The Peripheral Conversion of Thyroxine (T4) Into Triiodothyronine

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The Peripheral Conversion of Thyroxine (T4) Into Triiodothyronine The Peripheral Conversion of Thyroxine (T4) into i • Triiodothyronine (T3) and Reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) 3 The Peripheral Conversion of Thyroxine (T4) into Triiodothyronine (T3) sts- a», and Reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor in de Geneeskunde aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam, ?••!• op gezag van de Rector Magnificus dr. J.Bruyn, hoogleraar in de Faculteit der Letteren, in het openbaar te verdedigen in de aula der Universiteit (tijdelijk in de Lutherse Kerk, ingang Singel 411, hoek Spui), op donderdag 15 november 1979 om 16.00 uur precies door WILLEM MAARTEN WIERSINGA geboren te Leiden AMSTERDAM 1979 I; Promoter : Dr. J.L. Touber g Coreferent : Prof. dr. A. Querido 'l Copromotor : Prof. dr. M. Koster Dit proefschrift is bewerkt op de afdeling endocrinologie (Dr. J.L. Touber) van de kliniek voor inwendige ziekten (Prof.Dr. M. Koster en Prof.Dr. J. Vreeken) van het Wilhelmina Gasthuis, Academisch Ziekenhuis bij de Universiteit van Amsterdam. Het verschijnen van dit proefschrift werd mede mogeiijk gemaakt door steun van de Nederlandse Hartstichting en van ICI Holland B.V. I i*' Ii: VOORWOORD I Dit proefschrift is niet opgedragen aan iemand in het bijzonder, daar het tv, verrichte onderzoek in eerste instantie mijn eigen nieuwsgierigheid heeft 1} bevredigd en ik de indruk heb dat het meer mijn eigen genoegen heeft r ' gediend dan dat van anderen. Een woord van dank aan de velen die in de : afgelopen jaren bijgedragen hebben tot deze studies, is wel op zijn plaats, '. daar het onderzoek zonder hun steun niet mogelijk zou zijn geweest, en ; vooral ook omdat ik met plezier terugdenk aan de onderlinge , samenwerking. - \ In de eerste plaats wil ik graag Dries Schellekens bedanken voor zijn ¡ betrokkenheid bij de radioimmunologische bepalingen in al deze jaren, [ evenals Theo van Groenestein die mij ook de vereiste practische handvaardigheid bijbracht. Toen ik kwam, had Bertie Hensgens al de basis gelegd voor de T3-bepaling; Reinier Dalhuisen heeft later de T4-RIA ontwikkeld. Van de vele analisten op ons laboratorium die ooit 'in de schildklier' hebben gezeten, wil ik met name bedanken Nel Verhaest-de Jong (die het grootste deel van de T3-bepalingen heeft uitgevoerd, en die ook als eerste de prognostische waarde van 'haar' bepaling inzag- cf. figuur V. 1) en Margreet Broenink (voor het in record tijd bepalen van rT3 in een zeer grote hoevelheid monsters). Bloedmonsters krijg je niet zonder te prikken, en Doris de Haan prikte dat het een aard had, ook al deed het haar meer pijn dan degenen die geprikt werden. De jacht op normale personen, van wie m.n. het jongere vrouwelijke deel tegenwoordig toch al dun gezaaid is, is in een universiteitsziekenhuis steeds in volle gang; des temeer waardeerde ik hun medewerking als ik hen opgespoord had. Grote steun in het uitbreiden van de groep normalen kreeg ik van de collegae A.J.M. Fabius ('St. Willibrord', Heiloo) en P.A. Ykelenstam ('De Buitenhof, Amsterdam). De patiënten wil ik extra bedanken voor hun medewerking in situaties waarin zij het toch al moeilijk hadden. De vele testen werden uitgevoerd in de beste harmonie met Hanneke Assies. De bijzonder hartelijke medewerking aan mijn onderzoek die ik ondervond op de afdelingen inwendige geneeskunde (Prof. M. Koster, Prof. J. Vreeken), infectieziekten (R.M. van der Heide) en cardiologie (Prof. D. Durrer) was voor mij een extra stimulans. Een uitermate prettige bijkomstigheid was de medisch-politieke scholing door Henk Lie op de cardiologie. Het dierexperimenteel onderzoek is verricht door Ron van Noorden in een sfeer van arcadische eendracht, die alleen verstoord werd als de ratten hem L achtervolgden. C. Schuyt isoleerde de rattelevercellen in het Histologisch F Laboratorium volgens een door Prof. J. James ontwikkelde techniek. Van % de kritische op- en aanmerkingen van Prof. P. Borst, L. Offerhaus en Prof. ï P.A. van Zwieten bij deze dierstudies, hebben wij dankbaar gebruik l gemaakt. Veel heb ik geleerd van Herman Sallé en Ir. J. Oosting(Instituut ; voor Medische Fysica) die het grootste deel van de gegevens statistisch f hebben bewerkt. Hun logica bleek uiteindelijk steeds sterker dan de mijne. Van hen begreep ik dat medische tijdschriften voor statistici vaak een bron zijn van vermaak. Ellen Hunter wil ik hier graag hartelijk bedanken voor haar hulp bij het typen, Chris Bor en anderen van de centrale foto- en filmdienst voor het mooie tekenwerk en uitgeverij Rodopi voor de grote voortvarendheid waarmee dit proefschrift werd gedrukt. Over mijn promotor, Jan Touber, is natuurlijk veel te zeggen; het meest heb ik wel genoten van zijn scherpe analytische geest. Prof. A. Querido en Prof. M. Koster ben ik zeer dankbaar dat zij bereid waren het manuscript door te