Energy solutions for tomorrow Issue 13 In this issue

Drivers and trends in the energy business Wärtsilä Energy News is published for business Decentralisation is no longer the dream of environmentalists and small equipment suppliers. friends and employees of Wärtsilä. Distributed energy has arrived, as this analysis of the drivers behind the energy business in Editorial Board: Pekka Ahlqvist, Jussi the UK and EU shows...... 4 Heikkinen, Lars Gustaf Martin, Maria Hällund Editor: Maria Strand / Maria Hällund English Editing: Andrew Gardiner Renewables - the ins and outs of biofuels Layout: Bock’s Office Biofuels, what exactly are they and where do they fit in the fuel spectrum today? ...... 8 Please address correspondence to: Wärtsilä Finland Oy, Maria Strand P.O.Box 252, 65101 Vaasa, Finland Wärtsilä expands into biopower e-mail: [email protected] Wärtsilä recently acquired Sermet Oy, a leading Finnish supplier of small and medium-sized ISSN 1456-3274 boiler plants running on biofuels, oil and gas...... 12 Information in this publication is subject to change without notice. © Wärtsilä Corporation. Printed in November 2001. All rights reserved.

The Western energy and power crisis: after the storm? The USA avoided the worst-scenario blackouts and brownouts last summer predicted by analysts and generators. But where does that leave the US electricity market?...... 14

Also in this issue

Wärtsilä to supply largest gas- fired Interview with KPLC ...... 31 Wärtsilä 220SG power plant reduces power plant using reciprocating Bausch & Lomb’s energy costs . . . . . 40 Power for extreme conditions ...... 32 engines in the USA ...... 16 Power and heat for arctic Siberia. . . . . 41 Fast-track power for Wärtsilä 20V34SG – experience Brazilian textile factory...... 35 Bangladeshi IPP wins ISO environmental from the first installation ...... 18 and quality certification ...... 42 Fast-track gas conversion improves WPM – birth of a modular efficiency and lowers NO emissions in Recognition for Wärtsilä’s first power solution ...... 22 x Portuguese plant...... 36 Environmental Report ...... 43 New OCP pipeline opens oil production Power for remote petrochemical Wärtsilä technical papers bottlenecks in Ecuador ...... 24 plant in Venezuela ...... 37 at conferences worldwide ...... 44 Occidental Eden Yuturi, Ecuador . . . . . 27 Wärtsilä Power Commodore – prince of Appointments ...... 45 Kipevu II low-cost energy in Kenya . . . 28 barges ...... 38 Product Programme ...... 48

2 - Energy News Issue 13 Dear Reader,

Wärtsilä’s engines offer high electrical efficiency directly from the prime mover, without additional steam cycles. They form an ideal foundation for power generation as they are capable of true multifuel combustion of most oils and gases, and accept very demanding load characteristics without major impacts on maintenance costs and lifetime. Compared to a global average electricity generation efficiency of close to 30 %, Wärtsilä’s power plants reach between 40…50 % depending on fuel and engine type. Such high efficiency makes it possible to reduce CO2 emissions, since less fuel is needed to produce a given amount of electricity. Simultaneous cogeneration of heat and power, a standard option in all our products, reduces emissions still further, as fuel is saved in the heat boilers. Modern Wärtsilä power plants can be equipped with ultra-effective flue gas cleaners for reduction of NOx and SOx – recent gas power plants delivered in the USA go down to a NOx level of 5 ppm. Our new Orimulsion-fired Power Master plants reach the World Bank emission guidelines in all respects. Wärtsilä has made a strategic decision to expand its power plant business to include renewable energy. There are strong political drivers for this business. European Union directives, for example, call for an increase in the use of renewable energy sources from6%to12%oftotal energy consumption before the year 2010, and therefore this business is expected to grow rapidly over the next years. New laws and tariffs for renewable energy have already passed the legislators in EU countries; a good example is Germany, where a new law guarantees a well paid electrical load for biomass-fired electricity up to a plant output of 20 MWe. Wärtsilä enters the biopower business by acquiring proven technology, which we will distribute through our global network. We will initially offer modular boiler plants in the range of 1...15 MWth and power plants in the range of 1…10 MWe, burning mainly wood based fuels. Later both the fuel spectrum and power output ranges will be expanded. Even though recent incidents and developments have created some uncertainty in the marketplace, energy will increasingly be needed in various forms in the future, and we in Wärtsilä are firm believers in distributed energy and in combined heat and power generation.

Pekka Ahlqvist Group Vice President Power plants

Energy News - 3 Issue 13 Energy solutions for tomorrow Drivers and trends in the energy business

The energy business has undergone paybacks penetrate the decision a wave of changes since barrier. liberalisation started during the Society passes on general second half of the 1980s. Large concern for the environment to the utilities are struggling and energy business through political re-engineering their businesses. decisions calling for continuously Independent Power Producers (IPP) stricter emission norms and have made strong inroads but regulations. Digital equipment investors are now wondering how requires a standard of reliable to invest in projects without a power quality not obtainable with contracted long-term off-taker. earlier power systems. New Decentralisation is no longer the competitive solutions are needed as dream of environmentalists and the use of information technology small equipment suppliers; new becomes more widespread. small-scale power plant products To take an example, let us see are frequently being launched on how money drives the technological the market. Companies like ABB choices. have left the big plant markets to concentrate on distributed How money drives generation. the energy business What lies behind these incidents Firstly, normal banking principles and trends? In this article we take a apply in the new free markets. All look at the patterns and structures power plant projects are behind the scenes and offer some investments, and if a reasonably predictions for the future. short payback with controllable risks is not available, there will be Main business drivers no project. There are two main groups of Secondly, power prices depend business behaviour drives in the on demand and supply. If there is energy business: demand and oversupply, as in most of Europe at technology. In the first case, the moment, prices will fall until a population growth and society’s certain ‘level of economic pain’ is continuous efforts to improve living reached in the system. If there is a standards maintain a constant lack of power, as in the USA during increasing need for power through the last few summers, prices will go industrial growth, automation and up. Electricity is not regulated by increasing domestic consumption. utility governance, but becomes a On the other hand ‘money’ free trading commodity limited only dictates the technological choice by certain transport restrictions. since, in deregulated markets, only The law of supply and demand projects with short, controllable-risk together with the payback rule will,

4 - Energy News Issue 13 Size classification everyday life in all free markets Distributed generation DG market around the world in the future. Stationary Portable Note that the decision of Micro 0 - 200 kWe 10 GWe 10 GWe industrial companies to become power producers is motivated by Mini 200-1000 kWe 12 GWe purely economic factors. Besides Small 1 - 60 MWe 24 GWe being more economical, distributed Utility market cogeneration also offers potential Medium 60 - 300 MWe 20 GWe for an overall reduction in Large above 300 MWe 80 GWe atmospheric emissions. So far cogeneration plants have not Table 1. Power plant size classes and approximate market sizes in 2000. enjoyed any direct benefits on lowering nationwide emissions. at least for the near future, create a European countries, where this has Equipment suppliers have started fluctuating investment movement in been made visible, transmission to engineer solutions for specific the markets. Investment will boom costs make up almost half of the needs in the load segment. when power is lacking, whereas industrial electricity costs. Examples include products for peak little or nothing will be built for A power plant, connected shaving, or to ensure high power some time when supply becomes directly to the local electrical and availability for Internet centres etc. adequate, or perhaps after a period heat loads, can reach a total of over-investment. This ‘low- efficiency of 60-90 % depending on Probable future growth areas frequency swinging’ will have a life the heat load. Nor does it need to Analysing the technology drivers cycle in the region of 10 years as pay for using the main grid. and trends in detail, as in the the system seeks economic A new business opportunity? Yes, money driver example above, one equilibrium. but not really new any more, since can start to draw conclusions on the search for suitable heat loads probable growth areas in the energy Smaller is more efficient started some ten years ago in business. Let us examine the During the era of monopolistic Europe, and thousands of small situation from the fuel perspective. utilities, most industrialised industrial plants have now been countries had a national grid and a Natural gas products number of large coal, hydro, An obvious growth area is natural nuclear and gas-fired plants. These gas products. The reasons are formed an optimum power fairly simple and apply both to structure for the utilities to gas turbines (including manage. combi-cycles) and Today’s different market reciprocating engines: conditions reveal some • Good availability of large new business clean fuel for many opportunities in the years to come present systems. • Easy, clean, Although large power high-efficiency plants can run on cheap, combustion poor quality fuels (e.g. coal), • Lowest CO2 emissions the heat loads seldom are with fossil fuels large enough for them and • Simple plant technology therefore their total power with low specific costs. generation efficiency remains at As the natural gas power plant 30-55 %. business grows, gas compression The capital and running costs of built. Due to its indisputable equipment is a high potential the main grid must be included in economic benefits distributed growth area as well. the electricity price to consumers. In industrial cogeneration will be

Energy News - 5 Issue 12 Energy solutions for tomorrow

Renewables The principal renewable fuels are: • Wind Power price Voltage Solar 5...15USc 110...400 kV • Wire • Biomass • Small hydro. Transformer Wind power will continue to grow, Consumption Production Wire although in some countries the best Market driver sites have already been used and Transformer developers must increasingly look for offshore locations. The costs of Wire wind power plants are expected to Transformer Households fall further, although not at the same 1.5...6USc pace as during the 1990s. 220...380 V Solar power will remain a local Wire Offices, Flats solution and will not become Industries commercially competitive in the 1 kW10 kW100 kW 1 MW 10 MW 100 MW 1 GW foreseeable future owing to the excessive investment costs involved. Fig. 1 Power consumption versus production. Biomass-based power production holds out large potential as products plant can be reduced to meet the kilowatts of power. Many of them now available on the markets are World Bank guidelines for have heat loads at least during the not yet commercially competitive emissions, it is easy to predict that colder period of the year. with other power generation this fuel has a high growth potential The largest electricity consumer alternatives unless the fuel cost is especially in the developing world. in MWh is industry, which very low or negative. Industry will consumes more than half of the work hard to create competitive Are there drivers to go nation’s total electrical energy. The products with lower investment for even smaller plants? total number of industrial costs. Whether micropower will penetrate consumers in the EU is presented in Certain EU countries have the markets is a widely discussed Table 3. There is a large number of defined special autogeneration-type subject at the moment. Let us smaller consumers while the largest electricity tariffs for biomass-based analyse the drivers behind this. single point of power consumption power generation. Although the is a steel or paper mill, which can main driver behind this trend is the Power consumption consume as much as 200 MW of need to reduce carbon dioxide In Figure 1, the left vertical scale electrical power at one location. emissions, the tariffs will help and the blue curve illustrate the Conclusion: The number of industry to commercialise its number of actual power electrical loads – end users – products. consumption points in a state grid. increases exponentially when going Power is consumed in lamps, downwards in the distribution chain Orimulsion® resistors (heaters), electric motors and main fuse size. Orimulsion® offers similar benefits (driving fans, pumps, conveyors), Households 200.000.000 as coal on a wider power scale. Its and electronics etc. Offices > 100 kW 500.000 price can be indexed firmly to coal Electrical consumption in the EU, Hotels, hospitals, 35.000 prices for extended periods of time, Table 2, offers an example. The supermarkets > 100 kW while the fuel can be combusted in biggest group of final electricity Table 2. Electricity consumers in the modern diesel engines expanding consumers is households; there are EU. the power range downwards from about 200 million households in the what we are used to with coal fired EU. The typical connected power of Power production plants. a house corresponds to 5-15 kW. One of the axioms of the earlier As emissions from an Most office buildings, hotels and world of large power utilities was Orimulsion® fired diesel power supermarkets consume hundreds of ‘economies of scale’. In practice this

6 - Energy News Issue 13 100-300 kW 300-1000 kW > 1000 kW Total investing in power plants operating Metal 16290 6954 2061 25306 Electrical 6990 3038 1317 11345 at medium voltage levels and it is Rubber 3441 5108 2483 11033 just a question of time when Machinery 6271 3312 794 10378 commercially competitive technical Schools 5596 293 1093 6981 Chemicals 543 3370 2990 6903 solutions emerge on the micro Vehicles 3118 1442 1145 5705 scale. Dairy 2997 369 234 3601 The big issue is what technology Sawmills 1819 1059 244 3122 will be able to produce reliable, Web-hotels 2251 315 1 2567 Paper 0 0 995 995 emission-free (and noise-free) Beverages 335 215 237 786 power to households at a Pulp mills 0 0 331 331 competitive cost. Obviously this Table 3. Industrial electricity consumers in the EU. requires a fuel infrastructure, a ‘global household power plant meant that the bigger the plant, the Finland – we can see in Table 4 interface’, a comprehensive service lower the specific costs and the how the price the household pays is set-up and a new grid control higher the electrical efficiency. roughly 2.5 times higher than the system to function. And probably Most of the plants that exist in the large grid feeding power plant gets households will not actually own present system are large, shown by when selling its product to the grid. the plants, but the utilities, the red curve in Fig. 1. Plants with municipalities or ESCO’s will own Big power plant selling price 2.3 EUR/MWh outputs below 100 MW were to the grid at 400 kV and operate them, creating a ‘new 1 MW industrial load pays 4.0 EUR/MWh seldom constructed by the state for the 10 kV electricity economies of scale’ with a utilities unless the country consisted Average household pays 6.0 EUR/MWh multitude of micro plants. for 380 V power of islands or large remote regions. A So the money driver exists for strong grid is necessary with large Table 4. Typical Finnish electricity small, local power plants. plants and a good share of the prices at different voltage levels. Distributed energy is here to stay, money invested into the system and might even come to your home went into constructing the grids. The rise in the electricity price as one day! n Mainly large industrial companies the power moves closer to smaller have constructed power plants customers, as illustrated in Fig.1, Author: Jussi Heikkinen within their own perimeters, provides an economic driver for Vice President, Marketing Wärtsilä Corporation producing their own power. even household-sized power plants! Recently smaller scale industrial Industrial companies are already cogeneration has been very popular especially in Europe.

