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Power and Electoral Accountability in Thailand's Deep South

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Power and Electoral Accountability in Thailand's Deep South Voices and Votes Amid Violence: Power and Electoral Accountability in Thailand’s Deep South Daungyewa Utarasint A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of The Australian National University October 2018 © Daungyewa Utarasint 2018 All Rights Reserved Statement of Originality I declare that this thesis is my own work, except where otherwise acknowledged. Daungyewa Utarasint 17 October 2018 ii Acknowledgements Besides gaining some wrinkles, weight, and white hair, I have gained stamina, perseverance, and strength. It is because all of the kind words and moral support from friends and mentors who never give up on me professionally and personally. I owe a debt of gratitude to my supervisors, Greg Fealy and Tyrell Haberkorn. Not everyone is fortunate enough to have an understanding supervisor during their PhD. I was very lucky to have Greg and Tyrell as mine. To stay as strong as a trooper, you need a good morale to drive you forward. You need someone to believe in you. I could sense that from both of them. When I had rough times, Greg untiringly cheered me up with a heartfelt talk. He would always listen to my miserable stories. He never judged, and he would help in any way he could. His compassionate personality and his supportive role as a supervisor led me where I am now. As for Tyrell, I don’t think I could have come this far without her. Her thorough and valuable comments that she had given me for the past years have sharpened my thoughts and improved my writing skills. The debt that I owe her is immense. She is thoughtful, warm-hearted, and reassuring. She quietly comforted me either by giving me small pocket books or putting her delicious homemade cookies in my pigeon hole. I feel like she is the real Santa Claus. Actually, even better than Santa Claus, because she gives all year round. Throughout my thesis writing phase, I felt like I was walking through the longest and darkest tunnel. Maybe a maze, I don’t know. It felt like eternity. There were very sad days and very happy days. Nine people that I know passed away. I wish I could thank them in person, but it is too late. Each and every one of them took some part in shaping who I am today. They will forever be missed. Dr. M. Ladd Thomas, Danny Unger, and Robert Albritton were very kind to me when I was in Dekalb, Illinois. They were father figures to me. Desmond Ball gave me so much guidance during the early stages at ANU. In Pattani, my thesis could not have bear fruit without guidance from Ahmad Somboon Bualuang, Burahanuddin Useng, Waehama Waekuejik, and Metta Kuning. Lastly, the most important person in my life, the most beloved man in my whole wide world, my father, Narin Utarasint. When my father passed away, I knew that I could not mourn for long. The bright light at the other end of the tunnel kept me going even if I wonder if the light was a hallucination. No matter how much I started to lose faith and my mind, my mom still supported me. Her encouraging remarks always cheered me up. I could not help myself from laughing when I iii heard her medical metaphor, “You’re the winner since you were born! Of all the eggs in my ovary, the sperm picked you.” Her metaphor is odd, but it works. She’s a nurse. And that is her true wisdom. Basically, my family has played a huge role in my life. They never let me down in my hard times; Yayee, my sister; Best, my brother; my uncles Areepen, Nikom, and Amnaj; my aunties Nong, and Pattama. I am also very lucky to continue to have cherished childhood friends from high schools; my longtime Thammasat university friends; my ANU friends; my friend and colleagues at Prince of Songkhla University, all of them, always lent an ear when I needed them. After my father passed away, I hit rock bottom emotionally and financially. I was homeless for two weeks. Greg Fealy contacted Tony Karrys at ANU Accommodation Services and explained my rough conditions. Tony kindly permitted me to stay at the University House. Dominic Berger brought me home-cooked meals. He would leave me chocolate bars in front of my office. Colum Graham would always look after me. When I was in deep trouble, he was always the shoulder to cry on. Dolruedee Kramnaimuang and her husband offered their home during my last week in Canberra. Sirikarn (Beau) comforted me when I was distress. Rutai Puttong and Erik helped me when I dislocated my elbow and twisted my ankle on my last day in Sydney. Their hospitality and care will forever be remembered. I also want to thank a good Samaritan who contributed some money but prefers to remain anonymous. I still do not know who the person is. If you happen to read my acknowledgment, I want to say thank you. Whoever you are, you have no idea how much you have changed my perspective