University of Western Sydney
THE EFFECTS OF OCEAN ACIDIFICATION AND TEMPERATURE ON OYSTERS AND THE POTENTIAL OF SELECTIVE BREEDING TO AMELIORATE CLIMATE CHANGE
Laura Parker (PhD Candidate), Assoc. Prof. Pauline Ross and Dr Wayne O’Connor University of Western Sydney, NSW Department of Primary Industries Australia . Climate change is expected to have impacts on marine organisms and ecosystems
Twolia 2009
6000
5500
‘Economic 5000
4500 $$$ Money consequences’ 4000
3500
3000 Jan-08 M ar -08 M ay-08 Jul -08 Sep-08 Nov-08 Jan-09 Time BACKGROUND
CO CO2 CO CO2 Elevations in atmospheric CO2: CO2 2 2
. Temperature of oceans rising . Changing ocean chemistry
Dissolves into the Ocean Lindberg 2008
Green Expander 2008
‘Ocean acidification’ IF OCEANS ACIDIFY AND WARM
. Broadcast spawners such as molluscs, which release their gametes into the water column, may be affected from the beginning of their development
PREVIOUS STUDIES: EGGS AND LARVAE
Few studies:
. Fertilisation (Kurihara et al. 2004; 2007, Havenhand et al. 2008)
. Size (Kurihara et al. 2004; 2007) Wim van Egmond 1995
. Abnormality (Kurihara et al. 2004; 2007)
. Mortality (Yamada and Ikeda 2004)
Synergistic impacts:
. Two Studies... (Parker et al. 2009; Byrne et al. 2009) Doyle ABC News 2008 AIM – PART 1
To determine and compare the synergistic impacts of ocean acidification and temperature on embryos and larvae of two ecologically and economically important oysters
OYSTERS
Sydney rock oyster Pacific oyster Saccostrea glomerata Crassostrea gigas
Fisheries 2006 John McCabe 2005 OYSTERS
Sydney rock oyster Pacific oyster Saccostrea glomerata Crassostrea gigas
Flox 2008
Australia & New Zealand OYSTERS
Sydney rock oyster Pacific oyster Saccostrea glomerata Crassostrea gigas
Flox 2008 Wikimedia 2007
Australia & New Zealand World wide distribution OYSTERS
Sydney rock oyster Pacific oyster Saccostrea glomerata Crassostrea gigas
Flox 2008 Flox 2008
Australia & New Zealand Introduced 1940’s OYSTERS
Sydney rock oyster Pacific oyster Saccostrea glomerata Crassostrea gigas
$65 million
Tucker 2007 TEST STAGES – PART 1
Two stages of development: Fertilisation D-veliger
40 µm 25 µm
2 hrs 16-40 hrs
Suspended in water column EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
Fisheries 2006 John McCabe 2005
Gametes collected induced spawning
Eggs Sperm
Transferred into pCO and 18 °C 22 °C 26 °C2 30 °C temperature treatments
50 eggs/ ml; 7 x 105 sperm/ml 375 ppm375 ppm600 ppm600 ppm750 ppm750 1000ppm ppm1000 ppm
10 mL subsample 2 hrs D-veliger % fertilisationn = 3 Shell length 48 hours FERTILISATION: RESULTS
Fertilisation decreased with increased pCO2 (pCO2 and temperature P < ***)
Comparison of Sydney Rock and Pacific Oyster Pacific oyster
100 Sydney rock
oyster . Fertilisation greatestlowest at: at
26 °C for both species 75 18 °C at 1000 ppm for SRO 50 % reduction 50
30 °C at 1000 ppm for PO
Fertilisation Fertilisation (%) Fertilisation Fertilisation (%) Fertilisation Fertilisation (%) 25 31 % reduction
0 375 600 750 1000 375 600 750 1000 375 600 750 1000 375 600 750 1000 18 22 26 30
pCO2 (ppm) and temperature (°C) D-VELIGER RESULTS
ReducedIncreased development abnormality
Figure 1. Figure 2. Ambient 375 ppm Elevated 1000 ppm SHELL LENGTH OF D-VELIGERS
Shell length decreased with increased pCO2 (pCO2 x temperature P < ** SRO; * PO)
Pacific oyster
100 Sydney rock oyster
80 . SROShell Nolength development greatestlowest at: at:
30 °C at 750 – 1000 ppm 60 1826 °C atfor both SRO species:
33 % reduction SRO
40 22, 26 & 30 °C for PO
12 % reduction for PO
Shell length length Shell Shell (µm)(µm) Shell length Shell (µm) 20