The delivery chain At a large power plant, electricity is transformed up to a high voltage level of 100-400 kV. It then moves along cables and lines through various transformers until it reaches the final consumption point. Along the way different companies including local municipalities administer the ‘electrons’, sending invoices and maintaining the system. It is the final consumer who pays all the costs generated in the delivery chain! Looking at actual electricity prices in the home country of Wärtsilä –

Energy News - 7 Issue 13 Energy solutions for tomorrow Renewables – the ins and outs of biofuels

Various types of natural absorb CO2 from the atmosphere, renewable fuels must be increased biomasses and recovered releasing it back when burned. from 6 to 12 % by 2010. The EU combustible fuels from Hence the total amount of CO2 in parliament is soon expected to pass municipal waste are available in the atmosphere remains the same, an EU directive setting targets on huge quantities globally. There is which is not the case when burning bio-electricity production for each a strong political will worldwide fossil fuels. EU country. to make increasing use of these Another political driver Politically the business drivers for fuels in heat and power encouraging the use of biofuels is clean energy are created by defining generation. Here we analyse the that they are local; they generate a system which relates actual situation today and the employment and economic benefits commercial costs to emissions. This challenges in the future. compared to imported fossil fuels. involves not just direct taxes but A third driver is the need to ‘green certificates’, which will be Political drivers reduce methane in landfills, which awarded for REF-E (renewable One of the main driving forces has already led to a ban on energy source electricity) power behind the strong support for combustible waste dumping in plants and may be sold to utilities or biomass fuels, among other Europe and the USA. distributors not willing or able to renewable fuels, is the need to Europe has taken a leading role fullfil the above mentioned EU reduce CO2 emissions. Compared to in developing government requirements. In this respect Europe NOx and SOx emissions, these are commitments to reducing emissions. is the leader, and even though the extremely expensive to remove A recent European Union white final form of the clean energy from flue gases by technological paper states that EU electricity business and cost of emissions is means. Biomasses, when growing, generation capacity based on still not fully defined, emission

8 - Energy News Issue 13 trading will inevitably be a growing – Shavings, typically dry, business in the future, and thereby moisture content < 20 % improve the competitiveness of – Plywood residues, furniture renewable fuel power plants. industry residues, moisture content < 20 % Biofuels • Forest residues (often left unused Biofuels fall into five main groups: in forests) – Exist globally in forest zones, A Logset chipper for production of wood fuels from tree harvesting residues. 1) Wood and forest biomass numerous sorts and properties These fuels are based on wood, upper power range (> 50 MW), • Spent cooking liquors, black which grows naturally in forests and while the smaller power range is liquor exists in large quantities on the covered by numerous local or – Widely used as fuel by the boreal forest belt and the equatorial regional manufacturers. paper industry. zone. These fuels are typically quite Fuel prices vary strongly laborious to collect and are mainly depending on how the fuel is integrated in the forest industry collected. If it is available as a business. They are available either by-product at a sawmill, the value in the forests after harvesting, or at may be close to zero or even sawmills, pulp and paper mills, and negative. If it has to be collected industrial manufacturers of from the forest using specific labour wood-based products. and machinery, the cost rapidly Wood is quite easy to burn increases as the collection radius effectively with any combustion widens. technology although very high Main fuel types: moisture contents (> 60 %) may Solid wood residues from • 2) Agricultural residues require special techniques. Burning industrial processes Agricultural fuels exist almost these fuels is an established Bark, high moisture content, – globally, but the types of fuel differ business with its own technical 45…65 % greatly in different climate, welfare solutions. Big global combustion Sawdust, moisture content – and cultural zones. Most of these equipment suppliers exist in the 40…55 % fuels are highly seasonal and

Energy News - 9 Issue 13 Energy solutions for tomorrow require storage capacity or back-up • Rice husk similar to those for forest residues energy solutions. – Mainly in Asia, less seasonal or slightly higher. Agricultural fuels from farming than many others Main fuel types: are available mainly locally on a • Cotton stalks • Annual and biannual crops (e.g. fairly small scale, although larger – In sub-tropical zones, India, reed canary grass) quantities are available in the China, USA • SRF (willow, poplar). backyards of industrial producers. • Olive residues This naturally limits the number of – Regional around the large projects for combustion Mediterranean Sea, highly equipment whereas there are a seasonal large number of smaller projects • Palm oil residue and local boiler makers around the – East Asia, Malaysia, Thailand, world. South America These fuels are often quite • Animal manure and similar difficult to burn because of ash – Locally in smaller quantities, problems related to their high landfill production. alkaline and chlorine content. 4) Recovered fuel from municipal It is almost impossible to define 3) Energy crops and Short and industrial wastes any general price for these fuels Rotation Forestry (SRF) These fuels are available in large since the prime cost is the cost of Agricultural policies drive the quantities in human societies collection, which is a strongly local systematic cultivation of special globally. With the growing ban on issue. At industrial sites the cost can energy forests. These produce land filling, there is increasing again be very low, whereas combustible energy rapidly in demand for converting them to collecting the fuel from the field tropical zones, but such forests also usable energy through combustion. easily pushes the cost into the same exist even in northern countries This requires that the waste is range as with forest residue fuels. where the rate of growth is slower. sorted in a suitable manner to Main fuel types: Global oil companies have recover the combustible fuel. Both Straw envisioned that such forests will • the sorting and the combustion Globally available, 3 billion t/a, form a major source of energy in – plant business, especially on smaller 1 BTOE/a the world ‘after oil and natural gas’. scales, are still rather undeveloped. Sugar cane residues, bagasse These fuels burn in the same way • Recovered fuels are mainly Large quantities in tropical and as straw. Fuel prices are typically – regarded as renewable but plastics subtropical zones

N.V. Huisvuilcentrale N-H in Alkmaar (the Netherlands). Wärtsilä’s Pure Energy solution integrated in a Waste-to-Energy concept.

10 - Energy News Issue 13 are not. These fuels are generally moisture content etc. over time. • Transportation cost subject to tighter emission This is most obvious with fuels like – The bigger the collection circle, legislation than wood owing to their RDF. But also a certain wood type the higher the cost varying and more uncontrollable (i.e. pine) may have quite different • Handling cost (at the boiler plant) content. Large local variations of combustion characteristics – Milling, sorting, drying, course exist. depending on the soil and climate. feeding. The price of municipal waste is For this reason equipment Some large and special sources of typically negative, i.e. it is a true suppliers normally require fuel biomass fuel exist such as industrial waste. If the fuel is derived – the samples for testing before they fuel collectors, who use the raw non-combustibles have been guarantee performance data. The material for something else and separated – the price will approach crucial parameter defining the produce a biomass by-product (e.g. zero from the negative side. available boiler output and the bark, sawdust, sludge). In these Main fuel types: allowable min./max. variation limits cases the collection and • Municipal waste (MSW) and of different fuel parameters is the transportation costs are paid back derivates ash melting point of the fuel. by the main business; the biofuel – REF, recycled fuel; three Keeping the fuel composition or cost can be very low and the different combustible types moisture content inside the agreed amount quite big. exist limits is often a real challenge in In practice larger than 50 MWth – RDF, refuse-derived fuel practice and may require special boiler and power plant projects are • Waste wood measures. possible only in conjunction with – Demolition wood from the Secondly, there are no global the relatively limited number of the building industry (spot) fuel prices. The actual fuel following special customers: • Industrial sludges. cost is a sum of: • Saw mills • The cost of the fuel at its original • Pulp and paper mills 5) Peat location • Municipal waste collection in Peat is a slowly renewable fuel – Often quite low (unless larger cities. available from dry swamps locally demand exceeds supply!) In all other cases the cost of fuel in Scandinavia, Ireland, Russia, • Collection cost collection becomes prohibitive to Indonesia and Canada. It is – Depends on the necessary large projects. regarded a Renewable Energy machinery and labour Source (RES) by the European Parliament, but not by the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change (IPCC). Peat is collected from swamps using special equipment. It is transported to users by train or Plant specific investment costs Fuel costs versus truck. It burns relatively easily in versus plant size collection radius larger boilers. Where available, peat costs roughly as much as forest residues.

Biofuels – new challenges in distributed power generation Biofuels present distinct features and issues that differ considerably from fossil fuels such as oil and coal. Optimum project Firstly, biomass fuels are not as homogenous as oil, coal or natural gas, but vary in composition and Fig. 1 Business cost dynamics of a small-scale biomass power plant.

Energy News - 11 Issue 13 Energy solutions for tomorrow What's new

Forest industry residues EUR/MWh Sawdust and bark ~ 0…7 Wärtsilä exp Forest residues ~ 5…12 Wood chips ~ 6…13 an establish Peat ~ 5…10

Wärtsilä will expand its power plant MSW and commercial waste RDF EUR/MWh range to include biomass fuelled plants. The company has signed an Typical gate fee for mass burning ~ - 13 agreement to acquire Finnish Good quality RDF in Europe ~ - 7…0 company Sermet Oy, which specialises in small and medium-sized boiler plants running Agricultural waste EUR/MWh on biofuels, oil and gas. Straw ~ 8…12 Sermet’s net sales in 2001 is expected to total approx. EUR 20 Energy crops (SRF) ~ 10…15 million and the result to be on a Landfill gas ~ 0 good level. By acquiring Sermet, Wärtsilä Table 1. Typical average biofuel prices strengthens its position as a supplier of decentralised power plant solutions. There is an established, global Demand for power plants business for supplying heat boilers Traditional power plant fuels EUR/MWh running on fuels from renewable and power plants with the major Coal 6 energy sources is growing strongly. large fuel sources mentioned above. HFO 15 The combined output of biomass The smaller fuel sources are much fuelled power plants currently more scattered, and no established, LFO 25 under construction in Europe totals global heat and power plant Natural gas 15 business yet exists for these. Developing competitive power Table 2. Typical global fossil fuel generation solutions for these fuels prices (tax = 0). presents certain major challenges. Figure 1 illustrates the challenge. The blue curve shows the fuel costs production to reduce the cost of versus the collection circle. The red small-scale biomass steam power curve illustrates the old truism plants associated with large utilities called • Developing competing power ‘economies of scale’: the bigger the generation technologies with steam power plant, the lower the different economies of scale specific investment cost and the equations higher the electrical efficiency. • Accepting a wider variety of fuels. Hence scaling down steam plants in In the next issue of Energy News size inevitably increases the specific we will examine the various costs and leads to lower pressure technologies for biomass-based heat approximately 1,000 MW. There is a levels, reducing efficiency. and electricity generation. n large market potential in the The situation could be improved developing countries. In the market at least by: Author: Jussi Heikkinen sector there are several local Utilising the benefits of Vice President, Marketing equipment suppliers, but not yet • Wärtsilä Corporation modularisation and serial companies that supply small power

12 - Energy News Issue 13 ands into biopower and acquires ed company in the market

company supplies small and medium-sized boiler plants burning biomass, oil and gas. Sermet has supplied more than 1,100 stationary or portable boiler plants around the world. Its Sermet BioGrate rotating grate combustion technology is patented. Sermet’s customers are the mechanical forest industry, municipalities, energy companies and other sectors of industry. Exports varied between 40 % and 90 % of total sales during recent years. The company’s most important markets are Finland, Russia, the Nordic countries, the Baltic countries and Canada. Sermet has also supplied 1MWe/6 MWth combined heat and power plants plants globally. In this field Sermet international network and strong running on biomass. is the leading company supplying capabilities in product boilers for biofuels in the Nordic modularisation and standardisation Sermet Oy’s products: countries and Finland is a front-line and project management. Sermet is • Biomass fuelled boiler plants biomass combustion know-how a technology leader in this size of (2-50 MW) base in the market. power plants and in its market • Oil- and gas-fired medium-sized “With Sermet’s combustion segment. Pooling our resources will boiler plants (1-70 MW) technology supported by Wärtsilä’s open up outstanding growth • Biomass fuelled small power project management expertise and opportunities for Sermet’s plants (1-5MWe/6-15MWth). worldwide sales network we expect technology within Wärtsilä’s product The patented Sermet BioGrate this business to grow substantially,” range,” commented Mr Juha combustion technology is especially stated Mr Pekka Huotari, President of Sermet Oy. suitable for burning wood waste, Ahlqvist, Group Vice bark and sawdust. Sermet BioPower President, Power Plants. Sermet Oy small power plant technology is “The market for Sermet Oy, founded in Kiuruvesi, based on Sermet BioGrate small combined heat Finland in 1975, was owned by its combustion technology. Sermet also and power plants is operative management and has special expertise in demanding growing rapidly. Forenvia Venture I Ky Fund environmental conditions (e.g. arctic Wärtsilä offers an managed by 3i Finland Oy. The power plants). n

Energy News - 13 Issue 13 Meeting the world's energy needs The Western energy and power crisis: after the storm?