on how to live life. You make me become more empathetic to people around me, including strangers who walk pass by in the street. I also want to thank Julie Fitzgibbon, Allison Ley, Hisako Yamauchi, Helen McMartin, Maxine McArthur, Thuy Pham, Tamara Jacka, Gina Denman and Kaori Oikawa-Ruthven for their help during my time at ANU. Piya Kitavorn, Srisompob Jitpiromsri, Kusuma Kooyai, Chavalit Permpong, Andrea Molnar, Napisa Waitoolkiat, Soimat Rungmanee, Srie Ramli, Dini Rahim, Budi Hernawan, Prajak Kongkirati, Pongphisoot Busbarat, Linus Huang, Paul Chambers, Rungrawee Chalermsripinyorat, Vajraphon Srivaratanaboon, Venus Asawapoom, Ete Olson, Grant Olson, Saowapha Viravong, Nithiwadee Chitravas, and Naruemon Kiamanee. There are also pooyai and ajarn who have given me positive influence and academic guidance during my journey: Allen Hicken, Andrew Walker, Aurel Croissant, Chaiyan Rajchagool, Craig Reynolds, Duncan McCargo, Edward Aspinall, John Blaxland, James Ockey, John Hartmann, John Funston, iv Harold Crouch, Nick Cheesman, Pandit Chanrojanakij, Paul Hutchcroft, Kullada Kessboonchoo-Mead, Peter Jackson, Rachel Harrison, Thanet Apornsuvan, Thongchai Winichakul, Thanet Wongyanawa, Thanom Chapakdee, Suchart Settamalinee, Wattana Sugunnasil, most importantly, Chaiwat Satha-anand. He was the very first person who encouraged me to seek for a higher degree and take part as an academic. I hope I don’t disappoint him. Aina Ardae, Kaman, Wanfairose, Lukman, Bai, were my research assistants during my fieldwork. We had fun and adventurous times driving from village to village in the lower south. I have also gained new friendships along the way, Kakak Yaena, Prasit Meksuwan, Bae Ahbus, Bae Ma, Bae Yeeloh, Sakariya Amataya, and Bae Ha accompanied me to remote red-zone villages. I could not have gained such insightful information, or collected my questionnaire without the help from Den Tohmeena, Jaturon Iamsopa, Manit Utarasint, Wairoj Pipitpakdee, Wan Kadir Cheman, Khun Worapoj, Bae Hafis, Iskandar Thamrongsup, Don Pathan, Jirat Siriwanlob, Suchada Pannara, Prayuth Kaewmuneechoke, Pakorn Preechawuthidech, Najmuddeen Uma, Anwar Salae, Lamai Manakan, Soraya Jamjuree, Yoosin Jintapakorn. There are other informants who preferred to remain anonymous. To all of them, there are no words that can express how thankful I feel for their invaluable help. Last but not least, I want to acknowledge my dearest Gabriel Oak Rabin. This thesis could not have been completed without his infinite care. His love and support were the forces that pushed me through many of my toughest obstacles. I always feared failing (from work) and falling (from heights), and was often too scared to try anything new. Gabe encouraged me to try harder. Because of his reassurance, I am now more confident. As James Hetfield of Metallica wrote: “Trust I seek and I find in you. Every day for us something new. Open mind for a different view. And nothing else matters.” I love you Gabe. Thank you for entering my life. Each and everyone’s experience with their thesis writing journey is remarkably unique. What distinguishes my thesis from others is not only because the time, energy, and thoughts I have spent on writing on this particular topic, but it is also because of all the names I have mentioned in this acknowledgement. Because of the help from every single one of them, this thesis finally has come to its completion. v Abstract Given the complex political context of Thailand’s Deep South, this thesis asks how and why the people in Yala, Pattani, and Narathiwat voted as they did. From my interviews with villagers in the Deep South and observations of the region’s political culture, I argue that the majority of voters make rational calculations to gain the most from their electoral choices. Villagers base their voting decisions on such considerations as their organizational affiliations, which political candidate provides money for votes, their ability to respond to intimidation from vote-canvassers, political party platforms and candidates’ competence and charisma. All these factors contribute significantly to villagers’ choices when voting. This thesis distinguishes between two different types of violence: single catastrophic violence or what I shall call ‘massive violence’, and daily violent incidents or ‘chronic daily violence’. ‘Massive violence’ refers to major clashes between the state authorities and civilians. It impacts heavily upon civilians, both psychologically and physically. By contrast, ‘chronic daily violence’ happens on a regular but smaller scale, and creates less trauma. The number of casualties in chronic daily violence is less than that with massive violence and is less likely to be widely reported. This thesis has two central findings in explaining voting behaviour in the Deep South’s violent context. First, an occurrence of massive violence has a deeply disruptive effect on politics.
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