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The Effect of Climate Change on Oysters

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The Effect of Climate Change on Oysters University of Western Sydney THE EFFECTS OF OCEAN ACIDIFICATION AND TEMPERATURE ON OYSTERS AND THE POTENTIAL OF SELECTIVE BREEDING TO AMELIORATE CLIMATE CHANGE Laura Parker (PhD Candidate), Assoc. Prof. Pauline Ross and Dr Wayne O’Connor University of Western Sydney, NSW Department of Primary Industries Australia . Climate change is expected to have impacts on marine organisms and ecosystems Twolia 2009 6000 5500 ‘Economic 5000 4500 $$$ Money consequences’ 4000 3500 3000 Jan-08 M ar -08 M ay-08 Jul -08 Sep-08 Nov-08 Jan-09 Time BACKGROUND CO CO2 CO CO2 Elevations in atmospheric CO2: CO2 2 2 . Temperature of oceans rising . Changing ocean chemistry Dissolves into the Ocean Lindberg 2008 Green Expander 2008 ‘Ocean acidification’ IF OCEANS ACIDIFY AND WARM . Broadcast spawners such as molluscs, which release their gametes into the water column, may be affected from the beginning of their development PREVIOUS STUDIES: EGGS AND LARVAE Few studies: . Fertilisation (Kurihara et al. 2004; 2007, Havenhand et al. 2008) . Size (Kurihara et al. 2004; 2007) Wim van Egmond 1995 . Abnormality (Kurihara et al. 2004; 2007) . Mortality (Yamada and Ikeda 2004) Synergistic impacts: . Two Studies... (Parker et al. 2009; Byrne et al. 2009) Doyle ABC News 2008 AIM – PART 1 To determine and compare the synergistic impacts of ocean acidification and temperature on embryos and larvae of two ecologically and economically important oysters OYSTERS Sydney rock oyster Pacific oyster Saccostrea glomerata Crassostrea gigas Fisheries 2006 John McCabe 2005 OYSTERS Sydney rock oyster Pacific oyster Saccostrea glomerata Crassostrea gigas Flox 2008 Australia & New Zealand OYSTERS Sydney rock oyster Pacific oyster Saccostrea glomerata Crassostrea gigas Flox 2008 Wikimedia 2007 Australia & New Zealand World wide distribution OYSTERS Sydney rock oyster Pacific oyster Saccostrea glomerata Crassostrea gigas Flox 2008 Flox 2008 Australia & New Zealand Introduced 1940’s OYSTERS Sydney rock oyster Pacific oyster Saccostrea glomerata Crassostrea gigas $65 million Tucker 2007 TEST STAGES – PART 1 Two stages of development: Fertilisation D-veliger 40 µm 25 µm 2 hrs 16-40 hrs Suspended in water column EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Fisheries 2006 John McCabe 2005 Gametes collected induced spawning Eggs Sperm Transferred into pCO and 18 °C 22 °C 26 °C2 30 °C temperature treatments 50 eggs/ ml; 7 x 105 sperm/ml 375 ppm375 ppm600 ppm600 ppm750 ppm750 1000ppm ppm1000 ppm 10 mL subsample 2 hrs D-veliger % fertilisationn = 3 Shell length 48 hours FERTILISATION: RESULTS Fertilisation decreased with increased pCO2 (pCO2 and temperature P < ***) Comparison of Sydney Rock and Pacific Oyster Pacific oyster 100 Sydney rock oyster . Fertilisation greatestlowest at: at 26 °C for both species 75 18 °C at 1000 ppm for SRO 50 % reduction 50 30 °C at 1000 ppm for PO Fertilisation Fertilisation (%) Fertilisation Fertilisation (%) Fertilisation Fertilisation (%) 25 31 % reduction 0 375 600 750 1000 375 600 750 1000 375 600 750 1000 375 600 750 1000 18 22 26 30 pCO2 (ppm) and temperature (°C) D-VELIGER RESULTS ReducedIncreased development abnormality Figure 1. Figure 2. Ambient 375 ppm Elevated 1000 ppm SHELL LENGTH OF D-VELIGERS Shell length decreased with increased pCO2 (pCO2 x temperature P < ** SRO; * PO) Pacific oyster 100 Sydney rock oyster 80 . SROShell Nolength development greatestlowest at: at: 30 °C at 750 – 1000 ppm 60 1826 °C atfor both SRO species: 33 % reduction SRO 40 22, 26 & 30 °C for PO 12 % reduction for PO Shell length length