Poultry Production in Hot Climates

POULTRY PRODUCTION IN HOT CLIMATES Second Edition This page intentionally left blank POULTRY PRODUCTION IN HOT CLIMATES Second Edition Edited by Nuhad J. Daghir Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Lebanon CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI Head Office CABI North American Office Nosworthy Way 875 Massachusetts Avenue Wallingford 7th Floor Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02139 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 617 395 4056 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 617 354 6875 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi.org © CAB International 2008. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Poultry production in hot climates / edited by N.J. Daghir. -- 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-84593-258-9 (alk. paper) 1. Poultry. 2. Poultry industry. 3. Poultry--Climatic factors. I. Daghir, N. J. (Nuhad Joseph), 1935- SF487.P8645 2008 636.5--dc22 2007042039 ISBN-13: 978 1 84593 258 9 Typeset by AMA DataSet Ltd, UK. Printed and bound in the UK by Cromwell Press, Trowbridge. The paper used for the text pages in this book is FSC certified. The FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) is an international network to promote responsible management of the world’s forests. Contents Contents Contributors vii Preface to the first edition x Preface to the second edition xii 1. Present Status and Future of the Poultry Industry in Hot Regions 1 N.J. Daghir 2. Breeding for Resistance to Heat Stress 13 R.S. Gowe and R.W. Fairfull 3. Breeding Fast-growing, High-yield Broilers for Hot Conditions 30 A. Cahaner 4. Behavioural, Physiological, Neuroendocrine and Molecular Responses to Heat Stress 48 R.J. Etches, T.M. John and A.M. Verrinder Gibbins 5. Poultry Housing for Hot Climates 80 M. Czarick III and B.D. Fairchild 6. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry at High Temperatures 132 N.J. Daghir 7. Feedstuffs Used in Hot Regions 160 N.J. Daghir v vi Contents 8. Mycotoxins in Poultry Feeds 197 N.J. Daghir 9. Broiler Feeding and Management in Hot Climates 227 N.J. Daghir 10. Replacement Pullet and Layer Feeding and Management in Hot Climates 261 N.J. Daghir 11. Breeder and Hatchery Management in Hot Climates 294 N.J. Daghir and R. Jones 12. Waterfowl Production in Hot Climates 330 J.F. Huang, Y.H. Hu and J.C. Hsu Index 377 Contributors Contributors About the Editor Dr N.J. Daghir was born and raised in Lebanon, where he received his pri- mary and secondary education at the International College in Beirut. In 1954, he lived and worked on poultry farms in the states of Indiana and Arkansas as the first Lebanese participant in the International Farm Youth Exchange Programme, sponsored by the Ford Foundation. He received his BSc from the American University of Beirut (AUB) in 1957 and was immediately appointed by AUB to provide agricultural extension services to the central and northern Beqa’a region in Lebanon, to where he introduced commercial poultry production. In 1958, he left for the USA for graduate work, where he earned both his MSc and PhD degrees from the Iowa State University in 1959 and 1962, respectively. In 1962, he helped establish a Lebanese branch of the World Poultry Science Association and became president of that branch until 1984. During the same year, he started his teaching and research career at the AUB as Assistant Professor of Poultry Science and Nutrition. In 1967, he was promoted to associate professor and in 1975 to full professor. His teaching covered regular undergraduate and graduate courses to students from all over the Middle East area. He has served as adviser for over 40 MSc graduate students, many of whom have later received PhD degrees from US universi- ties and are now occupying key positions all over the world. Dr Daghir spent two sabbatical years in the USA, one at the University of California, Davis, in 1969, as visiting associate professor and one at the Iowa State University in 1979, as visiting professor. He is a member of several pro- fessional and honorary organizations, such as the American Institute of Nutrition, the American Poultry Science Association and the World Poultry Science Association. He has travelled widely in over 60 different countries of Asia, Europe, Africa and America. He has served as a consultant to poultry vii viii Contributors companies in Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, Iraq, Iran, Egypt, Kuwait, Tunisia, Saudi Arabia and Yemen, and participated in lecture tours on poultry production in these countries, sponsored by organizations such as ASA, USFGC, WPSA, etc. Dr Daghir has also served on special assignments for the Food and Agri- culture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and Aramco, and participated in preparing feasibility and pre-tender studies for poultry projects in several Middle East countries. Dr Daghir has had over 100 articles published in scientific