International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Case: IT-00-39-T Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Date: 27 September 2006 UNITED Committed in the Territory of the NATIONS Former Yugoslavia since 1991 Original: English TRIALU CHAMBER I Before: Judge Alphons Orie, Presiding Judge Joaquín Martín Canivell Judge Claude Hanoteau Registrar: Mr Hans Holthuis Judgement of: 27 September 2006 PROSECUTOR v. MOMČILO KRAJIŠNIK _________________________________________________________________________ JUDGEMENT _________________________________________________________________________ OfficeU of the Prosecutor Mr Mark Harmon Mr Alan Tieger Mr Stephen Margetts Mr Fergal Gaynor Ms Carolyn Edgerton Ms Katrina Gustafson DefenceU Counsel Mr Nicholas Stewart, QC Mr David Josse Prosecutor v. Momčilo Krajišnik Preliminary ContentsU General abbreviations 6 1. Introduction and overview 9 1.1 The Accused 9 1.2 Indictment 10 1.3 Bosnia-Herzegovina: geography, population, history 12 1.4 Structure of judgement 14 2. Political precursors 16 2.1 Political developments, 1990 to early 1991 16 2.1.1 Creation of the SDS 16 2.1.2 Division of power among the coalition parties 17 2.2 Arming and mobilization of population 19 2.3 State of fear 24 2.4 Creation of Serb autonomous regions and districts 26 2.5 Creation of Bosnian-Serb Assembly 31 2.6 SDS Instructions of 19 December 1991 36 2.7 Proclamation of Bosnian-Serb Republic 43 2.8 Establishment of Bosnian-Serb Republic 50 3. Administration of Bosnian-Serb Republic 54 3.1 Bosnian-Serb Assembly 54 3.1.1 Statutory framework 54 3.1.2 Assembly operations 55 3.2 Bosnian-Serb Government and judiciary 57 3.2.1 Statutory framework of the Government 57 3.2.2 Establishment of the Government 57 3.2.3 Government operations 60 3.2.4 Judiciary 61 3.2.5 Exchange Commission 62 3.3 Bosnian-Serb Presidency 62 3.3.1 Statutory framework 62 3.3.2 National Security Council as predecessor to Presidency 63 3.3.3 Presidency operations 65 3.3.4 Expanded Presidency 67 3.3.5 Relationship between Presidency and Government 70 3.4 Armed forces 72 3.4.1 Statutory framework 72 3.4.2 Establishment of VRS 73 3.4.3 Composition and logistics 75 3.4.4 Control over and operations of VRS 78 2 Prosecutor v. Momčilo Krajišnik Preliminary 3.4.5 Paramilitary formations 80 3.4.6 Military justice 84 3.5 Ministry of Internal Affairs (MUP) 85 3.5.1 Statutory framework 85 3.5.2 Establishment of MUP 87 3.5.3 Composition and logistics 89 3.5.4 Control over and operations of MUP forces 90 3.6 Crisis staffs, war presidencies, and war commissions 94 3.6.1 Statutory framework 94 3.6.2 Functions of crisis staffs 95 3.6.3 Control over crisis staffs 98 3.6.4 War presidencies and war commissions 100 3.6.5 Crisis staffs, war presidencies, war commissions, and armed forces 104 4. Take-over of power and crimes in the municipalities 110 4.1 Introduction 110 4.2 North-eastern Bosnia-Herzegovina 113 4.2.1 Bijeljina 113 4.2.2 Bratunac 118 4.2.3 Brčko 122 4.2.4 Doboj 128 4.2.5 Vlasenica 131 4.2.6 Zvornik 136 4.3 North-western Bosnia-Herzegovina 142 4.3.1 Banja Luka 142 4.3.2 Bosanska Krupa 149 4.3.3 Bosanski Novi 153 4.3.4 Bosanski Petrovac 160 4.3.5 Čelinac 163 4.3.6 Donji Vakuf 165 4.3.7 Ključ 167 4.3.8 Kotor Varoš 173 4.3.9 Prijedor 179 4.3.10 Prnjavor 191 4.3.11 Sanski Most 193 4.3.12 Teslić 202 4.4 Sarajevo municipalities 205 4.4.1 Hadžići 205 4.4.2 Ilidža 207 4.4.3 Ilijaš 209 4.4.4 Novi Grad 211 4.4.5 Novo Sarajevo 214 4.4.6 Pale 217 4.4.7 Trnovo 219 3 Prosecutor v. Momčilo Krajišnik Preliminary 4.4.8 Vogošća 220 4.5 South-eastern Bosnia-Herzegovina 224 4.5.1 Bileća 224 4.5.2 Čajniče 226 4.5.3 Foča 228 4.5.4 Gacko 239 4.5.5 Kalinovik 242 4.5.6 Nevesinje 244 4.5.7 Rogatica 246 4.5.8 Sokolac 250 4.5.9 Višegrad 252 5. Legal findings on crimes 255 5.1 Crimes against humanity: general elements and jurisdictional requirements 255 5.1.1 Applicable law 255 5.1.2 Legal findings 258 5.2 Murder or extermination as crimes against humanity 260 5.2.1 Applicable law 260 5.2.2 Legal findings 261 5.3 Deportation and other inhumane acts (forced transfer) as crimes against humanity 269 5.3.1 Applicable law 269 5.3.2 Legal findings 270 5.4 Persecution as a crime against humanity 273 5.4.1 Applicable law 273 5.4.2 Legal findings 284 5.5 Murder as a violation of the laws or customs of war 299 5.5.1 Applicable law 299 5.5.2 Legal findings 301 5.6 Genocide and/or complicity in genocide 301 5.6.1 Applicable law 301 5.6.2 Legal findings 305 6. The Accused’s responsibility 306 6.1 Overview 306 6.2 Law of joint criminal enterprise 306 6.2.1 Arguments of the parties 306 6.2.2 Discussion 307 6.3 Observations preliminary to discussion of facts 312 6.4 Retrospective 314 6.5 Consolidation of Bosnian-Serb central authority 317 6.6 Expansionism and the pursuit of ethnically recomposed territories 320 6.7 Knowledge of and