DOCSLIB.ORG

National Review of Ostrea Angasi Aquaculture: Historical Culture, Current Methods and Future Priorities

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
National Review of Ostrea Angasi Aquaculture: Historical Culture, Current Methods and Future Priorities National review of Ostrea angasi aquaculture: historical culture, current methods and future priorities Christine Crawford Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies ! [email protected] " secure.utas.edu.au/profles/staff/imas/Christine-Crawford Executive summary Currently in Australia Ostrea angasi oysters (angasi) are being cultured on a small scale, with several farmers growing relatively small numbers of angasis on their predominately Sydney rock or Pacifc oyster farms. Very few farmers are culturing commercially viable quantities of angasi oysters. There are several reasons for this. Although angasi oysters occur in the intertidal zone, they are naturally most abundant in the subtidal and are less tolerant of fuctuating environmental conditions, especially temperature and salinity, than other oyster species. They also have a much shorter shelf life and start to gape after one to two days. Additionally, angasi oysters are susceptible to Bonamiosis, a parasitic disease which has caused major mortalities in several areas. Stress caused by extremes or a combination of factors such as high stocking densities, rough handling, poor food, high temperatures and low salinities have all been observed to increase the prevalence of Bonamiosis. Growth rates of angasi oysters have also been variable, ranging from two to four years to reach market size. From discussions with oyster famers, managers and researchers and from a review of the literature I suggest that the survival and growth of cultured angasi oysters could be signifcantly improved by altering some farm management practices. Firstly, growout techniques need to be specifcally developed for angasi oysters which maintain a low stress environment (not modifcations from other oysters). These include growing the oysters low in the water column or subtidally, reduced densities and more careful handling. Improved broodstock management, including selective breeding and quality control of spat from the hatcheries should also lead to consistent and higher growth rates. Increased shelf life can be attained using methods already developed although they are very time consuming. Mechanisation and new methods of packaging such as modifed atmosphere or quick freezing should be investigated. R&D priorities identifed are: • Develop growout techniques specifcally for angasi oysters and their environment. • Determine improved farm management methods to reduce the effects of Bonamiosis disease. • Develop a structured breeding program with selection for Bonamiosis resistance and improved growth and condition characteristics. • Investigate cost-effective methods to extend the shelf life. • Develop and expand markets, including into SE Asia and to Europe. Information obtained in this review that is relevant to restoration of angasi reef habitat include: • Select sites carefully, with good food supply, low energy waters, and not subject to major fooding • Need good quality spat, low densities and handle them carefully. • Raise the oysters off the bottom to avoid predators and sediment build up. • Experiment with size of spat released into the wild to avoid predation. National review of Ostrea angasi aquaculture: 2 historical culture, current methods and future priorities Contents Executive summary ..................................................................................................................................2 Acknowledgments....................................................................................................................................4 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................................5 Historical culture ......................................................................................................................................7 Natural spat collection/reproduction cycles. ......................................................................................7 Hatchery production & growing methods ..........................................................................................9 Husbandry, including feeding, growth and environmental conditions .............................................12 Disease and predators ....................................................................................................................16 Post harvest, transport and marketing ............................................................................................18 Summary of state differences, major successes, limitations and concerns .....................................19 Current farming ......................................................................................................................................20 Natural spat collection/reproduction cycles .....................................................................................20 Hatchery production and growing methods ....................................................................................20 Husbandry, including feeding, growth and environmental conditions ..............................................23 Disease and Predators....................................................................................................................27 Post harvest, transport and marketing ............................................................................................29 Summary of state differences, current successes,limitations and concerns ....................................30 Partnerships between O. angasi industry, tourism, education and conservation sectors ...............31 Information on Ostrea edulis .................................................................................................................32 Information relevant to re-establishing angasi reefs ...........................................................................35 Additional research to support angasi aquaculture ............................................................................37 Future priorities .....................................................................................................................................37 References .............................................................................................................................................38 Appendices.............................................................................................................................................41 Appendix 1: Farmers, government employees and researchers who provided information ..............41 Appendix 2: Recommendations for restoration of O. edulis .............................................................42 National review of Ostrea angasi aquaculture: 3 historical culture, current methods and future priorities Acknowledgments Many thanks to all the oyster farmers, Government managers and researchers who have provided information for this review. I hope I have accurately presented their views and information that they provided. I am also very grateful to The Nature Conservancy and The Thomas Foundation for providing the funding to support this review, and to Chris Gillies, their Australian Marine Manager, for his support and advice on the project. National review of Ostrea angasi aquaculture: 4 historical culture, current methods and future priorities Introduction Ostrea angasi (Sowerby 1871) is endemic to southern Australia with a wide distribution from Western Australia to New South Wales and around Tasmania, where it occurs from the intertidal to 30 m depths (Edgar 2012). Common names include the fat, mud, native, Port Lincoln or angasi oyster. It has been important in the diet of Australian aborigines for centuries, as evidenced by the distribution and abundance of angasi oyster shells in middens across southern Australia. Angasi oysters were also very popular with European colonists in the 1800’s who harvested the fat oyster beds extensively and indiscriminately using metal dredges that took everything in their path. As a consequence, this low profle reef (bed) habitat was largely extinct across its wide distributional range by the turn of the twentieth century. Today the only known remaining angasi reef habitat in its entire distribution is a few hectares remaining in Georges Bay, Tasmania. Although angasi oysters do still occur in most areas, they are in low numbers and as individuals or in small clumps. Natural recovery has been inhibited by low recruitment and a paucity of suitable settlement substrate. In recent years The Nature Conservancy (TNC) in Australia has been leading efforts to re-establish angasi oyster reefs across southern Australia as part of its Great Southern Seascapes Program (http://www. natureaustralia.org.au/our-work/great-southern-seascapes/). These reefs were once a keystone habitat in estuaries and coastal waters of southern Australia, supporting abundant marine life, high biodiversity and fsh production, regulating water quality and providing protection for coastal landscapes. TNC, in conjunction with the Australian Government Department of Environment National Environmental Research Program, Marine Biodiversity Hub, has supported the production of a national review of shellfsh reef habitat and detailed reports from each State (Gillies et al. 2015). These State reports review presumed historical and current extent of shellfsh reefs, indigenous use and early settlement harvesting, ecological decline, and restoring and managing shellfsh reefs; they are available at www.shellfshrestoration.org.au
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Assessment of Potential Heavy Metal Contaminants in Bivalve Shellfish from Aquaculture Zones Along the Coast of New South Wales, Australia
    PEER-REVIEWED ARTICLE Hazel Farrell,* Phil Baker, Grant Webster, Food Protection Trends, Vol 38, No. 1, p. 18–26 Copyright© 2018, International Association for Food Protection Edward Jansson, Elizabeth Szabo and 6200 Aurora Ave., Suite 200W, Des Moines, IA 50322-2864 Anthony Zammit NSW Food Authority, 6 Ave. of the Americas, Newington NSW 2127, Australia An Assessment of Potential Heavy Metal Contaminants in Bivalve Shellfish from Aquaculture Zones along the Coast of New South Wales, Australia ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Evaluation of shellfish aquaculture for potential contam- Certain elements are essential in human physiology; inants is essential for consumer confidence and safety. however, an incorrect balance or excess of certain elements Every three years, between 1999 and 2014, bivalve in the diet can result in negative health effects. Heavy metals shellfish from aquaculture zones in up to 31 estuaries are of particular concern because of their ability to persist across 2,000 km of Australia’s east coast were tested and accumulate in the environment. While heavy metals for cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, selenium and zinc. can occur naturally in the environment, human activities Inorganic arsenic was included in the analyses in 2002, and run-off from urban and agricultural land use may and total arsenic was used as a screen for the inorganic increase their concentrations (6, 29). This is particularly form in subsequent years. Concentrations of inorganic important when considering the growing demands on arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury were low and did not coastal resources due to increasing populations (3) and the exceed maximum limits mandated in the Australia New ability of filter feeding bivalve shellfish to bio-accumulate Zealand Food Standards Code.