0 Lethal effects 375 600 750 1000 375 600 750 1000 375 600 750 1000 375 600 750 1000 18 22 26 30
pCO2 (ppm) and temperature (°C) SUMMARY – PART 1
Ocean acidification and temperature had a significant impact on the embryonic and larval stages of the Sydney rock and Pacific oyster PART 2
Do genetic differences in oysters have the potential to ameliorate these impacts??? SELECTIVE BREEDING
. Selective breeding programs used in major aquaculture industries for many years
. SRO selectively bred for fast growth as well as resistance to disease
. This study used two selectively bred lines and a control line:
Georges River – 6 generations fast growth QX resistant
Quibray Bay – 6 generations fast growth Winter mortality resistant
Control – No selection TEST STAGE – PART 2
Spat
40 µm 100 µm 55 µm
3-4 wks
Newly metamorphosed EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN SELECTED LINES
NewlyTransferredLarvaeFed metamorphosedShell known of masslengthinto daily seawater selected measured algal spat diet ofandcontaining selectedafter ofpair Chaetoceros 4mated days theand p controllinesCO 2 muelleri,were Pavlova collected(graphedlines treatments lutheriof duringwere as and growth) collected the Tahitian spat stage Isochrysis
26 °C
375 ppm 1000 ppm ambient elevated Mean size before Mean size after experiment experiment
n = 3
30 larvae/ container SELECTED LINES
GeorgesSignificant RiverDecrease decreasereared atin in elevatedgrowth HOWEVER...growth differed hadat increased better significantly growth pCO2 (than P < ***)Control oysters at ambient
600
25 %
400 45 %
64 %
Growth Growth (µm) Growth Growth (µm) Growth Growth (µm) 200
0 375 1000 375 1000 375 1000 Control Quibray Bay Georges River
Selected line and pCO2 (ppm) PAIR MATED LINES
Georges River selected line +
Pair mated family lines +
Line 1 Line 2 Line 3 PairLine 4mated Line 5 familyLine 6 Linelines 7 Line 8 Line 9 Line 10 + + + + + + + + + + PAIR MATED LINES
Growth decreased with increased pCO (P < ***) Except 1 and 9 = NO+ significant difference2 800
600
400
Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth (µm)(µm)(µm)(µm)
200
0 375 1000 375 1000 375 1000 375 1000 375 1000 375 1000 375 1000 375 1000 375 1000 375 1000 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10
Pair mated line and pCO2 (ppm) SUMMARY – PART 2
Selectively Control bred > Oysters
Oysters may have an adaptive capacity to ocean acidification stress PART 3
Identifying the underlying mechanisms responsible… 2 Dimensional – Gel Electrophoresis . powerful protein separating technique which separates proteins based on charge and size Charge pI
kDa Size
Šeda et al., 2006
. used to compare proteins in different samples
(Görg et al. 2000) Two dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) detect differences in:
1. ‘control’ and ‘CO2 stressed’ oyster embryos
2. ‘wild type’ vs. ‘selectively bred’ Differences in protein expression can be “on” vs. 2D“off”…. – GEL RESULTS
Fig 1. ambient 375 ppm Fig 2. elevated 1000 ppm …or differences in relative protein concentration
Fig 1. ambient 375 ppm Fig 2. elevated 1000 ppm
+ 2.4 x
+ 1.8 x SIGNIFICANCE
. Acute studies have shown that oysters are particularly vulnerable to ocean acidification and temperature
. Some oysters show an adaptive response of to climate change
. If we can isolate the genes and/ or proteins involved in this adaptive response, then we may be able to ‘climate proof’ oyster industries 2 1
3
Flox 2008 THANK YOU
Acknowledgements: Department of Primary Industries, Port Stephens, New South Wales (1); Dr David Raftos and Emma Thompson, Macquarie University (2); Dr Bronte Tilbrook CSIRO Tasmania (3)