lezen; hun kritische opmerkingen zijn de uiteindelijke inhoud van het proefschrift op diverse punten ten goede gekomen. Tot slot wil ik graag diegenen bedanken van wie ik mijn opleiding tot internist heb ontvangen: Th.J. van Baar (Marine Hospitaal, Overveen), Th.J. Vervaat en H.B. Schreuder (St. Lucas Ziekenhuis, Amsterdam) en Prof. M. Koster en Prof. J. Vreeken (Wilhelmina Gasthuis, Amsterdam). Amsterdam, september 1979 I ^ CONTENTS H-:' Chapter I. Introduction 1 -^ • 1.1. Definition and history of the peripheral conversion of T4 1 |x 1.2. Structure and biological activity of iodothyronines 3 1.3. Production of T3 and rT3 5 1.4. Nature of the deiodination of T4 6 1.5. Brief outline of the present study 8 1.6. References 8 Chapter II. Assays 12 II. 1 Introduction 12 - References 16 11.2. Thyrotropin (TSH) 17 2.1. Ingredients 17 2.2. Assay procedure 19 2.3. Results 22 - 2.4. Discussion 26 2.5. References 29 11.3. Iodothyronines 31 3a. Reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) 34 1' 3a. 1. Ingredients 34 1" 3a.2. Assay procedure 36 3a.3. Results 40 3a.4. Discussion 45 3a.5. References 49 3b. Triiodothyronine (T3) 52 3b. 1. Ingredients 52 3b .2. Assay procedure 52 3b.3. Results 53 3b.4. Discussion 54 3b.5. References 58 3c. Thyroxine (T4) 60 3c. 1. Ingredients 60 3c.2. Assay procedure 60 3c.3. Results 61 3c.4. Discussion 62 .2 3c.5. References 63 H.4. Triiodothyronine uptake ratio (T3U) 67 •y - References 69 ':'{ '% V 1 U.S. Sample handling and storage 70 Sa. Plasma versus serum samples 70 5b. Time of sampling 70 Sc. Technique of blood collection 70 t-. Sd. Storage of plasma samples 70 5e. References 72 Chapter III Studies in euthyroid volunteers 73 111.1. Introduction 73 111.2. Subjects and methods 73 111.3. Results 75 3a. Basal values 75 3b. TRH-test 78 3c. Cord blood 84 111.4. Discussion 87 4a. Thyroid function tests: basal values 87 - distribution 87 -effect of sex 87 -effect of age 87 - effect of body weight 88 - effect of circadian and circannual rhythms 88 4b. The TRH test 90 - side effects 90 - dosages and/or routes of administration 90 - control tests 90 - the TSH response to TRH 91 - the T3 response to TRH 93 4c. Cord blood 93 111.5. References 93 Chapter IV. Studies in patients with thyroid diseases 99 IV. 1. Introduction 99 IV.2. Patients and methods 99 IV.3. Results 99 IV.4. Discussion 109 4a. The spectrum of thyroid function disorders 109 4b. Hypothyroidism 112 -the TSH response to TRH 113 - the T3 response to TRH 114 4c. Hyperthyroidism 114 - T3-toxicosis 114 - the TSH response to TRH 115 - the T3 response to TRH 116 ~ T4-toxicosis 117 I IV.5. References 118 Chapter V. Studies in patients with acute non-thyroidal diseases 124 V.I. Introduction 124 V.2. Patients and methods 124 V.3. Results 128 V.4. Discussion 131 — incidence of subnormal plasma T3 131 — modulation of the peripheral conversion of T4 131 -relation between the severity of the disease and plasma T3133 — setpoint of the pituitary-thyroid axis 133 — role of thyroxine 134 V.5. References 136 Chapter VI. Studies in patients with acute myocardial infarction 139 VI. 1. Introduction 139 VI.2. Patients and methods 139 VI.3. Results 142 VIA Discussion 150 — reciprocal changes in plasma T3 and rT3 ISO — quantitative relationship between infarct size and the changes in the conversion of T4 ISO — fate of thyroxine 151 — sequence of events in thyroid hormone metabolism in acute myocardial infarction 153 VI.5 References 153 Chapter VII. Studies on the effect of propranolol in human subjects 156 VII. 1. Introduction 156 VII.2. Patients and methods 157 VII.3. Results 160 VII.4. Discussion 163 -propranolol inhibits the 5 '-deiodination of T4 164 - increase of T4 and TSH during propranolol 164 - nature of the inhibitory effect of propranolol and its biological significance 165 VH.5. References 166 Chapter VIII. Studies on the effect of propranolol in isolated rat liver parenchymal cells 170 VlII.l. Introduction 170 VIII.2. Materials and methods 171 VIII.3. Results 172 VIII.4. Discussion 174 VIII.5. References 176 1 Chapter IX. General discussion 178 IX. 1. Physiological modulation of the peripheral conversion of T4 178 IX.2. Pathophysiological modulation of the peripheral conver- sion of T4 179 IX.3. Pharmacological modulation of the peripheral conversion ofT4 180 IX.4. The peripheral conversion of T4 and the pituitary- thyroid axis: regulatory mechanisms 182 IX.5. The biological significance of the peripheral conversion ofT4 184 IX.6. Epilogue 186 IX.7. References 187 Summary 194 Samenvatting 197 Samenvatting voor de leek 201 Abbreviations 204 I "£'• CHAPTER I. i INTRODUCTION I.I. Definition and history of the peripheral conversion of T4. The peripheral conversion of the thyroid hormone tetraiodothyronine or thyroxine (T4) into triiodothyronine (T3) and reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) is defined as the extrathyroidal deiodination of thyroxine, by which r.
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