Closely averted outages, some analysts and generators warned. generation from being installed in help from Mother Nature, and a Some would call the experience this California, were allowed to avert the collective public resolve to summer a near-miss owing to expected energy catastrophe. A conserve energy seemed to avert conservation measures, scheduled short-term solution perhaps, but major energy problems in the rolling brownouts and some major one which successfully alleviated USA this summer. But is the deployment of emergency diesel the pressures and constraints in the crisis over? backup units. summer season. Approximately 1500 MW of new Although electricity outages were and existing diesel engines were Weather-aided relief not completely avoided in California installed or deployed in California Mother Nature came to the rescue this summer, blackouts and alone. In this emergency state, on the West and East Coasts this brownouts did not prevail as the emission regulations, which under summer. According to data from the ‘norm’ in electrical patterns as normal circumstances preclude National Climatic Data Center,

Departure from average number of 90° F days

-11 to -8 0 to 2 2 to 4 -8 to -6 4 to 6 National Climatic Data Center, NOAA -6 to -4 6 to 8 -4 to -2 8 to 10 -2 to 0 10 to 15

Fig. 1 Departure from average number of days with maximum temperature greater than or equal to 90 °F, July 2001.

14 - Energy News Issue 13 temperatures this summer in the Actual Precipitation Average Precipitation Western and Eastern regions of the Trend USA were below, in some cases well below, average temperatures 5 5 (Fig. 1). This provided some relief to already limited electricity supply, 4 4 gas and electric transmission lines.

A lower summer ambient 3 3

Inches temperature meant less de-rating of Inches generation equipment, and a lower 2 2 peak demand, since air conditioning equipment and other related 1 1 electricity-consuming devices were not loaded as highly as expected. 1995 2000 At the same time, other weather patterns have not been so kind. On Year the West Coast, precipitation levels Fig. 2 Precipitation levels on the west coast of USA. have been below average and decreasing for the last two summers back to their own homes. It became The troubles with electricity (Fig. 2). Since a majority of the a positive means of discussing supply in the USA still exist, and power imported to California from community issues, the energy crisis, volatility of price and availability is the Northwest is from and sharing ideas as to how each still an issue with customers. As hydro-generation, the depleted household was ‘doing their part’ to energy prices drop for the moment, resources have greatly affected the conserve energy. it allows time for the system capacity of energy throughout the operators, legislators, and users of region. On a national level, Clear skies? energy to lay out a long-term hydropower makes up about 8.3 % The US electricity market is still strategy to alleviate the more serious of the electricity supply, 70-80 % of experiencing shortages in issues surrounding the electricity which comes from Washington and generation capacity, resulting crisis. n Oregon1. ultimately in higher and more volatile prices, lower reliability and Author: Kelly Speakes Conservation measures quality of electricity, and Marketing Director Operator-initiated outages were Wärtsilä North America record-high prices of natural gas. scheduled this summer as The same issues cited in the scheduled rolling brownouts previous article (Western Energy throughout targeted residential and 1 eia.doe.gov, Share of Net Generation by Energy and Power Crisis, Energy News Source and Industry Sector, 1999 small commercial neighbourhoods, Issue 12) still exist. A crisis for the in order to reduce demand and summer was averted, but is the lack avoid major unplanned outages. of generation reserves and Governor Gray Davis publicly diminishing supply resolved? Have requested the citizens of California transmission lines been installed to to reduce usage by 15 % overall, to transport the power without serious which the citizens responded fully. constraint to load pocket areas? As an anecdote, in a suburban neighbourhood outside San Francisco, ‘block parties’ were planned around the outages, as a way to gather and chat with nearby neighbourhoods, meeting at homes that had electricity, and returning the visits when electricity came

Energy News - 15 Issue 13 Meeting the world's energy needs

Wärtsilä to supply largest gas- fired power plant using reciprocating engines in the USA

On 1 June 2001, PG&E National 6000 hours per year, within 11 Energy Group (NEG) issued Notice months from notice to proceed. The to Proceed to Wärtsilä for the Plains plant is a pre-engineered, End project in Colorado. This would pre-packaged gas-fired power plant be a typical Wärtsilä plant based upon twenty 18-cylinder installation if it weren’t for one Wartsila 34SG natural gas engines, thing: it is the largest gas-fired each delivering 5.7 MW. reciprocating engine plant in the USA to date, a fact confirmed by the Readying the site US Department of Energy. The site was mobilised on 7 June. Wärtsilä has received the largest By 12 July, the first project progress order ever for a gas-fired turnkey meeting, the site office and 110 MW power plant located in temporary electricity supply were 100 % complete and the Detailed Arvada, on the outskirts of Denver, set up, the site lay-down area was Engineering Package will be Colorado. NEG’s power plant, cleared and grading of final site released in the first week of scheduled to begin operation in slopes was completed. As of the September. In fact, all the key April 2002, will operate for up to time of this report, engineering is deliverables were procured by the

16 - Energy News Issue 13 11 June in accordance with the contractual milestones.

Start your engines “Wärtsilä was chosen for its fast delivery time and ability to operate at peak efficiency even at high altitudes – two criteria that many of the gas turbine power plants sold today cannot match. “Distributed power generation will help Plains End maintain its high level of service and low rates for electrical services, while mitigating the risks of power shortfalls,” commented Thomas M. Carbone, president of Wartsila North America. “The first steps in executing the contract with NEG,” said Sami

To date, Wärtsilä has achieved all by the end of October. The erection those contractual milestones. All the of the steel structures for the coolers engineering milestone dates were and exhaust gas system is met with professional precision. The proceeding well and will be ready foundations-only permit was by the end of October. The first received on 29 June, and the engine is on the foundation. subcontract for concrete works was Back at the factory, the first four awarded on 27 June. The building gensets have been tested, and permit was issued on 31 August, transportation was contracted to five days before erection of the Kuehne&Nagel. The first main shipment (5 gensets, main auxiliaries, and emission control equipment) arrived in October. The Myllyviita, project manager for rest are in progress and the final Plains End, “and making sure our genset is due to be on site by 17 customer provides their customer December. with the capacity they need, is to be Wärtsilä has won nine orders for sure to achieve all our contractual gas-fired power plants in the USA, milestones in a timely manner. And representing 330 MW, in the last I think our global project team has twelve months – more than done that so far.” doubling its installed capacity in the USA. “This is a very exciting time for power house commenced. Wärtsilä in North America,” said Today, concrete works are 90 % Tom Carbone. “We are seeing the complete. Erection of the building fruits of our efforts, and doing frame is 100 % complete and the everything we can to fulfil the building envelope will be finished needs of our customers.” n

Energy News - 17 Issue 13 Technology in focus Wärtsilä 20V34SG experience from the first installation

Wärtsilä has continuously enlarged its gas engine portfolio. Different gas engine types such as spark-ignited or dual-fuel engines have been developed for various applications to suit a magnitude of customer needs. The new 20-cylinder Wärtsilä 34SG extends the output range of the spark-ignited gas engines to 8 MW. It applies the well-proven technology used on previous 34SG engine, but offers several new benefits such as: • Higher unit output owing to bigger cylinder stroke and more cylinders • Higher efficiency owing to the further improved combustion Fig. 1 Wärtsilä 20V34SG process • Longer maintenance intervals due After completion of the test lengthening the piston stroke, see to mechanically controlled period the engine was transported Fig. 3. The first output stage has a pre-chamber gas feed system and to Bermeo in Spain for further BMEP of 17.6 bar corresponding to improved ignition system verification of engine performance 8 MW shaft output, although the • Lower lifecycle cost owing to and endurance before ramping up engine is actually designed for minimised planned and the delivery volume. 20 bar BMEP. unplanned maintenance with The plant is producing electricity The efficiency target for the new components with longer for the national grid and due to engine was 45 %. This was already lifetime and further increased tariff reasons running during the exceeded in the first tests, where reliability day time, usually between 8.00 am the engine efficiency was measured • Easier installation using built-on and 10.00 pm. The engine was to be 46 %, the highest efficiency of systems. started in January 2001 and by any lean-burn spark ignited gas September had accumulated about engine on the market. Testing in Finland and Spain 2000 running hours. A major The engine in Bermeo is running 3 The first Wärtsilä 20V34SG was inspection of all main components with NOx emissions of 500 mg/m n tested on the gas test bed in and gas-specific components was at5%O2. It can be optimised for Finland, in the spring of 2000. made after 1700 running hours and lower NOx emissions, which affect During the test the combustion was results were very positive. the engine efficiency slightly. optimised and the main components were checked Higher output and efficiency Three compression ratios regarding their functionality as well The output of the Wärtsilä 34SG Gas quality varies considerably as mechanical and thermal load. engine has been increased by around the world. Along with adding two cylinders and different ambient conditions, this

18 - Energy News Issue 13 requires engines optimised for different parameters to ensure the best possible performance in all conditions. Three different compression ratios are available for the 20V34SG. The highest compression ratio is used for installations with a high methane number gas and with fairly low ambient temperatures, which together provide highest engine efficiency. The lowest compression ratio is used on installations with a low methane number gas and high ambient temperatures. This combination gives the same high output in more severe site conditions with slightly lower Fig. 2 The Bermeo pilot plant engine efficiency. As an example, the gas in Spain 20V34SG 18V34SG has a methane number of 70-75. This number is in the middle Bore 340 mm 340 mm between the high and low and Stroke 400 mm 350 mm therefore the medium compression ratio is used. The compression ratio BMEP 17.6 bar@750 rpm 17.4 bar@750 rpm is changed using different shim Unit output 8 MW 6.2 MW thicknesses between the upper and shaft lower part of the connecting rod. Fig. 3 Comparison of theWärtsilä 34SG engines. Engine design The 20V34SG engine is based on periodical maintenance in a gas cam between the inlet and exhaust the latest advances in combustion engine. Earlier designs used a valve systems, Fig. 4. The valve has technology. It is also designed for non-return pre-chamber valve two functions: to control the gas flexible manufacturing and long controlled by the pressure feed and to prevent exhaust gases maintenance-free operating periods. difference between the gas pressure during combustion from entering Compared with the previous 34SG and the pressure in the the gas feed system. engine, the new model has the pre-chamber. This valve is quite Using a mechanically actuated following features: sensitive to carbon deposits from pre-chamber gas valve together with • Mechanically actuated the combustion and may start to longer-lifetime spark plugs has pre-chamber gas valve leak or get stuck in the closed reduced the need for planned • Starting air system with starting position, leading to misfiring in the maintenance. The maintenance air valves cylinder. To ensure reliable interval is 2000 hours compared to • Turbocharger with VTG (variable function, the non-return valve must 1000 hours with the older 34SG turbine geometry) control be cleaned regularly, usually at engine. The lower frequency of • Upgraded engine control system 1000-hour intervals. planned maintenance together with (WECS 8000). The new Wärtsilä 34SG engine is the engine’s improved reliability has equipped with a mechanically a significant impact on the lifetime Pre-chamber gas actuated gas feed valve inside the cost of the power plant. admission system pre-chamber unit. The valve is There is even potential to further The pre-chamber non-return valve operated with a rocker arm, a push increase the maintenance interval is one of the components requiring rod and a glide tappet running on a with new spark plugs with a longer

Energy News - 19 Issue 13 Technology in focus

Mechanically actuated Spring loaded performance at different loads. At high engine load, the turbocharger decreases the gas cross section, keeping the charge air pressure at Check valve the required level. The cross section modulation is controlled directly Gas flow using an actuator, Fig. 5. The turbocharger with VTG is still a prototype and will be further followed-up and evalueted on the engine in Bermeo.

WECS 8000 Prechamber engine control system Fig 4. Comparison of pre-chamber gas admission systems The engine control system has been updated from WECS 3000 to the lifetime. A new type of spark plug volumes inside the cylinder head new WECS 8000 system. The basic has been tested on the 18V34SG – including the starting air inlet – system structure is the same with engine with very promising results. must be minimised to avoid electronic control modules This new spark plug has the knocking and to achieve low THC dedicated for different functions potential to increase spark plug emissions. Therefore starter motors mounted on the engine. lifetime to 3000 hours, and beyond. engaged on the flywheel have been The units used in the WECS 8000 The benefits of the new spark plug used to start the engine. The new system have been modified to cannot be fully realised on an starting air valve has been designed withstand the demanding engine with a non-return valve as with a valve disc at the same level environment on the engine better. the engine must still be stopped for as the flame plate of the cylinder The cabling is made of cleaning of the non-return valve. head to provide more reliable and prefabricated harnesses, which faster start-up. makes assembly faster and easier, Starting air system with Fig. 6. starting air valves Turbocharger with VTG control The starting air valves in the The turbochargers are equipped with Engine inspection and cylinder head are a standard variable turbine geometry (VTG). operating experience solution on Wärtsilä diesel engines This adjusts the gas cross section and A major engine inspection was because of their reliable design. On flow velocity at the inlet of the performed after 1700 running hours. lean-burn gas engines the crevice turbine wheel to optimise turbine The main engine components and

Fig 5. Turbocharger with VTG control Fig 6. WECS 8000 system.

