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The Dynamic and Distribution of Food Supplies for the Sydney Rock Oyster in Southern NSW Estuaries

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The Dynamic and Distribution of Food Supplies for the Sydney Rock Oyster in Southern NSW Estuaries University of Wollongong Research Online Shoalhaven Marine & Freshwater Centre Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health 2008 The Dynamic and Distribution of Food Supplies for the Sydney rock oyster in southern NSW estuaries Ana M. Rubio University of Wollongong, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/smfc Recommended Citation Rubio, Ana M., "The Dynamic and Distribution of Food Supplies for the Sydney rock oyster in southern NSW estuaries" (2008). Shoalhaven Marine & Freshwater Centre. 10. https://ro.uow.edu.au/smfc/10 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] The Dynamic and Distribution of Food Supplies for the Sydney rock oyster in southern NSW estuaries Abstract The primary outcome of this study has been to increase the understanding of the environmental drivers that influence the southern NSW Sydney rock oyster (SRO) industry, in particular in the Clyde and Crookhaven/Shoalhaven estuaries and to identify some of the factors that limit the production of SRO. Increased amounts of nitrogen and organic carbon are delivered by increased river flows following ainr events and these were found to significantly enhance ystero growth in the two south NSW estuaries. During normal and/or dry conditions, the estuaries were nitrogen-limited suppressing primary production and, potentially, oyster growth. On the other hand, during heavy rain periods, large amounts of nitrogen entered the estuaries, which then became phosphorus-limited. Optimally an intermediate level of Nitrogen:Phosphorus ratio is desired for enhancing SRO production in the south coast of NSW so that neither nutrient is limiting. Publication Details Rubio, A; White, I and Ford, P (2008). The Dynamic and Distribution of Food Supplies for the Sydney rock oyster in southern NSW estuaries. Technical report 2004/224. Fisheries Research & Development Corporation, 51p. This report is available at Research Online: https://ro.uow.edu.au/smfc/10 The dynamics and distribution of food supplies for the Sydney rock oyster (Saccostrea glomerata) in southern NSW estuaries Ana M Rubio Project No. 2004/224 Centre of Resources and Environmental Studies (ANU) Title: The dynamics and distribution of food supplies for the Sydney rock oyster (Saccostrea glomerata) in southern NSW estuaries Author: Ana Maria Rubio Date: March 2008 Copyright Fisheries Research and Development Corporation and The Australian National University 2007 COPYRIGHT This work is copyright. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth), no part of this publication may be reproduced by any process, electronic or otherwise, without the specific written permission of the copyright owners. Neither may information be stored electronically in any form whatsoever without such permission. The Fisheries Research and Development Corporation plans, invests in and manages fisheries research and development throughout Australia. It is a statutory authority within the portfolio of the federal Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, jointly funded by the Australian Government and the fishing industry. DISCLAIMER The authors do not warrant that the information in this report is free from errors or omissions. The authors do not accept any form of liability, be it contractual, tortious or otherwise, for the contents of this report or for any consequences arising from its used or any reliance placed upon it. The information, opinions and advice contained in this report may not relate to, or be relevant to, a reader’s particular circumstances. Opinions expressed by the authors are the individual opinions of those persons and are not necessarily those of the research provider. Dynamics and distribution of food for SRO industry: Rubio, A., White, I., and Ford, P. FRDC Project 2004/224 Page 1 Centre of Resources and Environmental Studies (ANU) TABLE OF CONTENTS GLOSSARY ..........................................................................................................................................3 1. NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY..........................................................................................................8 2. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS....................................................................................................................11 3. BACKGROUND..................................................................................................................................12 4. NEED ...................................................................................................................................................13 5. OBJECTIVES AND LINKS TO FINDINGS......................................................................................14 6. FIELD SITES AND METHODOLOGY .............................................................................................16 A. Sydney Rock oyster production in the Clyde River........................................................................21 B. Sydney Rock oyster production in the Shoalhaven River ..............................................................21 C. Risk factors for the continuity of the Sydney Rock oyster industry in the study areas ..................23 D. Methodology..................................................................................................................................24 • Water samples: 24 • Oyster growth: 24 • Stable isotope analysis 26 7. RESEARCH FINDINGS .....................................................................................................................27 A. Physical, chemical, estuarine water quality and seston distribution ...................................................27 B. Spatial and temporal variations in Sydney rock oyster growth and mortality based on seston and nutrient levels...........................................................................................................................................42 • Growth rates 42 • The von Bertalanffy growth model 45 • Environmental parameters affecting oyster growth 49 • Oyster mortality 50 • Production Index (PI) 51 • Oyster stocking densities 52 C. Diet of the Sydney rock oyster based on isotopic analysis and the trophic interactions in the aquaculture oyster system........................................................................................................................55 D. Ecological-trophic coupled model of oyster growth and productivity and environmental sustainability indices................................................................................................................................66 a) NPO model ....................................................................................................................................66 b) Environmental Indices (EI) ...........................................................................................................68 • Clearance efficiency (EI-1) 68 • Filtration pressure (EI-2) 69 • Regulation ratio (EI – 3) 70 • Phytoplankton-flushing index (EI –4) 71 8. OUTPUTS, CONSTRAINTS AND RECOMENDATIONS...............................................................74 9. FURTHER DEVELOPMENT .............................................................................................................77 10. CONCLUSION....................................................................................................................................79 11. REFERENCES.....................................................................................................................................81 12. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY...........................................................................................................87 Dynamics and distribution of food for SRO industry: Rubio, A., White, I., and Ford, P. FRDC Project 2004/224 Page 1 Centre of Resources and Environmental Studies (ANU) 13. STAFF ................................................................................................................................................. 88 14. APPENDIX : FIELD DATA............................................................................................................... 88 • Dynamics and distribution of food for SRO industry: Rubio, A., White, I., and Ford, P. FRDC Project 2004/224 Page 2 Centre of Resources and Environmental Studies (ANU) GLOSSARY Adductor muscle – oyster organ whose function is to close both shells tightly Aerobic – oxygen present Anaerobic – oxygen absent Anterior – area of the oyster shell where the hinge is located ANZECC – Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council. ANZEEC compiled the ‘Australian Water Quality Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Waters’. Guidelines for sustainable management of the water resources Benthos – material and organisms which inhabit the seabed Biodeposits – oyster depositions which comprise true faeces and pseudofaeces Bistro grade – oysters that weigh ~40-45g/ each. One bag of bistro has 110 dozen oysters Bottle grade – oysters that weigh ~35g/ each. One bag of bistro has 130 dozen oysters Broodstock – a parent shellfish Catching area – area for the collection of wild juvenile oyster spat which settles onto ‘catching’ substrates such as sticks or plastic slats Carrying capacity – the maximum sustainable oyster biomass which can be produced from a given area under average ambient conditions Chl-a – Chlorophyll-a, estimate of the phytoplankton biomass (measured in µg L-1)
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