journals and the proceedings of international meetings as well as several chapters in books and compendia. His research has covered a wide range of subjects, such as factors affecting vitamin requirements of poultry, utilization of agricultural by-products in poultry feeds, nutrient requirements of poultry at high-temperature conditions, seeds of desert plants as potential sources of feed and food, single-cell protein for poultry, and plant protein supplements of importance to hot regions. His research has received funding from the US National Institutes of Health, the International Devel- opment Research Centre and LNCSR, as well as from AUB. He has served in many administrative positions at the university, such as Chairman of the Animal Science Department, Associate Dean and Acting Dean of his Faculty and, for 2 years (1984–1986), served as team leader of the American University of Beirut technical mission to Saudi Arabia. From September 1986 to June 1992, he served as Director of Technical Services at the Shaver Poultry Company in Cambridge, Ontaria, Canada, and nutrition consultant to ISA breeders in North America. He served as Dean of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Professor of Poultry Science at the United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, UAE, from 1992 to 1996, and as Dean of the Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences at the American University of Beirut, from 1996 to 2006. He is at present Professor and Dean Emeritus at the same University. Other Contributors A. Cahaner, Faculty of Agriculture, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel. M. Czarick III, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30622, USA. R.J. Etches, Origen Therapeutics, 1450 Rollins Road, Burlingame, California, 94010, USA. B.D. Fairchild, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30622, USA. R.W. Fairfull, Centre for Food and Animal Research, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada KlA 0C6. R.S. Gowe, Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada NlG 2W1. J.C. Hsu, Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan. Y.H. Hu, Department of Livestock Management, Ilan Branch, Livestock Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taiwan. J.F. Huang, Department of Livestock Management, Ilan Branch, Livestock Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taiwan. Contributors ix T.M. John, Department of Zoology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1. R. Jones, 9 Alison Avenue, Cambridge, Ontario, Canada. A.M. Verrinder Gibbins, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1. Preface to the First Edition Preface to the First Edition This book was first envisioned in the early 1970s when the editor was teaching at the American University of Beirut, Lebanon. It was felt at the time that a reference was needed in the teaching of a senior-level course on Poultry Production in Hot Climates. When the literature was screened at that time it was found that the references on the subject did not exceed 100 and covered very few areas. Today, more than 20 years later, there has been extensive work in the areas of breeding for resistance to heat stress, heat-stress physiology, housing for improved performance in hot climates, nutrient requirements at high temperatures, feedstuff composition and nutritional value, and management of broilers, layers and breeders in hot climates, and a book covering information on these various subjects that includes over a thousand references became possible. Chapter 1 gives an overview of the poultry industry in the warm regions of the world (Africa, Latin America, Middle East, South Asia and South-east Asia) and covers some of the constraints to future development of the industry in those regions. Chapter 2 covers research on breeding for heat resistance and concludes that it is feasible to select for resistance to heat stress, but the challenge of the breeder is to introduce heat-stress tolerance while retaining and improving the economic traits needed in commercial chickens. Chapter 3 discusses several aspects of heat-stress physiology and the behavioural, physiological, neuroendocrine and molecular responses to heat stress. It also includes a section on heat-shock proteins. Chapter 4 addresses several issues in housing for improved performance in hot climates. It deals with the prin- ciples related to housing design as well as factors affecting poultry-house design for hot climates. Poultry-house maintenance and monitoring of house performance are also covered. Chapter 5 highlights some of the findings on nutrient requirements of chickens and turkeys at high environmental temperatures and emphasizes the fact that nutritional manipulations can reduce x Preface to the First Edition xi the detrimental effects of high temperatures but cannot fully correct them, for only part of the impairment in performance is due to poor nutrition.

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