20 - Energy News Issue 13 At the mechanical inspection after The wear of the pre-chamber nozzle 1700 hours there was minor carbon holes has been negligible and there built-up on the valve, but cleaning has been no need to replace the was not necessary and there was no pre-chambers themselves. The indication of unexpected valve pre-chamber is nowadays inspected wear. A thorough follow-up of the at the same time as the cylinder valve performance as well as the head, i.e. 20,000 hours. The main gas valve is the same as used in the older 34SG engine. It is Fig. 7 Piston top. electronically controlled, which is a must to ensure optimal combustion the gas-specific components were in every cylinder. The field found to be in excellent condition. experience of the main gas valve The piston is designed with a low has been very good. Based on top land height to minimise the experience from the 18V34SG the amount of unburned hydrocarbons main gas valves need no trapped in the crevice volume. Since maintenance between the cylinder a lower piston top land height also head overhauls. increases the temperature of the Conclusion Fig. 9 Pre-chamber nozzle. The running experiences together with the mechanical inspection related parts will continue to ensure demonstrate that the new 20V34SG that the expected time between engine is performing even better overhaul can be achieved. than expected. Ramp-up of The pre-chamber design and manufacturing volumes can material is based on the older 34SG therefore start during 2002. n engine. These have accumulated more than 500,000 operating hours Author: Ulf Åstrand and several individual engines have Manager, Gas Engine Development reached more than 25,000 hours. Wärtsilä Technology Fig. 8. Pre-chamber gas valve. piston rings and ring grooves, the piston cooling has been optimised to keep temperatures at a moderate level. No carbon-built up was observed behind the piston rings and in the piston ring grooves, Fig. 7. This indicates that the piston, piston rings and the cylinder liner will have a prolonged lifetime. The mechanically actuated pre-chamber gas valve is designed for an overhaul period of 10,000 running hours. So far no cylinder misfiring has taken place because of a malfunction of the pre-chamber gas valve. Fig. 10 Main gas valve.

Energy News - 21 Issue 13 Inside view WPM – birth of a modular power solution

The Wärtsilä Power Module • Fast-track delivery • Gas regulating unit for gas marks the latest development in • Can burn either natural gas or engines modern distributed power LFO • Diesel fuel system for LFO solutions. The concept is • High efficiency and low operating engines designed for fast-track power cost • Full standard documentation on from 2 to 40 MWe, fuelled by gas • Easy maintenance inside the mechanical and electrical systems or light fuel oil (LFO) and Power Module including transportation and civil suitable for continuous • Low emissions works guide for easy installation operation and peaking • Fast return on investment. • Operation and maintenance applications. The WPM is a modular power plant manual. with the following main The WPM is fabricated from 100 % In our ever more rapidly changing components: pre-engineered and qualified world the traditional role of state • High-efficiency, low-emission components at the Wärtsilä factory. power utility companies, large in Wärtsilä 220 SG gas or Wärtsilä The standard design has enabled size and used to cost-based tariff 200 LFO generator set Wärtsilä to reduce the electricity prices, is getting weaker. (1.8-3.5 MWe unit size) manufacturing time to the absolute Liberalisation, deregulation and • Self-supporting, fire-safe steel minimum. The time required for decentralisation are the watch enclosure with sandwich-type engineering, usually several weeks, words in the power industry today. walls for sound attenuation is entirely eliminated. In many parts of the world, • Sound-attenuated WPM deregulation has even caused ventilation and combustion air Lead time only 80 days shortages in electricity supply, as system The delivery time of the WPM from governments/utilities are more customer order to handover is hesitant to construct large currently 80 days, even to centralised power plants. In most remote sites in the the industrial world concern world. about power quality is Since the main module is growing as downtime transported in only three resulting from power cuts and parts, site installation is simple fluctuating power quality and takes only a few days. becomes increasingly costly. This gives the customer Industries are looking for unique security concerning decentralised power solutions fast return on investment. It with ultra-short lead times and good • Generator set starting system also guarantees rapid availability pay-backs. • Engine lubricating oil system and good quality power. • Generator set control system The WPM is a factory-built and The Wärtsilä Power Module • Cooling system factory-tested power plant, and concept • Automatic fire fighting equipment requires practically no infrastructure The Wärtsilä Power Module (WPM) • Exhaust silencer with gas engine for installation and commissioning. has been developed in response to safety systems Modular design and simple, these power requirements. Its main • Maintenance platform on both cost-effective foundation ensure fast features are: sides of the generator set installation with minimum site work • Flexible modular concept • Maintenance hoist and risks.

22 - Energy News Issue 13 Flexibility and power (CHP) installations. predictive maintenance, unmanned The output of the generator set in Modern technology keeps the operation and power sales the Wärtsilä Power Module is 1.8 to exhaust emissions of the gas-fired accounting purposes. 3.5 MWe, extendible as a modular WPM competitively low. The advantages of the WPM power plant to 40 MWe. One of the unique features of the concept can be summarised as Units are easily added as energy WPM concept is the possibility to follows: requirements grow since the add a CHP module to the standard • A modularized, low-risk asset pre-engineered nature of the generator set module. The standard • Fast-track delivery and startup concept ensures that systems are CHP module can produce hot water • Faster return on investment interconnectable and no major or steam, or both, from the gas through high efficiency and low changes are necessary to the engine exhaust gas and cooling operating costs existing mechanical and electrical system. The CHP module can be • Meets demanding environmental systems. extended to produce chilled water, regulations On the other hand the WPM hot air and desalinated water as • Remote power plant operation concept gives added options to the well. and management investor; the modules can be • Adaptable to future power needs, relocated at low cost, making them Remote power plant operation including CHP ideal also for short-term power sales and performance management • Manufactured according to and peaking applications in a The Wärtsilä power plant control Wärtsilä ISO 9001 quality higher power range than traditional system (WOIS) has been designed standards rental generating sets. for total control and monitoring of • The worldwide Wärtsilä service the power plant including the CHP network guarantees easy and Combined heat and power systems. efficient maintenance and Since the lean-burn Wärtsilä 220 SG Wärtsilä Power Modules are operation of the power plant. n gas generator set has an electrical designed to be linked to worldwide efficiency of over 40 % and, with communications systems for remote Author: Markku Rinne heat recovery, a total efficiency of monitoring of the power plant’s Marketing & Training Manager Wärtsilä France up to 90 %, the WPM concept is performance. This feature gives also ideally suited to combined heat added value especially for

Energy News - 23 Issue 13 Inside view New OCP pi bottlenecks

Ecuador has enormous oil reserves in the jungle of the Amazonas. But this also creates a dilemma: how to get the oil to the world market. To the east lies the jungle and in the west the sky-high Andes mountains. Existing transportation systems reached full capacity more than ten years ago and the main issue hampering oil production in Ecuador throughout the 1990s was the shortage of additional oil transport capacity.

The SOTE pipeline The existing TransEcuadorian Pipeline System, the SOTE pipeline, was built across the Andes to the Pacific Coast by Texaco for its own oil production in the 1970s. When Texaco’s operation rights expired in 1992 SOTE and the entire Texaco operation in Ecuador was transferred to the Ecuadorian government, and in practice to Petroecuador to operate. In 1993 Ecuador introduced legal reforms intended to reduce Petroecuador’s domination of petroleum development and to attract more private investment to E&P (Exploration and Production) in Ecuador. Thereafter two bidding rounds were organized in Ecuador, resulting in more than ten international oil companies to start exploration in the jungle. In 1994 Petroecuador called for bids to upgrade SOTE to a targeted capacity of up to 450,000 bbl/d (barrels/day). Estimated oil reserves indicated that the country’s oil production could easily be doubled, but SOTE’s capacity was only 330,000 bbl/d.

24 - Energy News Issue 13 peline opens oil production in Ecuador

By then SOTE had been in The pipeline project implementation The shareholders are all oil operation for about 20 years and was given the formal technical companies operating and producing the lifetime of the machinery was go-ahead at the beginning of 2001 hydrocarbons in Ecuador Orient running out. There are six pump and in early July, following except Techint. Techint is the main stations with five pumping units in environmental approval, the green contractor for OCP working as the operation and one on stand-by at light was given for the construction EPC contractor for the pipeline, each station. The pump stations are start and the contract with Techint pump stations and terminals. located on the eastern, up-hill side became effective in its full form. of the Andes. The highest point of The scheduled target to start OCP project introduction the pipeline is 4000 m and the operating OCP is the beginning of For most of its length the OCP highest location of a pump station is 2003. pipeline system runs in parallel with 3000 m. Each pumping unit The total investment cost estimate SOTE, except that OCP will pass comprises a diesel engine driver of the OCP pipeline is 1.1 billion Quito, the capital of Ecuador, in the running on crude oil, a step-up gear USD including the construction north and SOTE in the south. The and a centrifugal pump. project and all the right-of-way pipeline begins near Lago Agrio, in Several upgrading options have permits and land acquisitions. the Oriente Region of Ecuador, goes been studied since 1994 but across the Andes at a highest point additional units on each station, and OCP Consortium of 4062 m above sea level, and ends even the addition of a new pumping The shareholders of OCP are: at the Marine Terminal near station, have only increased the • Alberta Energy, Canada Esmeraldas on the Pacific Coast. capacity to 390,000 bbl/d. • Agip Petroleum, Italy OCP will have a nominal, • Kerr-McGee, U.S.A. sustainable capacity of 410,000 bbl/d “You gotta have a pipeline, • Occidental Petroleum, U.S.A. at Amazonas Terminal and 450,000 or two” • Repsol - YPF, Spain bbl/d after the injection point at the In 1998 the Ecuadorian government • Perez Companc, Argentina Sardinas pump station. The total invited oil producers operating in • Techint Argentina. length of the pipeline is about 500 Ecuador Oriente to launch a parallel pipeline project for SOTE. The oil producers, ‘shippers’ and Wärtsilä four-stroke engines as pump drivers

Petroecuador agreed that the new bhp 5000 10000 15000 20000 pipeline would transport heavy Multifuel (LFO, HFO, CRO) Wärtsilä 46 crude oils, below API° 24, and the Wärtsilä 38 existing pipeline would be used for Wärtsilä 32 the lighter crude oils. So the new Wärtsilä Vasa 32LN pipeline got its name: OCP, Wärtsilä 20 Oleoducto de Crudos Pesados, Dual fuel (natural gas / liquid fuel) Heavy Crude Oil Pipeline, and later Wärtsilä 46GD Wärtsilä Vasa32GD on the pipeline venture took the Wärtsilä 32DF name OCP Consortium. Gas (only) The pipeline project development Wärtsilä 34SG started right away and Techint was Wärtsilä 220SG selected as the main Engineering, LFO Procurement and Construction Wärtsilä 200 (high-speed) (EPC) contractor at the end of 1999. kW 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000

Energy News - 25 Issue 13 Inside view

Oleoducto Crudos Pesados, Ecuador. 4 pump stations, altogether 22 pumping units.