support for arming activities 325 6.8 Knowledge of and support for take-over operations 329 6.9 Knowledge of and support for crimes related to attacks 336 4 Prosecutor v. Momčilo Krajišnik Preliminary 6.10 Knowledge of and support for armed forces 346 6.11 The Accused’s style of leadership 350 6.12 Information flows 358 6.13 Knowledge of and support for population expulsions 363 6.14 Knowledge of and support for detention of civilians 369 6.15 Cover-up of detention-centre crimes 380 6.16 The achievement of Momčilo Krajišnik’s objectives 385 6.17 Conclusions on the Accused’s responsibility 386 6.17.1 Plurality of persons 386 6.17.2 Common objective 390 6.17.3 Contribution 400 6.17.4 Activation of the criminal enterprise 404 6.18 Findings on the charges 405 6.19 Restrictions on cumulative convictions 405 7. Sentencing law and facts 407 7.1 Applicable law 407 7.2 Purposes of sentencing 408 7.3 Sentencing factors 409 7.3.1 Introduction 409 7.3.2 Gravity of overall criminal conduct 410 7.3.3 Individual circumstances of Momčilo Krajišnik 415 7.3.4 General practice regarding prison sentences in the courts of the former Yugoslavia 417 7.4 Determination of sentence 419 8. Disposition 421 Appendices 422 A. Sources and uses of evidence 422 B. Procedural history 427 C. List of documents with multiple exhibit numbers 439 D. Table of cases with abbreviations 445 Maps 448 1. Indictment municipalities, excluding Sarajevo 449 2. Sarajevo municipalities 450 5 Prosecutor v. Momčilo Krajišnik Preliminary GeneralU abbreviations AbiH Armija Bosne i Hercegovine – Army of Bosnia-Herzegovina Adjudicated facts List of facts adjudicated in previous proceedings and admitted pursuant to Rule 94(B) of the Rules by Decision on Third and Fourth Prosecution Motions for Judicial Notice of Adjudicated Facts of 24 March 2005 ARK Autonomna Regija Krajina – Autonomous Region of Krajina Arkan’s men Serbian paramilitary force led by Željko Ražnatović (Arkan) (also called Serb Volunteer Guard or Arkan’s Tigers) Blue Eagles Plavi Orlovi - Serbian paramilitary formation Bosnia-Herzegovina Socialist Federal Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (later, Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina). Also abbreviated as Bosnia and Herzegovina, SRBH, BiH, or BH in documents Bosnian-Serb Assembly Assembly of the Serbian People of Bosnia-Herzegovina (later, National Assembly of Republika Srpska) Bosnian-Serb Government Government of the Serbian Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina (later, Government of Republika Srpska) Bosnian-Serb Presidency Presidency of the Serbian Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina (later, Presidency of Republika Srpska) Bosnian-Serb Republic Serbian Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina; on 12 August 1992, the name of the republic was officially changed to Republika Srpska Council for Coordination of Sav(j)et za Usaglašavanje Stavova o Državnoj Politici - Body Positions on State Policy comprising representatives of the various Serbian entities (such as Yugoslavia, Serbia, Montenegro, Republika Srpska, Republic of Serbian Krajina) meeting in Belgrade CSCE Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe CSB Centar Službi Bezbjednosti – Security Services Centre FRY Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Green Berets Zelene Beretke - Muslim paramilitary formation HDZ Hrvatska Demokratska Zajednica – Croatian Democratic Union (main political party of Bosnian Croats) Indictment municipalities Banja Luka, Bijeljina, Bileća, Bosanska Krupa, Bosanski Novi, Bosanski Petrovac, Bratunac, Brčko, Čajniče, Čelinac, Doboj, Donji Vakuf, Foča, Gacko, Hadžići, Ilidža, Ilijaš, Ključ, Kalinovik, Kotor Varoš, Nevesinje, Novi Grad, Novo Sarajevo, 1 Pale, Prijedor, Prnjavor, Rogatica, Rudo,TPF F PT Sanski Most, 2 Šipovo,TPF F PT Sokolac, Teslić, Trnovo, Višegrad, Vlasenica, Vogošća, Zvornik JNA Jugoslovenska Narodna Armija – Yugoslav People’s Army 1 TP PT The parties agreed to exclude Rudo; Rule 98 bis decision, T. 17133. 2 TP PT The parties agreed to exclude Šipovo, Rule 98 bis decision, T. 17133. 6 Prosecutor v. Momčilo Krajišnik Preliminary Ministerial Council Ministerial Council of the Bosnian-Serb Assembly (later evolved into Bosnian-Serb Government) MUP Ministarstvo Unutrašnjih Poslova – Ministry of Internal Affairs Official Gazette Službeni Glasnik Republike Srpske - Official Gazette of the Bosnian-Serb Republic Patriotic League Patriotska Liga - Muslim paramilitary formation Red Berets Crvene Beretke - Serbian paramilitary formation Republika Srpska see Bosnian-Serb Republic SAO Srpska Autonomna Oblast – Serb Autonomous District SDA Stranka Demokratske Akcije – Party of Democratic Action (main political party of Bosnian Muslims) SDK Služba Društvenog Knjigovodstva – Social Accounting Service SDS Srpska Demokratska Stranka