Shell Shell (µm)(µm) Shell length Shell (µm) 20 0 Lethal effects 375 600 750 1000 375 600 750 1000 375 600 750 1000 375 600 750 1000 18 22 26 30 pCO2 (ppm) and temperature (°C) SUMMARY – PART 1 Ocean acidification and temperature had a significant impact on the embryonic and larval stages of the Sydney rock and Pacific oyster PART 2 Do genetic differences in oysters have the potential to ameliorate these impacts??? SELECTIVE BREEDING . Selective breeding programs used in major aquaculture industries for many years . SRO selectively bred for fast growth as well as resistance to disease . This study used two selectively bred lines and a control line: Georges River – 6 generations fast growth QX resistant Quibray Bay – 6 generations fast growth Winter mortality resistant Control – No selection TEST STAGE – PART 2 Spat 40 µm 100 µm 55 µm 3-4 wks Newly metamorphosed EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN SELECTED LINES NewlyTransferredLarvaeFed metamorphosedShell known of masslengthinto daily seawater selected measured algal spat diet ofandcontaining selectedafter ofpair Chaetoceros 4mated days theand p controllinesCO 2 muelleri,were Pavlova collected(graphedlines treatments lutheriof duringwere as and growth) collected the Tahitian spat stage Isochrysis 26 °C 375 ppm 1000 ppm ambient elevated Mean size before Mean size after experiment experiment n = 3 30 larvae/ container SELECTED LINES GeorgesSignificant RiverDecrease decreasereared atin in elevatedgrowth HOWEVER...growth differed hadat increased better significantly growth pCO2 (than P < ***)Control oysters at ambient 600 25 % 400 45 % 64 % Growth Growth (µm) Growth Growth (µm) Growth Growth (µm) 200 0 375 1000 375 1000 375 1000 Control Quibray Bay Georges River Selected line and pCO2 (ppm) PAIR MATED LINES Georges River selected line + Pair mated family lines + Line 1 Line 2 Line 3 Line 4 Line 5 Line 6 Line 7 Line 8 Line 9 Line 10 Pair mated family lines + + + + + + + + + + PAIR MATED LINES Growth decreased with increased pCO (P < ***) Except 1 and 9 = NO+ significant difference2 800 600 400 Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth (µm)(µm)(µm)(µm) 200 0 375 1000 375 1000 375 1000 375 1000 375 1000 375 1000 375 1000 375 1000 375 1000 375 1000 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 Pair mated line and pCO2 (ppm) SUMMARY – PART 2 Selectively Control bred > Oysters Oysters may have an adaptive capacity to ocean acidification stress PART 3 Identifying the underlying mechanisms responsible… 2 Dimensional – Gel Electrophoresis . powerful protein separating technique which separates proteins based on charge and size Charge pI kDa Size Šeda et al., 2006 . used to compare proteins in different samples (Görg et al. 2000) Two dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) detect differences in: 1. ‘control’ and ‘CO2 stressed’ oyster embryos 2. ‘wild type’ vs. ‘selectively bred’ Differences in protein expression can be “on” vs. 2D“off”…. – GEL RESULTS Fig 1. ambient 375 ppm Fig 2. elevated 1000 ppm …or differences in relative protein concentration Fig 1. ambient 375 ppm Fig 2. elevated 1000 ppm + 2.4 x + 1.8 x SIGNIFICANCE . Acute studies have shown that oysters are particularly vulnerable to ocean acidification and temperature . Some oysters show an adaptive response of to climate change . If we can isolate the genes and/ or proteins involved in this adaptive response, then we may be able to ‘climate proof’ oyster industries 2 1 3 Flox 2008 THANK YOU Acknowledgements: Department of Primary Industries, Port Stephens, New South Wales (1); Dr David Raftos and Emma Thompson, Macquarie University (2); Dr Bronte Tilbrook CSIRO Tasmania (3) .
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