Equal units, each comprising: 1 Wärtsilä 12V32LN crude oil fuelled driver-engine 1 Sulzer MSD 8x10x13B, 6-stage centrifugal pump 1 Lufkin N3307D speed increasing gearbox Ordered in July, 2001, client Techint S.A. Argentina

6.1 m 5.9 m 49.4 tons 27.6 tons km and the pipe diameters range Pump Station Power Data from 24" (610 mm) to 36" (914 mm). Pump Stations Configuration Brake power demand per unit Altitude The initial, Amazonas pump PS-1 Amazonas 4 + 1 3370 kW 300 m station is located adjacent to the PS-2 Cayagama 4 + 1 3443 kW 1040 m 1,200,000 barrel storage terminal, PS-3 Sardinas 5 + 1 3119 kW 1803 m where the oil streams of the PS-4 Paramo 5 + 1 3101 kW 2862 m shippers will be blended. There are also two pressure reduction stations the flow ranges from 65 °C to 75 °C crude oil spills in emergency and one automatic block station on at all the pump stations. situations, such as pressure surges. the downhill, western side of the The four pump stations operate The pump stations and all the Andes. in series along the pipeline equipment are designed according A 3,750,000 barrel marine storage providing the dynamic pressure to American Petroleum Institute terminal is located at 205 m above head for the flow and the static (API) standards and the explosion sea level with two 56" on-shore head for the altitude increase. At hazard has been given particular loading lines and two 48" off-shore each station the high-pressure consideration. lines for gravity loading of the centrifugal pumps are connected in tankers at two single buoy parallel, the suction nozzles of the Main pump units from Wärtsilä moorings. pumps are connected in parallel to Wärtsilä is supplying equipment for The entire OCP pipeline system the inlet-header pipe and the four pumping stations, in total 22 process will be provided with SCADA discharge nozzles of the pumps to main pump units. control and communications system. the outlet-header. The output of each pumping unit The driver engines will use the will vary from 3.1 MW to 3.4 MW OCP pump stations crude oil blend from the pipeline as and each unit consists of one The pipeline flow will be initiated fuel and therefore 10,000 barrel Wärtsilä 12V32LN crude oil fuelled from the terminal tanks at crude oil tanks are installed in each driver engine including auxiliary Amazonas Terminal by screw-type pump station. Crude oil will be equipment, a centrifugal pump, and booster pumps, which will push the centrifuged and feeder-booster units speed-increasing gearboxes. All the crude oil blend through heat will adjust the viscosity and pressure units are identical, comprising the exchangers. The heavy crude oil for the engines. pump, gearbox and engine installed blend will be heated in order to Each pump station is also on a common baseframe, which is reduce its viscosity to a level provided with scraper (‘pig’) split into two parts for suitable for the centrifugal type stations on the inlet and outlet main transportation. The two parts, one main pumps. The other pump pipes for internal checking and with the pump and gearbox and the stations also have heating systems cleaning of the pipeline. The relief other with the engine, are then to ensure that the temperature of tank on each station will collect bolted together into one piece, first

26 - Energy News Issue 13 in the factory for aligning, and finally on site. Occidental Eden Yuturi, The packaging of the units will be made by Wärtsilä in Finland. Ecuador Since the units are identical, only one unit will be string-tested by Wärtsilä has contracted a 25 MW Power Master plant for the Eden-Yuturi oil Wärtsilä to verify its mechanical and field development site in eastern Ecuador. The plant is owned and will be operational performance at full operated by Occidental Petroleum Inc. and located on Block 15 in the capacity. This requires installation of Ecuador Oriente jungle. one complete pumping unit at the The Wärtsilä Power Master will supply power to the drilling pumps, the factory including a pipeline loop for new Central Process Facility and the oil boosting pipeline pumps. pumping the water. Wärtsilä solution Pump units The Power Master plant runs on crude oil and consists of four Wärtsilä Vasa The power demand of the pumping 32LN engines, each producing 6.3 MW. With only minor changes to the units is based on the required engines and their fuel systems, the Wärtsilä engines perform as a pumping duty of each station and conventional HFO plant. on the pump station configuration. The main properties of the API 19.6° crude oil from Eden Yuturi are: Adding the gearbox loss defines the density 937 kg/m3 @ 15 °C, viscosity 136 cSt @ 50 °C; water 0.2 v/v %, brake power demand per unit. The sulphur 1.88 % and ambient flash point. driver engine has been selected for The total site engineering and contract management will be done by the site conditions according to that Universal Ensco with the option for an extension of four engines. brake power demand with an Wärtsilä’s scope of supply also includes the medium-voltage switchgear, additional output reserve of control systems, fuel and cooling systems, and other auxiliaries. minimum 10 % according to API The engines will be delivered to the site in January 2002 and, the plant standards. will be handed over to the customer when crude oil is available at the site The driver engine was selected in late summer 2002. based on normal rating principles The estimated production capacity of Eden Yuturi oil field in 2003 will be governed by the altitude and the 70,000 bbl/day. ambient temperature. The driver also had to be a variable-speed Main Data engine with a speed range of Total electric output:...... 25 MW 50-100 %. Engine type: . . . . 4 x Wärtsilä 18V32LN Year of commissioning: ...... 2002 OCP project status at Wärtsilä When writing this story, in October OCP Marine Terminal

2001, detailed engineering of the Chiquilpe Cayagama Amazonas units is in full swing at Wärtsilä and Puerto Quito Techint’s supervisors are approving Occidental Paramo the documentation online with Sardinas Wärtsilä to speed up the project. Agip Villano

Manufacturing of the units has South Pacific also started and the delivery to Ocean Ecuador Ecuador will take place in three lots: 8 units in January 2002 • Golfo de Guayaquil • 6 units in March 2002 OCP pipeline n Existing pipeline • 8 units in April 2002 Pump stations Wärtsilä power stations Author: Pekka Laine Pressure reduction stations Application Manager Wärtsilä Finland Oleoducto de Crudos Pesados, Heavy Crude Oil Pipeline.

Energy News - 27 Issue 13 Inside view

Kipevu II Power Plant in Mombasa, Kenya Kipevu II Low-cost energy in Kenya

A 74 MW Power Master Plant in Services, Inc. (WDFS) submitted a WDFS in 1997 and the Power Mombasa, Kenya, was started up proposal in response to the tender. Purchase Agreement (PPA) and in September 2001 right on The contract for developing the Payment Security Agreement (PSA) schedule. Today the Kipevu II Kipevu II project was awarded to were signed in late 1998. project is Kenya Power and Lighting Co. Ltd’s lowest-cost energy producer.

The Kipevu II project started in 1996 when the Government of Kenya embarked on a series of major policy reforms, including private sector investments. This resulted in the Government of Kenya issuing an international tender for a power generating station in Mombasa known as Kipevu II. In November 1996, Wärtsilä Development & Financial

28 - Energy News Issue 13 projects, commercial banks, were Owing to the lack of government simply not available without direct guarantees, WDFS developed a government support and eventually unique security structure (the PSA) help was sought from the in which the revenues from a multilateral agencies. ‘revenue circle’ in the Mombasa Among those that expressed coastal area flow through a set of interest were the International accounts dedicated to servicing Finance Corporation (IFC), the KPLC’s obligations under the PPA. Commonwealth Development This arrangement is further backed Corporation (CDC) and the by letters of credit and direct Deutsche Investitions und agreements between the lenders Entwicklungsgesellschaft mgH and KPLC and, for certain limited (DEG). During 1999 an agreement circumstances, the Government of was reached with this group of Kenya. As one can imagine, this financial institutions to act as security structure represented parallel lenders for the project and unfamiliar territory to all the parties provide limited recourse finance. concerned and was very difficult to In addition, the IFC provided negotiate. Eventually terms additional financing through its ‘B’ satisfactory to the lenders were loan program. Syndication of this agreed; the loan agreement was financing was arranged by WDFS signed in June of 2000 and and included the following disbursements commenced in institutions: The Netherlands August 2000. Development Finance Company In addition to the debt, the equity

WDFS selected Industrial Promotion Services (IPS) of Nairobi as its local partner early in the development process. After signing of the PPA and PSA, WDFS and IPS teamed up with the Commonwealth Development Corporation (CDC) of the UK and Cinergy Corporation of the US to complete the development and financing of the project.

Imaginative financing In keeping with its view of private sector development, the Government of Kenya did not agree to guarantee the obligations of Kenya Power and Lighting Co. Ltd. (KPLC) despite heavy pressure from WDFS and the financing (FMO), Merita Bank, Leonia Bank holders invested in equity in the community. This made it a and WD Power Fund. Also, some special-purpose company that owns challenge to obtain financing that at subordinated debt was obtained the project, Tsavo Power Company times seemed insurmountable. The through IFC’s ‘C’ loan program and (TPC), to achieve the total project usual sources of finance for IPP DEG. cost with a debt/equity ratio of

Energy News - 29 Issue 13 Inside view

75/25. The equity holders are CDC (30 %), WDFS (15.1 %), a joint venture between Cinergy and IPS (49.9 %) and the IFC (5 %).

Fast equipment delivery Kipevu II, a 74 MW Power Master Plant, consists of seven Wärtsilä 38 generating sets. Wärtsilä began construction immediately after financial closing in August 2000, and commercial operation was started on 4 September 2001, exactly on schedule. One of the keys to the successful Kipevu II project was fast equipment delivery from Finland and the Netherlands. This was possible because the technical of 15 years. Wärtsilä Operations on site by the plant staff. If discussions during the negotiations assigned the whole contract to required, WEA field service group reached a balanced compromise WEA. may assist in major works or between the customers’ The full O&M contract reduces technically complex operations. requirements and Wärtsilä’s Power the business risk for Tsavo Master concept. Furthermore the significantly. Not only does it Success all round project risks were properly guarantee all technical parameters The project has been a success story identified and well managed using such as heat rate, output and for all the partners: Tsavo, KPLC Wärtsilä Eastern Africa’s (WEA) availability, it also provides an and Wärtsilä. Today the Kipevu II knowledge of the local market. active partner for Tsavo with the project is KPLC’s lowest-cost energy The construction works were end-user KPLC. producer among all their ahead of schedule and key In general the operation of the geothermal projects. milestones were achieved exactly as plant is managed on a rotating Wärtsilä showed their capabilities planned: three-shift basis with a staff of in total energy concepts by • Foundations ready and first main operation and maintenance developing an IPP project without shipment arrival at site on 30 technicians. government guarantees in the most November 2000 During the mobilisation part of cost-effective way for the investors • First ‘smoke’ on 18 May 2001 the O&M contract the technical and with KPLC as the off-taker. n • Plant produced 74 MWe at full procedural training included a capacity for testing purposes on schooling process designed to Authors: Edze-Jan Kroneman, 15 June 2001 ensure that personnel ‘buy into’ the General Manager Power Plants, Wärtsilä Eastern Africa • Plant Acceptance 1 September plant operational philosophy. After Pieter Hokkeling, 2001. the successful mobilisation period Senior Project Development Manager, Today Wärtsilä has an installed base the personnel were formally Wärtsilä Development & Financial Services of over 400 MW in the Eastern qualified as competent to operate African region, which contributes the plant in a safe and reliable approximately to 15 % of the total manner. Ongoing ‘on the job’ installed capacity in the region. training for staff is also provided to ensure the transfer of knowledge Full O&M responsibility from the expatriate personnel to the TPC entered into an Operations & plant staff. Maintenance Agreement with In general all minor and major Wärtsilä Operations, Ltd. for a term overhauls and repairs are performed

30 - Energy News Issue 13 Interview with KPLC

Energy News interviewed Mr S. K. Gichuru, Managing Director of Kenya Power and Lighting Co. Ltd. (KPLC) on the power situation in Kenya in general and on KPLC’s co-operation with Wärtsilä.

Mr Gichuru, could you describe the power mix in the national grid? The interconnected network comprises the following mix: Installed Effective capacity (MW) capacity (MW) Hydro 677 639 Kengen Thermal 224.5 196 Kengen Geothermal 45 45 IPPs Iberafrica (diesel) 56 56 Westmont (turbines) 43.5 43.5 Orpower (geothermal) 12.0 12.0 In Kenya, IPPs commenced developments in 1966 Tsavo, Kipevu II(diesel) 74.2 74.2 and the first IPP plant was commissioned in 1997. Imports 30.0 0 Since then three other IPP projects have started Total capacity 1,162.2 1,065.7 operation. It is expected that IPP projects will Hydro currently represents 60 % of the installed continue to play a significant role in power capacity. The 20-year generation expansion plan, production in the future. This is true not only for based on a least-cost approach in determining the Kenya, but for other countries in the region. plant to be considered for development, will have Furthermore, there is co-operation within the region the following composition by the year 2019: in power trade as evidenced by the proposed East African Power Master Plan, the Arusha to Nairobi Capacity (MW) Hydro 860 power transmission interconnector, and the Zambia Geothermal 496 to Tanzania interconnector. The transmission Thermal 804 interconnectors will enable East African countries to Import 150 Total 2,310 trade power with the South African Power Pool.

How would you rate the importance to By 2019, therefore, hydro capacity is expected to the Kenyan economy of the Kipevu II project decline from the current 60 % to 37 % of total compared with other power plants? effective generation. Note also that this type of The Kipevu II project capacity is about7%ofthe generation mix maximises renewable resources such current effective capacity. However, due to its lower as hydro and geothermal, while maintaining enough cost of energy, it is expected to contribute fossil fuel thermal plant capacity to cater for drought approximately 11 % of the total energy generated in periods. the financial year 2001/02.

How significant are IPPs for Kenya What challenges do you see for the energy and the region as a whole? sector in the future and what role can Wärtsilä In the past, power generation was developed by the play as an active partner? public sector through multilateral agency funding. Attracting investment in the energy sector continues Recent trends have shifted financing by these to be a challenge due to the high capital required agencies to other sectors of the economy, leaving and long payback periods. Wärtsilä, having already power generation development to private sector made a step by investing in Kipevu II, is well funding. positioned to invest more in the energy sector. n

Energy News - 31 Issue 13 Meeting the world's energy needs

Power for extreme conditions

Wärtsilä has been supplying site experiences is invaluable when computer-controlled engines. This power plants to some of the offering guaranteed performance can be avoided by demonstrating world’s most inhospitable places packages. the benefits and creating a will for many years. From the peaks The plant’s high availability is of among site people to learn and of the Andes to the swamps of prime concern so the problems adapt. And once they have adapted, the Kalimantan jungle, and from associated with maintenance and any good crew will be able to run the frozen wastes of Siberia to service in these inhospitable areas the equipment more reliably than the scorching heat of Western must be overcome. A common before. Australia, Wärtsilä is there challenge for operators of very providing reliable power. remote power plants is the rapid Boiling hot power availability of spare parts. Wärtsilä is The gas-fired power plant at Reciprocating engines have distinct bringing further improvements to Plutonic Gold Mine in Western advantages over gas turbines in this critical situation by offering Australia experiences ambient extreme conditions. They are far remote monitoring of engine temperatures of 45 ºC in the more flexible and economical, and performance with trend analysing summer months. The plant has they do not require as much power software - Wärtsilä’s WAP based been in commercial operation since de-rating at high temperatures. FAKS system and with critical February 1998. Experience is the key in these transducer redundancy in the Plutonic Gold Mine is benefiting difficult conditions and Wärtsilä has engine construction. from significant savings in the cost more experience in supplying A potential major problem is the of power generation since the plant turnkey packages for such projects time needed by the mechanical started supplying the base load for in all parts of the world than most engine maintenance crew to adapt the mine. The older diesel station other companies. A wide base of to the new advanced acts as a peaking / stand-by plant.

