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Parliamentary Election in Thailand, 23 December 2007 Electoral Studies

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Parliamentary Election in Thailand, 23 December 2007 Electoral Studies ARTICLE IN PRESS Electoral Studies xxx (2008) 1–4 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Electoral Studies journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/electstud Notes on recent elections Parliamentary election in Thailand, 23 December 2007 Christian Schafferer* Department of International Trade, The Overseas Chinese Institute of Technology, 100 Chiao Kwang Road, 407 Taichung, Taiwan article info Article history: Received 22 March 2008 Accepted 19 July 2008 Available online xxxx 1. Background border provinces of Pattani, Yali and Narathiwat (Amnesty International, 2003). Moreover, Freedom House (2005) has The Thai Rak Thai (TRT) party, led by Thaksin Shinawatra, expressed concern about the deterioration of press won landslide victories in the 2001, 2005 and the annulled freedom under the Thaksin government. Allegations of 2006 parliamentary elections. The party’s success at the corruption, cronyism and censorship sparked off large- polls has been largely attributed to Prime Minister Thaksin’s scale anti-Thaksin protests in November 2005. Then, in populist policies, such as debt moratoriums for farmers, January 2006, Thaksin’s family sold its 49.6% stake in the special development funds for all villages, and universal Shin Corporation, a leading Thai telecommunications health care. Unsurprisingly, the party won overwhelming company, to Temasek Holdings, an investment company support in the north-eastern provinces, the poorest and owned by the Singaporean government. The fact that the most populous part of the country. According to World Bank family avoided tax on the capital gains from the sale served reports, annual growth in real GDP was around 5% during to intensify public dissatisfaction, and Prime Minister the Thaksin governments. Moreover, poverty declined, with Thaksin responded by calling for a snap election. It was the proportion of people living below the poverty line boycotted by opposition parties and later annulled by the having fallen from 21% in 2000 to under 10% in 2006 (World constitutional court. The dispute between Thaksin and his Bank, 2007, p. 12). The poverty situation improved the most opponents intensified and the military intervened in in the north-eastern provinces, where half of the country’s September by staging a coup d’e´tat. A military-appointed poor live (World Bank, 2005, p. 12). tribunal outlawed the TRT and banned its leadership from This economic success has been accompanied by serious contesting elections for five years. In August, a referendum concerns about corruption and human rights abuses. on a new constitution was held. The new constitution was Studies carried out by Kaufmann et al. (2007) and Trans- accepted by a majority of the electorate and replaced the parency International (2001, 2006) suggest that corruption interim constitution of the junta. In October, the King actually declined between 2001 and 2005. However, in announced the holding of parliamentary elections on 23 2003, Amnesty International expressed concern about December 2007 under the new constitution. gross human rights violations and extrajudicial executions in the context of the Thai government’s anti-drug war. 2. Electoral system More than 2000 drug suspects were killed during the 3-month campaign. Serious human rights violations were Thailand’s National Assembly consists of the Senate also reported in the Muslim communities of the southern (Wuthi Sapha) and the House of Representatives (Sapha Poothaen Rassadorn). These are elected for a 6-year and a 4-year term, respectively. * Tel: þ886 920 374 239. The 1997 constitution replaced the Block Vote (BV) E-mail address: [email protected] electoral system that had been used for lower house 0261-3794/$ – see front matter Ó 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2008.07.004 Please cite this article in press as: Schafferer, C., Parliamentary election in Thailand, 23 December 2007, Electoral Studies (2008), doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2008.07.004 ARTICLE IN PRESS 2 C. Schafferer / Electoral Studies xxx (2008) 1–4 elections. That system allowed voters to cast as many election. It put up candidates in all but one (central region) ballots as there were seats in a district. Voters were not constituency, and stated its aim of winning 180 seats and permitted to cast all their votes for a single candidate, but forming a coalition government with the help of minor could split their votes between candidates nominated by parties. The five most significant of these minor parties different parties. This system caused a proliferation of were the Chartthai Party (CTP), Pue Pandin Party (PP), political parties and candidate-oriented campaigning, Ruam Jai Thai Chart Pattana Party (RC), the Match- which in turn led to unstable coalitions and to vote buying. imathipataya Party (MCM) and the Pracharaj Party (PRP). The new electoral system was expected to clean up the All of these parties put up substantially fewer candidates, political