

□ force □ I don’t know □ Other (please specify)

(13) Which group of persons are most vulnerable to become vicms of traﬃcking based on your experience or knowledge?

□ Adult □ Young Women □ Female □ Regular □ Irregular Women Children Female Female 79

Migrants Migrants □ Adult Men □ Young Men □ Male Children □ Regular Male □ Irregular Migrants Male Migrants

(14) Based on your experience or knowledge, which sector most exposes the group of persons you cked above to risks of being traﬃcked?

formal sector informal sector

(15) Within the sector you cked above, which business most exposes their workers/clients to risks of being traﬃcked?

□ Market places □ Gaming clubs □ Plantaons □ Fishery

□ PMV/Taxi stands □ Ports/Jees □ Extracve Industry □ Garment Factories

□ Bars □ Airport □ Logging □ Street Selling

□ Restaurants □ School/University □ Other (please specify)

People Smuggling

(16) How would you rate your understanding of people smuggling? very familiar some idea not at all

(17) What do you think people smuggling is?

(18) As people smuggling occurs only trans‐naonally, please indicate the most frequent countries of origin to the best of your knowledge

(19) Does your oﬃce ever deal with cases of people smuggling? □ Yes □ No □ I don’t know

If you answered yes to the previous queson, please indicate the amount of cases your oﬃce deals with: ______/week ______/month ______/year

(20) How are people smugglers idenﬁed by your oﬃce? □ Referred by other Agency (please specify what type/name ) □ Referred by NGO (please specify what type/name ) 80

□ Arrested for a different offence (please specify offence ) □ Joint invesgaons (please specify Agencies involved ) □ Received Tip‐offs □ Community surveillance □ Other (please specify)

(21) How are smuggled people idenfied by your office? □ Referred by other Agency (please specify what type/name ) □ Referred by NGO (please specify what type/name ) □ Arrested for a different offence (please specify offence ) □ Joint invesgaons (please specify Agencies involved ) □ Received Tip‐offs □ Community surveillance □ Other (please specify)

(22) Through your knowledge from work, how do people enter Papua New Guinea illegally? (please ck all that apply) □ Use fraudulent travel documents □ Use fraudulent entry permits (visas) □ Bribe border officials □ Enter through non‐official entry points by sea □ Enter through non‐official entry points by land □ Other (please specify)

(23) Do illegal migrants enter Papua New Guinea with the assistance of an organizer/facilitator? □ Yes □ No □ I don’t know

If yes, does the organizer/facilitator limit his/her services to the receipt of persons or also provides for onward travel within and/or across PNG? (please specify)

(24) Please describe your understanding of the diﬀerence between human traﬃcking and people smuggling?

Referral Procedure (25) What is the procedure for an individual who is found in the country without proper immigraon papers? □ Detainment □ Arrest □ Interview and Removal

□ Monetary Fine □ Deal on a case‐by‐ □ Immediate Removal case basis 81

□ Other (please specify) □ Refer to other Agency (please specify)

(26) What is the procedure for an individual(s) discovered to be engaging in prostuon? □ Detainment □ Arrest □ Removal if non‐cizen

□ Monetary Fine □ Interview □ Deal on a case‐by‐case basis

□ Other (please specify) Refer to social/medical services, NGOs, etc. (please specify)

(27) Does your oﬃce work with any other government departments or agencies in conducng invesgaons or processing persons alleged to have commied a crime? □ Yes □ No □ I don’t know

If yes, which government department(s)/agency does your office work with? □ Department of Foreign Affairs □ PNG Immigraon & Cizenship Service □ PNG Customs Service □ PNG Defence Force □ PNG Royal Constabulary □ Naonal Intelligence Office □ Other governmental departments or agencies (please specify)

(28) Does your oﬃce work with any local/internaonal NGOs to provide assistance to vicms of crime? □ Yes □ No □ I don’t know

If yes, what type of NGOs does your oﬃce work with? □ Domesc violence organizaons □ Women’s shelter organizaons □ Gender violence organizaon □ Rehabilitaon organizaons □ Faith‐based/Chrisan organizaons □ Other (Please specify)

(28) Is there a referral system in place for vicms of crime to access assistance by service providers? □ Yes □ No □ I don’t know If yes, do all vicms of crime or only limited type of vicms access such assistance?

(29) Does your Agency cooperate with judicial or invesgave authories of other countries? □ Yes □ No 82

□ I don’t know If yes, please specify which countries:

Victims Identification (30) In your opinion, what is the most crical challenge to your department/office to detect and deal with people smuggling and/or human trafficking? □ Coordinang with other relevant governmental departments □ Coordinang with NGOs to provide support services to vicms □ Lack of adequate human resources □ Lack of adequate funding □ Lack of adequate training □ Lack of formal rules/regulaons or their effecve implementaon □ Lack of knowledge about vicms’ rights □ Lack of understanding on people smuggling and human trafficking □ Language barriers □ Safety concerns □ Feelings of isolaon and no support □ Other (please

(31) Please indicate how you would idenfy a person/client as a vicm of human trafficking? □ Vicm’s self‐idenficaon □ Other’s tesmony/statement □ I do not have the training to idenfy vicms of trafficking □ Other (please

(32) Please indicate how you would idenfy a person/client as the object of people smuggling? □ Vicm’s self‐idenﬁcaon □ Other’s tesmony/statement □ I do not have the training to idenfy vicms of traﬃcking □ Other (please

(33) Have you ever received any formal training? □ Yes □ No If yes, please specify what type of training and what year:

(34) Have you received formal training on how to idenfy and deal with human traﬃcking or people smuggling cases? □ Yes □ No If yes, please specify what type of training and what year:

If no, would you welcome receiving specialized training? □ Yes □ No

IOM Internaonal Organizaon for Migraon Mission in Papua New Guinea Level 3, Paciﬁc MMI Building Champion Parade P.O. Box 1876 Port Moresby Tel : +675 3213655 [email protected] www.iom.int

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