32 - Energy News Issue 13 The Pure Energy plant consists of -65 °C. Some plants are built on Solutions to all these problems four 4 MW Wärtsilä 34SG gas permafrost soils and operate in are based on Wärtsilä’s extensive generator sets. These highly efficient electrical island mode conditions experience in providing reliable lean-burn units were manufactured without a connection to any grid. power in the arctic conditions of in Finland and shipped via There is invariably heavy snow and northern Finland, Russian Siberia Fremantle to the Plutonic Gold Mine icing to endure together with high and North West Territories of site. winds. Canada. Wärtsilä has created and The plant is controlled and monitored by the Wärtsilä WECS 3000 digital control system. Thanks to the high efficiency of the power plant and the use of natural gas, the specific (g/kWhe)CO2 emissions are low. All cooling equipment such as heat exchangers, lube oil coolers and radiators are specially designed to meet the high ambient temperature requirements. High external temperatures lead to high powerhouse temperatures, so all equipment, especially alternators, are designed for the conditions. Also all of the electrical panels which are located inside the engine

The arctic environment also developed special knowhow in all presents problems in the form of fields of arctic technology. This also remote locations without any covers the areas of project infrastructure. This can cause major management, as working in the headaches for transportation and extreme cold climates requires operational logistics. For example, it specific measures, procedures and is not unusual that there are no safety precautions. roads; heavy equipment must be Wärtsilä’s arctic knowledge used transported by rivers or winter in the design and engineering of roads over swamps. This is typical power plants is a total concept. It especially on the Siberian oil and includes all the materials, processes, gas fields, where power is needed working methods and equipment required for the harsh environment. The supply, operation and room have a self-cooling maintenance of power plants in arrangement to ensure their efficient arctic conditions has not attracted and reliable operation. many manufacturers as the market is relatively small and requires Freezing cold power for the start of exploration and specialist knowledge, material, Power plants operating in extremely drilling operations. During autumn equipment and experience in the cold conditions present a number of and spring the only means of field – skills and capabilities that unique problems. In some cases transporting equipment is often by need to be developed specifically temperatures can sink down to helicopter. for this purpose.

Energy News - 33 Issue 13 Meeting the world's energy needs

Power above the clouds Standing at 4200 metres, the Quebrada Blanca copper mine’s power plant suffers from both high altitude and freezing cold temperatures. These extreme conditions present a number of unique problems for both man and machine. The Quebrada copper mine is located on a high plateau in the Andes some 30 km west of the Bolivian border and 170 km from the Chilean port city of Iquique. En route to the site, plant equipment consisting of ten Wärtsilä 32 generating sets, each weighing 100 tons, had to be hauled through 125 hairpin bends including 60 closed curves.

atmospheric pressure at high Wärtsilä – for example – had to altitudes water boils at only 86 ºC, design special expansion tanks. for example, and fuel evaporates at Electrical motors do not provide a lower temperature than normal. normal output at this height either, The low boiling point for liquids so larger motors must be used. at high altitude requires the use of The extreme conditions at the site closed systems and sufficient static make working difficult. The mine pressures. To accomplish this therefore decided that as much of

The human body finds it difficult to work efficiently at high altitudes; it simply does not get enough oxygen to perform in the normal way so performance is greatly reduced. Exactly the same thing happens to engines. Less oxygen reaches the cylinders and operators have to be satisfied with lower than ‘normal’ outputs. The climate experienced at high altitude is invariably inhospitable. On the plateau the weather is dry, windy and cold. The temperatures normally range between -8 ºC and +15 ºC. Altitude also affects other temperatures; owing to the lower

34 - Energy News Issue 13 What´s new the power plant as was possible Fast-track power for should be pre-manufactured. The pre-manufacturing concept of Brazilian textile factory Wärtsilä fitted the need to minimise work at the site. The shortage of a reliable power supply is a major problem for Brazilian industry. Coteminas, a large Brazilian textile company, has decided to Nothing beats experience solve their energy problems by independently producing power for their Wärtsilä excels at installing textile factory in João Pessoa, close to the coastal city of Recife. guaranteed power capacity using a Coteminas, with eleven factories in Brazil, has awarded a contract to wide variety of fuels in any part of Wärtsilä to supply a complete turnkey 5.6 MW Power Module plant the world. It is vital to maintain the consisting of two engine modules, one electric module and a radiator quality of the product supplied as cooling system. The Power Module features two Wärtsilä 18V220SG extreme conditions make extreme engines and is fuelled by natural gas. demands on equipment and Coteminas has urgent power needs owing to the current Brazilian personnel. energy crisis. The new power plant will provide Coteminas with a reliable When supplying power plants to source of power in a region that is susceptible to blackouts. The factory sites located in regions that has considerable power needs as the weaving machines and auxiliary experience extreme weather compressor sets create a high power demand. Reliable power will mean conditions it is essential that the less downtime and higher profitability. supplier and the customer work Delivery in less than four months This fast-track Power Plant delivery included transportation from Wärtsilä's Mulhouse factory in France by sea to the port of Recife, Brazil, and then by land to the site. The Power Modules will arrive on site pre-tested and ready to connect to the grid. The governing system allows the plant to be connected to the public grid. The interface with the grid and the factory is controlled through an advanced supervision system that includes digital monitoring features. The Power Modules will operate in base load. Later a development of the project will include CHP to produce steam for textile bleaching and drying processes. The steam will be produced by a steam boiler that will utilise the exhaust gases from the engines. n closely together to ensure that the customer’s requirements are specified accurately. Wärtsilä has constructed power plants in more than 130 countries, and has accordingly developed João Pessoa working methods for all conditions. The company’s experience has taken the guesswork out of design; Brazil there is nothing better than experience gained from running a plant in extreme conditions. n

Author: Pilot Communications

Energy News - 35 Issue 13 Optimizing performance Fast-track gas conversion improves efficiency and lowers NOx emissions in Portuguese plant

In a drive to meet their environmental targets on low emissions and to improve plant profitability, Tintrofa decided to convert their heavy fuel oil (HFO) operated combined heat and power (CHP) power plant in Portugal to natural gas. The decision for a natural gas conversion was both environmentally and economically logical for Tintrofa. The new plant’s benefits include low emissions and improved plant efficiency. The conversion has decreased NOX emissions by some 90 %. Tintrofa awarded the contract to Wärtsilä on 28 March 2001, the conversion project was started in the middle of May and the plant was re-commissioned at the end of The Wärtsilä 12V34SG engine has an output of 3780 kWm/3630kWe June 2001. This fast-track project was made possible by Wärtsilä’s This short downtime was made downtime was a key factor behind ability to convert the power plant possible as all the works were Tintrofa’s decision to proceed with withina5to6week period. carried out on-site. The short the gas conversion. The plant

Fast-track gas conversion 12V32E HFO engine converted to 12V34SG

3 NOX mg / Nm at 5% O2 6000 Fast-track turnkey project for Tintrofa S.A., Portugal. 5000 The HFO plant, built in 1994, 4000 had 48,000 running hours.

3000 After gas conversion: NOx emissions decreased by some 90 % 2000 and improved plant efficiency. 1000

0 12V32E HFO 12V34SG (Natural gas) Before conversion After conversion

36 - Energy News Issue 13 What´s new conversion was completed as a turnkey delivery for the customer. Power for remote The gas conversion gives several operational benefits, such as longer petrochemical plant in intervals between scheduled maintenance. Venezuela The original plant was built in 1994 and had accumulated 48,000 A petrochemical plant, owned and operated by Petroleum De Venezuela running hours in HFO operation. (PDVSA), close to the city of Gaufita in the remote south west of This CHP project included full Venezuela, is in urgent need of reliable power. PDVSA have so far rented conversion of the Wärtsilä Vasa power units totalling 15 MWe, but this arrangement has not met all their 12V32E to 12V34SG generating set, expectations. With an unreliable local grid, the company has decided to go which required auxiliaries for SG for a self-generation project. operation plus all control system Wärtsilä has been awarded a contract to supply a fast-track power plant changes, electrical system to the petrochemical plant by Hanover Company of Houston, Texas, USA. modifications, compressed air Hanover will sell the electricity to PDVSA over a period of nine years. The system, gas alarm, safety systems plant is due to be completed and fully operational by December 2001. and plant changes together with the The 24 MWe power plant will supply electricity to the petrochemical commissioning and training of plant. It consists of nine Wärtsilä200 generator sets plus starting air systems, operators. fuel systems and cooling systems together with automation, control and Tintrofa S.A. is a medium-sized supervision systems. The project also includes a 90 days assistance package textile company with its factory and to the operators of the power plant. Hanover will operate the plant with the offices located close to the city of full support of Wärtsilä. Porto, Portugal. The factory is a As with most remote locations, the region itself will present suppliers process plant for textile products; with unique and difficult challenges to overcome. In the case of PDVSA’s approximately 90 % of Tintrofa’s Gaufita petrochemical plant, the tropical ambient temperatures are very textile products are for export sales. high all through the year. The steam from the CHP plant is Wärtsilä was able to demonstrate to PDVSA the experience of supplying used in the factory for heating and reliable power to remote sites in South American countries. This is drying. Surplus electricity, which Wärtsilä’s first power plant contract in Venezuela, strengthening Wärtsilä’s can be up to 60 % of electricity position as the preferred partner for reliable power in the oil and gas generated, is sold to the local power business around the world. n grid. This is a useful source of extra revenue for Tintrofa. In addition Tintrofa receive a green gas operation fee for using gas for power generation instead of HFO. This successfully completed gas conversion project, by Wärtsilä, is Venezuela an important break-through for the company, as several similar Gaufita conversions will follow in other industrial market areas. This is brought about by the increased possibilities to use natural gas for power generation. n

Author: Pilot communications

Energy News - 37 Issue 13 Meeting the world's energy needs

:Estella del Mar, Dominican Republic Wärtsilä Power Commodore – prince of barges

The start of Wärtsilä’s Power barge, Sultana del Este (148.6 MW), because the barge can be relocated Commodore business dates from has just recently arrived in the after the first PPA is over, a very 1989 when the first 35 MW Dominican Republic after being important issue from the financing power barge, called Estrella del constructed in Singapore. point of view. The possibility to use Norte, was delivered to Seaboard The main argument for investing different fuels also makes the barge in the Dominican Republic. in a Power Commodore is that this solution very flexible. Since then Wärtsilä has delivered barge concept makes it possible to about 1200 MW in 21 barges to bring electricity production quickly Seaboard fast-track delivery six countries. to places where this would The Dominican Republic has been otherwise be difficult or impossible, an active Power Commodore and where a nationwide grid for market for Wärtsilä owing to its Wärtsilä’s Power Commodore example is not available. Barges long seashores and urgent need for reference list includes the 115 MW also eliminate the expensive cost of power. The customer Seaboard had Haripur gas-fuelled barge in piling when it is necessary to build a Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) Bangladesh and the 10 MW Riau a power plant on extremely difficult of 120 MW with its first Power barge running on LFO in Indonesia. sites like a swamp or river shore. Commodore, Estrella del Mar, and The latter is the smallest Power The Power Commodore also wanted to have a fast-track project Commodore delivered so far, allows its owner to use short-term of about 70 MW. Their main reason whereas the world’s largest power power purchase agreements (PPA) for choosing a Power Commodore