culture around elections, and to create stable and indeed apart from the CTP none of these parties even majorities in parliament. Under the 1997 constitution, 400 existed at the beginning of 2006. members were elected in single-seat constituencies and According to electoral law, official campaigning begin on a further 100 in a nationwide PR constituency with a 5% the ninetieth day before the expiry of the 4-year term. In threshold. Voters had two ballots, one for the constituency case of an early dissolution of parliament, it begins with the seats and one for the PR list seats. The reform achieved its public announcement of new elections and ends on the eve objectives. The effective number of parties in the legislature thereof. For this election, the campaign period began on 25 fell from an average of 6.2 before the reforms to 3.1 in 2001. October and ended on 22 December. There are official Moreover, for the first time since 1957 a single party nearly ceilings on campaign expenditures, both for constituency captured a majority in the legislature. In addition, political candidates (who may not spend more than 1.5 million baht, parties began to put significant effort into developing around 28,000 Euros) and for political parties nominating coordinated party-centred electoral strategies. Despite all candidates in PR constituencies (who may not spend more this, the drafters of the 2007 constitution preferred to than 15 million baht per constituency). During the reintroduce a modified version of the previous electoral campaign period, candidates and political parties may system, their aim being to make it more difficult for disseminate messages by means of the Internet, by post, Thaksin and his followers to obtain an absolute majority in and using campaign vehicles. In addition, billboards may be the legislature. Voters still cast separate ballots for placed at designated public places, although the size of constituency seats and the list seats, but the electoral such billboards is restricted and the law demands that procedure has been changed considerably. The previous designated space must be equally distributed among all 400 single-seat constituencies were combined into larger candidates. Campaign staff must be registered with the districts of varying magnitudes. There are now four single- election commission, and only they – plus of course seat constituencies, 63 constituencies with two seats, and candidates themselves – are permitted to canvass for votes. 90 with three. The BV system used prior to the 1997 Any form of entertainment as part of an electoral campaign constitutional reform was re-introduced. The number of PR is strictly prohibited. And political parties, candidates and list seats has been reduced to 80 (and so there are now only voters are banned from offering financial assistance or any 480 seats in the House of Representatives), and they are other benefit to any individual, association, foundation, now proportionally allocated to political parties in eight religious group, or institution. regional constituencies of roughly equal population (c. There are also strict rules for campaigning via the 8 million). The 5% threshold has been removed. Each party broadcast media. Candidates, political parties, and has to submit a list with 10 candidates, all of whom can governmental officials are prohibited from taking part in only be listed once and may not also contest constituency any TV or radio program. The purchase of airtime on seats. broadcasting stations for campaign purposes is illegal. Publicly funded commercials on radio and TV are restricted. 3. Campaigning The law requires broadcasters to offer every party three 30- second slots a day to advertise their platforms. Moreover, Thai nationals aged 18 years or older have the right to parties may request designated radio stations to read their vote. Monks, novices, Brahmin priests and clergies are policy statements three times a day for 10 minutes each. banned from the electoral process. The right to candidacy is There are, in contrast, no legal restrictions on newspaper restricted to those Thai nationals who obtained citizenship and Internet advertising (and indeed local media experts by birth, are aged 25 years or older, and have been expected the advertising industry to grow by 3–4% largely a member of only one political party for a consecutive due to the election1). However, the release of opinion poll period of not less than ninety days. A total of 39 parties results is prohibited during the last seven days of the nominated 3894 candidates for the 400 constituency seats. campaign period. The People Power Party (PPP) nominated most candidates. At the time of writing, there were no reliable data The party was founded in 1998 and won three seats in the available on actual campaign expenditures, utilization of annulled 2006 parliamentary election. Former members of media, and campaign practices. There were, however, the disbanded TRT took over the leadership of the party in several reports on the overall conduct of the election. The July 2007 and assigned a new party logo resembling that of Asian Network for Free Elections concluded in its post- the TRT.
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