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Sydney Rock Oyster (Saccostrea Glomerata)

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Sydney Rock Oyster (Saccostrea Glomerata) Improved Early Survival of Molluscs: Sydney Rock Oyster (Saccostrea glomerata) Michael P. Heasman, Lindsay Goard, John Diemar & Richard B. Callinan NSW Fisheries Port Stephens Fisheries Centre Private Bag 1 Nelson Bay NSW 2315, Australia. Aquaculture CRC Project A.2.1 December 2000 NSW Fisheries Final Report Series No. 29 ISSN 1440-3544 Table of Contents iii TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ..............................................................................................................................III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................................V 1.0 SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Results - Larval Disease ................................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Epidemiological investigations .................................................................................................................. 1 1.1.2 Pathology ................................................................................................................................................... 2 1.1.3 Experimental investigations ....................................................................................................................... 2 1.1.4 Optimisation of rearing conditions............................................................................................................. 3 1.1.5 Experimental use of probiotics................................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Results- Juvenile (Spat) Disease ....................................................................................................... 3 1.2.1 Epidemiological investigations .................................................................................................................. 3 1.2.2 Pathology ................................................................................................................................................... 3 1.2.3 Experimental investigations ....................................................................................................................... 4 2.0 BACKGROUND AND JUSTIFICATION ...................................................................................................... 5 3.0 OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH PROJECT............................................................................................. 7 4.0 OVERALL STRATEGY ............................................................................................................................ 7 5.0 INVESTIGATION OF MASS MORTALITY SYNDROME OF LARVAL S. GLOMERATA ................................... 8 5.1 Epidemiological Investigations......................................................................................................... 8 5.1.1 Methods...................................................................................................................................................... 8 5.2 Results and Conclusions ................................................................................................................... 8 5.2.1 Re-evaluation of hatchery records and reports for the period 1985 to 1989 .............................................. 8 5.2.2 Analyses of hatchery records and reports for the period 1990-2000 ........................................................10 5.3 Pathology (Histopathological and micro-biological investigations).............................................. 17 5.4 Experimental Investigations............................................................................................................ 18 5.4.1 Challenge tests with Vibrio isolates ......................................................................................................... 18 5.4.2 Experiment to further elucidate the suspected involvement of an infective agent(s)................................ 18 5.4.3 Results...................................................................................................................................................... 19 5.4.4 Conclusions.............................................................................................................................................. 19 5.5 Disease prevention through optimised temperature regimes for gamete storage, incubation and larval rearing of S. glomerata – Summary of results.............................................................................20 5.6 Use of Probiotics ............................................................................................................................ 21 6.0 INVESTIGATION OF MASS MORTALITY SYNDROME OF JUVENILE S. GLOMERATA ..................................... 26 6.1 Epidemiological Investigations....................................................................................................... 26 6.1.1 Background .............................................................................................................................................. 26 6.1.2 Results...................................................................................................................................................... 27 6.2 Pathology........................................................................................................................................ 35 6.2.1 Background .............................................................................................................................................. 35 6.2.2 Histopathology reported by Dick Callinan............................................................................................... 35 6.2.3 Histopathology reported by Dr. Alex Hyatt (AAHL/CSIRO) .................................................................. 35 6.2.4 Histopathology reported by Assoc. Prof. Peter Hanna (Deakin University) ............................................ 35 6.2.5 Conclusions.............................................................................................................................................. 36 6.3 Experimental Investigations............................................................................................................ 36 6.3.1 Spat mortality experiment 1 ..................................................................................................................... 36 6.3.2 Spat mortality experiment 2 ..................................................................................................................... 42 Methods.............................................................................................................................................................. 42 CRC Project A.2.1 Heasman et al. iv Table of Contents 7.0 OVERALL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................................45 7.1 Mass Mortality Syndrome of Larval S. glomerata...........................................................................45 7.2 Mass Mortality Disease of Small (<2 mm) Juvenile S. glomerata ..................................................45 8.0 FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS...................................................................................................................46 9.0 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................47 10.0 STAFF .............................................................................................................................................49 11.0 APPENDICES ...................................................................................................................................51 CRC Project A.2.1 M.P. Heasman Acknowledgements v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am most grateful of technical support provided by NSW Fisheries staff Celina Gartrell, Tanya Sushames, Melissa Walker and Lynne Foulkes. I thank colleagues Drs John Nell, Wayne O’Connor and Geoff Allan for their professional advice. I would also like to thank consultant pathologists Drs Judith Handlinger, Mike Hine, Alex Hyatt, Peter Hanna, Deschen Chen, Tristan Renault, Ralph Elston, Jeremy Carsons and consultant epidemiologists Chris Baldock and Angus Cameron for their expert advice on epidemiological investigation. The assistance of collaborators on probiotic research Dr Lewis Gibson, Edward McGregor and Cheok Tan from UTS and of my wife Helena in preparing this report was invaluable and greatly appreciated. CRC Project A.2.1 Heasman et al. NSW Fisheries 1 1.0 SUMMARY Continuation of an otherwise very successful 10 year breeding program to produce fast growing disease resistant Sydney rock oysters Saccostrea glomerata depends on whether diseases of larval and juvenile S. glomerata below about 2 mm can be overcome. The objective of this project has been to systematically address and overcome both of these diseases. Five complimentary strategies have been adopted to investigate mass mortality diseases of larval and juvenile S glomerata. 1. Appraisal of all existing epidemiological information including in-house hatchery records and reports of previous epizootics and monitoring and documentation of ongoing hatchery and nursery operations at the PSFC. 2. Collection and preservation of larvae and spat for histopathological examination and
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