38 - Energy News Issue 13 was the tight time frame: the plant needed to be running in 264 days. Seaboard knew Wärtsilä’s reputation and experience as a Power Commodore builder, which made the choice easier; Seaboard also owns the first Power Commodore ever built, the Estrella del Norte. These two plants are close enough to each other to allow both to share the same, land-based workshop and fuel treatment equipment. The contract for the new 71.2 MW power barge, incorporating seven Wärtsilä 18V38 Sultana del Este, Dominican Republic engines, was signed on 21 January 2000 and Wärtsilä had 264 days possible for commissioning work to transported from its building site in from that date, including 40 days for start a few days later. The barge Singapore, via the Suez Canal, on a transportation to the Dominican was handed over on 18 October semi-submersible vessel to the Republic. 2000 after a successful 72-hour test Dominican Republic. The plant Because of the limited time for run. This Power Commodore runs consists of nine Wärtsilä 18V46 the shipyard work Wärtsilä first on heavy fuel oil with light fuel oil engines and is scheduled to be on went to a shipyard with previous as a back-up fuel. line in early November 2001. experience of converting a transport Wärtsilä has also signed an barge to a Power Commodore. Sultana del Este – world’s most Operation and Maintenance Unfortunately this yard could not powerful barge Agreement to operate the power meet Wärtsilä’s requirements for this Empresa Generadora de plant. Power Commodore, so another Electrididad Haina, S. A. (EGE shipyard was contacted. This Haina) is one of the two private Ongoing development naturally put more pressure on utility generators in the Dominican There is a considerable market Wärtsilä’s own organisation, Republic. They needed more potential in the world for Power especially with respect to electricity at a competitive price to Commodores, particularly for supervision of the design and the keep up with growing demand. islands but also in rivers and along shipyard’s work. It was essential to Working with developer Hart shorelines of countries with an have the Power Commodore ready International Energy Inc., EGE urgent need for power. before leaving the yard. The Power Haina decided to go for a Wärtsilä As a leading supplier of Commodore was assembled in solution. The result was not only barge-mounted power plants Singapore and the base barge was the most powerful Power Wärtsilä continues to develop the already selected when the final Commodore ever built, but also the Power Commodore concept and contract was signed. The conversion most powerful barge in the world. find new ways to improve their work started at the shipyard on 22 In November 1999, EGE Haina design. Not least. this also includes February 2000. and Wärtsilä signed an Engineering, giving due consideration to After the barge (97m x 30m) was Procurement and Construction environmental issues, which are converted, it was shipped on a Contract for a 148.6 MWe Power increasing in importance submersible via the Suez canal to Commodore to be moored at EGE worldwide. n the Dominican Republic in about 40 Haina’s site in San Pedro de days, arriving in Santo Domingo on Macoris, the Dominican Republic. Author: Jukka Hakola, 1 September. Some assembly work This Wärtsilä Power Commodore, General Manager, was performed during called Sultana del Este, was Market Information Management transportation, which made it Wärtsilä Finland

Energy News - 39 Issue 13 Inside view Wärtsilä 220SG power plant red Bausch & Lomb’s energy costs

In a drive to increase profitability generated by the plant are used for Bausch & Lomb, a world leader in the factory’s processes and general eye care technology, identified the power needs, while the steam is need to reduce energy costs at their used for sterilising and plant in Waterford, Ireland. When dehumidification in the factory. Hot evaluating various scenarios to water is used for water and space achieve this, the company also heating. made it a top priority to choose an energy solution that would fully Most advantageous tender satisfy its environmental demands. The decision to build the plant was Bausch & Lomb approached ESB primarily a commercial one. The (Ireland’s Electricity Supply Board) new plant is projected to reduce to explore and recommend effective Bausch & Lomb’s energy costs energy solutions to meet their while providing an investment electrical and thermal requirements. return to ESB, the plant’s owners. In the end they decided to build a “Wärtsilä was chosen for this Billy Matthews, Maintenance gas-fired combined heat and power project because they submitted an Engineering Manager, ESB Power (CHP) plant. economically most advantageous Generation The CHP power plant is based on tender, which gave the best results a Wärtsilä 220SG gas engine considering purchase price, commented Bryan Ryan, Manager producing 3.2 MW and 1.3 MW efficiency and long-term operation. e th CHP & Renewables Group, ESB steam plus 1.4 MW hot water with The electrical profile of the project th Power Generation. the high-temperature and lube oil was ideally suited to the Wärtsilä “The plant is performing circuits. The power and heat 220SG power plant package,” satisfactorily as per the specified

40 - Energy News Issue 13 What´s new uces Power and heat for arctic Siberia

Reliable power and heat are critical to any company working in extreme arctic conditions. In this respect northern Siberia outputs. The O&M arrangement represents one of the world’s most inhospitable places to work with Wärtsilä is working well, too.” in. According to Billy Matthews, Wärtsilä has been awarded a contract by Rao Gazprom, OOA Maintenance Engineering Manager, Yamalgazinvest, Moscow, Russia for a power plant which will the gains for Bausch & Lomb are supply power and heat to the Purtazovskaya Compressor Station measured in high availability, in Siberia. significantly lower energy costs, Gazprom is the world’s largest gas producer and is also the increased profitability and low largest company in Russia. Their Purtazovskaya compressor emissions. During most of the station pumps natural gas from the northern Siberian months to date, for example, Zaporlarniye gas fields to central Russia and to western Europe. monthly availability averages have The power plant will be located at the gas pipeline exceeded the targeted 92 % level. compressor station in the Yamal-Nenets region of Siberia close The plant also meets strict TA Luft to the town of Novy Urengoi. The region experiences freezing environmental conditions: temperatures down to minus 60 °C. In these harsh and 90ppm±10%NOx and demanding conditions critical plant availability is vital to 296 ppm ± 10 % CO, as well as a operations. Wärtsilä can meet Gazprom’s own strict rules and low noise level of 45dBA at the site norms for the design and operation of the power plant. boundary (80 m free field The plant’s planned output is 21.9 MWe and 18.8 MWth. The conditions). n contract consists of two plus two Wärtsilä 34SG gas generating sets with hot water heat recovery, other plant equipment and the Author: Pilot Communications power house. The first part of the power plant will be commissioned in the winter of 2002 and the second part in the winter of 2003. The contract award was based on Wärtsilä’s considerable experience in supplying reliable energy solutions in extreme conditions – both cold and hot. n

Energy News - 41 Issue 13 What´s new Bangladeshi IPP wins ISO environmental and quality certification

Khulna Power Operators, the first independent power from Wartsila Finland, Wärtsilä Bangladesh and Lloyds plant operator in Bangladesh, has won ISO certification Register, and the president of the Khulna Press Club. for its environmental and quality management systems. Khulna Power Operators Ltd has been commercially The certification was awarded by Lloyds Register operating an independent 110 MW Power Commodore Quality Assurance, which is empowered to issue ISO power plant at Khulna since 13 October 1998. The Certificates by the United Kingdom Accreditation power plant, a joint venture between two Bangladeshi Society (UKAS). Khulna Power Operators Ltd is a companies and El Paso of the USA, is equipped with subsidiary of Wartsila Operations and Maintenance Ltd nineteen 18V32LN Wärtsilä engines. The plant has a Oy, Finland. guaranteed capacity of 110 MW and is capable of The certificate was awarded on 5 May 2001 at the producing 116 MW with all 19 engines on full load. plant’s premises. The ceremony took place in the At the company’s formation, many of the top presence of chief guest of honour, Mr M. A. Muyeed, management personnel employed by Power Operators Member Planning and Development (BPDB), and other Ltd were expatriates from Finland, but since January invited guests including high officials from BPDB, the 2001 most of the management team has comprised owner of Khulna Power Company Ltd, representatives local personnel. n

42 - Energy News Issue 13 Recognition for Wärtsilä’s first Environmental Report

Wärtsilä Group’s first Environmental Report was ranked the best separate environmental report in 2001 alongside M-Real’s report in a competition held in Finland annually to judge the environmental and social responsibility reporting of Finnish companies. The prize committee commented on Wärtsilä’s Environmental Report as follows: The Wärtsilä report is the first report to be published by a Finnish mechanical engineering company. It has been prepared with highly ambitious objectives, adopting the model of the Global Reporting Initiative. The report describes particularly well the company’s products and their environmental impact. Wärtsilä Group published its first Environmental Report in June 2001. Its content concentrates mainly on Wärtsilä’s research and development activities although it also gives considerable attention to the operations of Wärtsilä’s factories and their environmental impacts. Wärtsilä’s Environmental Report, which is written in English, applies the new Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) guidelines for environmental reporting. The next report will be published in two years’ time.

Wärtsilä companies gain environmental certification Wärtsilä’s aim is to certify the environmental management systems of its largest companies in accordance with the ISO 14001 standard. These certificates are awarded by independent international classification and certification societies. Many of Wärtsilä companies have achieved this certification: Wärtsilä Deutschland GmbH, Wärtsilä Sweden AB, Besides meeting legal and other requirements, the aim Wärtsilä Pakistan Ltd., Wärtsilä Philippines Inc., Wärtsilä of Wärtsilä’s environmental management system is to Singapore Pte Ltd., Wärtsilä Technology Oy, Wärtsilä prevent pollution, anticipate environmental risks, Finland Oy, Wärtsilä Switzerland Ltd., Wärtsilä Australia control emissions and achieve cost efficiency. Pty Ltd., Wärtsilä Ibérica S.A., Wärtsilä China Ltd., Research and development is integral to the Wärtsilä Danmark A/S, Columbia Energy Operations SA environmental system. The thrust of Wärtsilä’s R&D and Khulna Power Operators Ltd. efforts is to manufacture engines that impose the least ISO 14001 environmental certificates are a possible impact on the environment. The most recognition of the systematic efforts on behalf of the effective way of doing this is to raise total engine environment undertaken in Wärtsilä’s companies. This efficiency and at the same time develop emissions work has involved all employees in these companies. reduction technologies. n

Energy News - 43 Issue 13 Conferences & Seminars Wärtsilä technical papers at conferences worldwide

The engine and power industries are evolving Rabb R. Interpretation and evaluation of the statistical size constantly as new technologies and innovative systems effect, 23rd Cimac Congress, 7-10 May 2001, Hamburg, come on line. As a global engineering corporation Germany. focusing on power generation and marine propulsion, Vuorinen A. Designing distributed power plants for new Wärtsilä aims to be at the forefront of these changes. liberalised electricity markets, Power-Gen Europe 2001, 29-31 May 2001, Brussels, Belgium. Below we list the main technical papers given this year at conferences worldwide by Wärtsilä experts. Wideskog M. Design of a 9 MW spark-ignited ultra lean burn gas engine, Power-Gen Europe 2001, 29-31 May 2001, Brussels, They indicate the importance of Wärtsilä’s continuous Belgium. investment in R&D and the results that this is achieving. Mäkelä J. Optimised combined heat and power production for If you would like a copy of any of them, please place deregulated markets, Power-Gen Europe 2001, 29-31 May 2001, your order with the editor of Energy News: Brussels, Belgium. [email protected]. Klimstra J. Energy efficiency of engine-driven cogeneration plants: an analysis of real-life examples, Power-Gen Europe Klimstra J. Natural gas: an effective transient fuel for engines 2001, 29-31 May 2001, Brussels, Belgium. in cogeneration plants, Ecogen 2001, 28-30 March 2001, Wideskog M. The fuel-flexible engine, Dessau Gas Engine Melbourne, Australia. Conference, 7-8 June 2001, Dessau, Germany. Paro D. Development of the sustainable engine, 23rd Cimac Speakes K. Distributed Generation Redefined: An Insurance Congress, 7-10 May 2001, Hamburg, Germany. Policy, Northeast Energy and Commerce Association, 7 June Kytölä J, Jay D, Lehtonen K, Askew J. Common-rail fuel 2001, Boxborough, Maryland, USA. injection for heavy fuel medium-speed engines, 23rd Cimac Klimstra J. Natural-Gas-Fuelled Cogeneration – An Overview of Congress, May 7-10 2001, Hamburg, Germany. the Emission Aspects, Paper IECEC2001-EI-03, 36th Intersociety Nylund I. A review of gas engine developments at Wärtsilä, Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 29 July – 2 August 23rd Cimac Congress, May 7-10 2001, Hamburg, Germany. 2001, Savannah, Georgia, USA. Stenhede T. Waste-to-energy combined cycle plant: profit from waste, VI International Conference, 13-14 November 2001, London, United Kingdom. n

44 - Energy News Issue 13 Who´s new Appointments in Wärtsilä Corporation

Mr Ravi Raina was appointed companies in the United Arab Director, Business Development, as Emirates, Pakistan and India. of 1 September 2001. His responsibilities include establishing Wärtsilä France S.A.S a Wärtsilä regional office and Mr Kari Punnonen was appointed network company in Egypt. He will Area Sales and Product Support also lead the sales activities in Egypt Manager as of 1 September 2001. and in special cases in eastern His responsibility in Wärtsilä France, Africa. Mr Raina previously worked Power Plants, is sales and product as Managing Director of Wärtsilä support for Europe, Africa and the Eastern Africa, Kenya. Middle East. Mr Punnonen’s former position was as Area Sales Manager, Wärtsilä Finland Oy Eastern Europe, in Wärtsilä Finland Mr Tore Björkman was appointed Oy. Area Director for Europe as of 13 August 2001 as the Western and Mr Nicolas Verrier was appointed Eastern Europe sales organizations Sales Manager for Central America were combined. He has worked as and the Caribbean as of 6 June Area Director for Eastern Europe 2001. He previously worked as since 1 March 2001 and before this Sales Support Engineer for he was Director, Power Project European sales in Wärtsilä Development, at Wärtsilä Netherlands. n Development and Financial Services.

Mr Lars-Åke Kjell was appointed Assistant Area Director, Africa and Middle East, as well as Assistant Area Sales Manager, Brazil, as of 1 August 2001. Mr Kjell has previously worked in Wärtsilä network Ravi Raina Tore Björkman

Lars-Åke Kjell Nicolas Verrier Kari Punnonen

Energy News - 45 Issue 13 Wärtsilä Corporation Worldwide

ARGENTINA Wärtsilä Panyu Service Station Wärtsilä France S.A. IRELAND Wärtsilä Argentina S.A. Lian Hua Shan, Guaranteed 28, Boulevard Roger Salengro Wartsila Ireland Ltd. Cerrito 836 1st floor of 25 Processing Zone, 511440 Panyu, 78200 Mantes-la-Ville, B.P.1224 54, Broomhill Drive 1010 Capital Federal Guangdong P.R China 78202 Mantes-la-Jolie Cedex Tallaght Industrial Estate, Dublin 24 Tel: ...... +54 11 4816 4131 Tel:...... +86 (0)20 848 66 241 Tel:...... +33 (0)1 34 78 88 00 Tel: ...... +353 1 459 5668 Fax: ...... +54 11 4816 4135 Fax:...... +86 (0)20 848 66 240 Fax:...... +33 (0)1 34 78 88 03 Fax: ...... +353 1 459 5672 Wärtsilä Taiwan Ltd. Wärtsilä France S.A. AUSTRALIA 13F-4, No 186, Jian Yi Road, Chung Ho Etablissement de la Méditerranée ITALY Wartsila Australia Pty Ltd. City, Taipei Hsieng, Taiwan R.O.C. R.N. 8-Les Baux, F-13420 Gémenos Wärtsilä Italia S.p.A. 48 Huntingwood Drive Tel:...... +886 (0)2 8227 1066 Tel:...... +33 (0)4 42 320 606 Bagnoli della Rosandra 334 Huntingwood, NSW 2148 Fax:...... +886 (0)2 8227 1067 Fax:...... +33 (0)4 42 320 666 Tel:...... +61 (0)2 9672 8200 I-34018 Trieste Fax:...... +61 (0)2 9672 8585 COLOMBIA Wärtsilä France S.A. Tel: ...... +39 040 319 5000 Wärtsilä Australia Pty Ltd. Wärtsilä Colombia S.A. Etablissement du Nord Fax: ...... +39 040 827 371 109 Broadway , Bassendean WA 6054 Avenida 19 # 118-30 Oficina 607 Z.I.A. Rue de Lorival, BP 411, Wärtsilä Italia S.p.A. F-59474 Seclin Tel:...... +61 (0)8 9377 3337 Edificio Centro de Negocios Via Nazario Sauro, 5, 20068 Canzo di Tel:...... +33 (0)3 20 625 800 Fax:...... +61 (0)8 9377 3338 Santafe de Bogotá, Sur America Peschiera Borromeo (Milano) Fax:...... +33 (0)3 20 327 147 Tel:...... +57 (0)1 629 3760 Tel: ...... +39 02 553 9061 AZERBAIJAN Fax:...... +57 (0)1 629 3821 GERMANY Fax: ...... +39 02 553 90639 Wartsila Caspian Ltd Salyan Shosse 32, Sabail District, Baku CYPRUS Wärtsilä Deutschland GmbH IVORY COAST Schlenzigstrasse 6, 21107 Hamburg Azerbaijan Republic Wärtsilä Cyprus Ltd. & Wartsila ACO Tel:...... +994 12 983175/6/7/8/9 Wärtsilä Mediterranean Ltd. Tel:...... +49 (0)40 75 190 0 Fax:...... +49 (0)40 75 190 190 17, Rue Pierre et Marie Curie Fax: ...... +994 12 983172 Rebecca Court, 2nd Floor Zone 4A, Abidjan 1 Promachon Eleftherias, Ayios Athanasios BANGLADESH GREECE Tel: ...... +225 21 24 31 59 4103 Limassol Fax: ...... +225 21 35 15 06 Wärtsilä Bangladesh Ltd. Tel:...... +357-5-322 620 Wärtsilä Greece S.A. Iqbal Centre (14th Floor) Fax:...... +357-5-314 467 25, Akti Miaouli JAPAN 42 Kemal Ataturk Avenue, Banani C/A Piraeus 185 35 Dhaka - 1213 DENMARK Tel: ...... +30 1 41 35 450 Wartsila Japan Co., Ltd. Tel: ...... +880 2 881 8666 Wärtsilä Danmark A/S Fax: ...... +30 1 41 17 902 Kobe Yusen Bldg., 1-1-1, Kaigan-dori ...... +880 18 240 302 Jens Munksvej 1, P.O.Box 67 Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0024 Fax: ...... +880 2 988 3372 DK-9850 Hirtshals GUATEMALA Tel:...... +81 (0)78 392 8674 Tel: ...... +45 99 569 956 Wärtsilä Guatemala, S.A Fax:...... +81 (0)78 392 8688 BRAZIL Fax: ...... +45 98 944 016 14 Avenida 7-12, Zona 14, Oficina # 1, Wartsila Japan Co., Ltd. Wärtsilä Brasil Ltda. Wärtsilä Danmark A/S Guatemala, Guatemala C.A. Binary Kita-Aoyama Bldg, 8F, 3-6-19, Av. Rio Branco, 116/12 andar Axeltrov 8, 1st Floor Tel: ...... +502 366 9511 Kita-Aoyama, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-0061 Centro - Rio de Janeiro 20040-001 DK-1609 Copenhagen V Fax: ...... +502 366 9552 Tel:...... +55 (0)21 2505 6562 Tel:...... +81 (0)3 3486 4531 Tel: ...... +45 33 454 133 INDIA Fax:...... +81 (0)3 3486 4153 Fax:...... +55 (0)21 2505 6572 Fax: ...... +45 33 454 130 Wärtsilä India Ltd. Wärtsilä Danmark A/S KENYA CANADA 76, Free Press House, Nariman Point Wärtsilä Canada Inc. Hækken 3, 6700 Esbjerg Mumbai 400 021 Wärtsilä Eastern Africa Ltd. 164 Akerley Boulevard, Tel: ...... +45 76 135 000 Tel:...... +91 (0)22 281 5601 House of Vanguard, Fuji Plaza Fax: ...... +45 75 133 575 Dartmouth (Halifax), Nova Scotia B3B 125 Fax:...... +91 (0)22 284 0427 Chiromo Road, Westlands, Nairobi Tel: ...... +1 902 4681 264 Tel:...... +254-2-446 985, 446 986 ECUADOR Wärtsilä India Ltd. Fax: ...... +1 902 4681 265 Fax:...... +254-2-446 719 Wartsila del Ecuador S.A. 48, Neco Chambers, Sector 11 CHILE Av. 12 de Octubre 2000 y Gral.Salazar CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai 400 614 KOREA Wärtsilä Chile Ltda. Edif. Plaza 2000, Piso 8, Quito Tel: ...... +91 (0)22 757 5361, 757 5371 Wärtsilä Korea Ltd. Nueva de Lyon 96, Office 306, Tel: ...... +593 2 235 130 Fax: ...... +91 (0)22 7575176/77/78 Noksan Bldg. 6th Fl. Providencia Santiago Fax: ...... +593 2 235 110 Wärtsilä India Ltd. 50-11 Yonggang-dong, Mapo-Gu Tel:...... +56 (0)2 2325 031 FINLAND 24, Siri Fort Road, New Delhi - 110049 Seoul 121-070 ...... 2325 469, 2325 608 Tel: ...... +91 (0)11 625 1105/-8 Tel:...... +82 2 3272 8032/-5 Fax:...... +56 (0)2 2328 754 Fax:...... +91 (0)11 625 1109 Wärtsilä Corporation Fax: ...... +82 2 3272 8036 Wärtsilä Chile Ltda. Wärtsilä India Ltd. Desiderio García, Manzana C Wärtsilä Development & Wärtsilä Korea Ltd. Lakshmi Chambers, 30, Annasalai th Sitio 23-A, Barrio Industrial, Iquique Financial Services Oy Pusan Marine Center Bldg. 10 fl. 79-1, Power Partners Oy Saidapet, Chennai 600015 Chungang-dong, 4-ga, Chung-gu, Pusan, Tel:...... +56 (0)57 415 226 Tel:...... +91 (0)44 230 1080 Fax:...... +56 (0)57 414 731 John Stenbergin ranta 2, P.O.Box 196 600-715, Korea 00531 Helsinki Fax: ...... +91-(0)44-230 0477 Wärtsilä Chile Ltda. Tel: ...... +82 51 469 5421 Tel:...... +358 (0)10 709 0000 Wärtsilä India Ltd. Fax: ...... +82 51 469 5422 Autopista 5980, Talcahuano Fax: ...... +358-(0)10 709 5700 (Corporate) B Wing, 6th Floor, Rama Bhavan Complex, Tel:...... +56 (0) 41 421 561 Fax: ...... +358 (0)10 709 5710 Kodialbail, Mangalore 575 003 MEXICO Fax:...... +56 (0) 41 420 229 (WDFS & Power Partners) Tel:...... +91 (0)824 441 722/444 577 Wartsila de Mexico S.A. CHINA Wärtsilä Corporation Fax:...... +91 (0)824 443 556 Guillermo Gonzalez Camarena Wärtsilä (China) Ltd. Wärtsilä Finland Oy Wärtsilä India Ltd. #1100 S Piso Room 4201, Hopewell Centre Wärtsilä Development & Flat No 302, 3rd Floor, Oxford Plaza, Col Centro Ciudad de Santa Fe 183 Queen´s Road East Financial Services Oy 9-1-129/1 Sarojini Devi Road, Mexico D.F. 01210 Wanchai, Hong Kong Wärtsilä Operations & Maintenance Ltd. Secunderabad 500 003 Tel: ...... +525 570 9200 Tel: ...... +852 2528 6605 Järvikatu 2-4, P.O.Box 244 Tel: ...... +91 (0)40 7715383/4/5 Fax: ...... +525 570 9201 Tlx: ...... 72571 wdhk hx 65101 Vaasa Fax:...... +91 (0)40 7715377 Fax: ...... +852 2885 7544 Tel:...... +358 (0)10 709 0000 Wärtsilä India Ltd. THE NETHERLANDS Wartsila (China) Ltd. Fax: ...... +358 (0)6 317 1906 East Anglia House, 3 C, Camac Street Wärtsilä Nederland BV Hong Kong Service Station (Technology & Manufacturing) Kolkata 700 016 Wärtsilä Compression Systems Shop No. 1, Ground Floor Fax: ...... +358 (0)10 709 1771 Tel:...... +91 (0)33 2172320/2269567 Hanzelaan 95, 8017 JE Zwolle 5 A Kung Ngam Village Road (Power Plants headquarters) Fax: ...... +91 (0)33 249 7535 P.O.Box 10608, 8000 GB Zwolle Shau Kei Wan, Hong Kong Fax: ...... +358 (0)10 709 1757 Wärtsilä India Ltd. Tel:...... +31 (0)38 425 3253 Tel: ...... +852 2750 3880 (Operations & WDFS) Paul Commercial Complex, 5th Floor, Fax:...... +31 (0)38 425 3973 Fax: ...... +852 2750 3669 Wärtsilä Finland Oy Ajni Square,Wardha Road NORWAY Wärtsilä Shanghai Repr. Office Tarhaajantie 2, P.O.Box 252, 65101 Vaasa Nagpur 440015 Unit A, 13 A/F Jiu Shi Fu Xing Mansion Tel...... +358 (0)10 709 0000 Tel: ...... +91 (0)712 224291/224294 Wärtsilä Norway AS 918 Huai Hai Road (M) Fax: .....+358 (0)6 356 9133 (Power Plants) Fax: ...... +91 (0)712 224 226 N-5420 Rubbestadneset Shanghai 200020, P.R. China Fax: ...... +358 (0)6 356 9155 (Service) Wärtsilä India Ltd. Tel: ...... +47 53 42 25 00 Fax: ...... +47 53 42 25 01 Tel:...... +86 (0)21 6415 5218 Fax:...... +358 (0)6 356 7188 (Marine) Opp Govt. Rest House Fax:...... +86(0) 21 6415 5868 Wärtsilä Finland Oy Mumbai Pune Road, Shilpata, Khopoli Wärtsilä Norway AS Wärtsilä Beijing Repr. Office Stålarminkatu 45, P.O.Box 50 410203 Hestehagen5-Holter Room 2505, CITIC Building 20810 Turku Tel:...... +91 (0)2192 64389 Industriområde, N-1440 Drøbak 19 Jianguomenwal Dajie, Tel...... +358 (0)10 709 0000 Fax:...... +91 (0)2192 63314 Tel: ...... +47 64 937 650 100004 Beijing, P.R. China Fax...... +358 (0)10 709 3169 Fax: ...... +47 64 937 660 Tel:...... +86 (0)10 6593 1842 INDONESIA Fax:...... +86 (0) 10 6593 1843 FRANCE PT Wärtsilä Indonesia PAKISTAN Wärtsilä Dalian repr. office Wärtsilä France S.A. Cikarang Industrial Estate Wartsila Pakistan (Pvt) Ltd. Room 815-816 Furama Hotel 1, rue de la Fonderie, B.P. 1210 Jl. Jababeka XVI, Kav. W-28 16-kilometer, Raiwind Road No. 60 Ren Min Road, Dalian 116001 F-68054 Mulhouse Cedex Bekasi 17530 P.O.Box 10104, Lahore Tel: ...... +86-(0)411-2822 100 Tel:...... +33 (0)3 89 666 868 Tel: ...... +62 21 893 7654 Tel:...... +92 (0)42 5418846 Fax: ...... +86-(0)411-2804 455 Fax:...... +33 (0)3 89 666 830 Fax: ...... +62 21 893 7660 Fax:...... +92 (0)42 5413481

46 - Energy News Issue 13