    [Show full text]
  • Breeding and Domestication of Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea
    W&M ScholarWorks VIMS Articles Virginia Institute of Marine Science 2014 Breeding And Domestication Of Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea Virginica) Lines For Culture In The Mid-Atlantic, Usa: Line Development And Mass Selection For Disease Resistance Anu Frank-Lawale Virginia Institute of Marine Science Standish K. Allen Jr. Virginia Institute of Marine Science Lionel Degremont Virginia Institute of Marine Science Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/vimsarticles Part of the Marine Biology Commons Recommended Citation Frank-Lawale, Anu; Allen, Standish K. Jr.; and Degremont, Lionel, "Breeding And Domestication Of Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea Virginica) Lines For Culture In The Mid-Atlantic, Usa: Line Development And Mass Selection For Disease Resistance" (2014). VIMS Articles. 334. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/vimsarticles/334 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Virginia Institute of Marine Science at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in VIMS Articles by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Journal of Shellfish Research, Vol. 33, No. 1, 153–165, 2014. BREEDING AND DOMESTICATION OF EASTERN OYSTER (CRASSOSTREA VIRGINICA) LINES FOR CULTURE IN THE MID-ATLANTIC, USA: LINE DEVELOPMENT AND MASS SELECTION FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE ANU FRANK-LAWALE,* STANDISH K. ALLEN, JR. AND LIONEL DE´GREMONT† Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Aquaculture Genetics and Breeding Technology Center, College of William and Mary, 1375 Greate Road, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 ABSTRACT A selective breeding program for Crassostrea virginica was established in 1997 as part of an initiative in Virginia to address declining oyster harvests caused by the two oyster pathogens Haplosporidium nelsoni (MSX) and Perkinsus marinus (Dermo).
    [Show full text]
  • E Urban Sanctuary Algae and Marine Invertebrates of Ricketts Point Marine Sanctuary
    !e Urban Sanctuary Algae and Marine Invertebrates of Ricketts Point Marine Sanctuary Jessica Reeves & John Buckeridge Published by: Greypath Productions Marine Care Ricketts Point PO Box 7356, Beaumaris 3193 Copyright © 2012 Marine Care Ricketts Point !is work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission of the publisher. Photographs remain copyright of the individual photographers listed. ISBN 978-0-9804483-5-1 Designed and typeset by Anthony Bright Edited by Alison Vaughan Printed by Hawker Brownlow Education Cheltenham, Victoria Cover photo: Rocky reef habitat at Ricketts Point Marine Sanctuary, David Reinhard Contents Introduction v Visiting the Sanctuary vii How to use this book viii Warning viii Habitat ix Depth x Distribution x Abundance xi Reference xi A note on nomenclature xii Acknowledgements xii Species descriptions 1 Algal key 116 Marine invertebrate key 116 Glossary 118 Further reading 120 Index 122 iii Figure 1: Ricketts Point Marine Sanctuary. !e intertidal zone rocky shore platform dominated by the brown alga Hormosira banksii. Photograph: John Buckeridge. iv Introduction Most Australians live near the sea – it is part of our national psyche. We exercise in it, explore it, relax by it, "sh in it – some even paint it – but most of us simply enjoy its changing modes and its fascinating beauty. Ricketts Point Marine Sanctuary comprises 115 hectares of protected marine environment, located o# Beaumaris in Melbourne’s southeast ("gs 1–2). !e sanctuary includes the coastal waters from Table Rock Point to Quiet Corner, from the high tide mark to approximately 400 metres o#shore.
    [Show full text]
  • Shellfish Reefs at Risk
    SHELLFISH REEFS AT RISK A Global Analysis of Problems and Solutions Michael W. Beck, Robert D. Brumbaugh, Laura Airoldi, Alvar Carranza, Loren D. Coen, Christine Crawford, Omar Defeo, Graham J. Edgar, Boze Hancock, Matthew Kay, Hunter Lenihan, Mark W. Luckenbach, Caitlyn L. Toropova, Guofan Zhang CONTENTS Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................ 1 Executive Summary .................................................................................................................... 2 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 6 Methods .................................................................................................................................... 10 Results ........................................................................................................................................ 14 Condition of Oyster Reefs Globally Across Bays and Ecoregions ............ 14 Regional Summaries of the Condition of Shellfish Reefs ............................ 15 Overview of Threats and Causes of Decline ................................................................ 28 Recommendations for Conservation, Restoration and Management ................ 30 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................ 36 References .............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Olympia Oyster (Ostrea Lurida)
    COSEWIC Assessment and Status Report on the Olympia Oyster Ostrea lurida in Canada SPECIAL CONCERN 2011 COSEWIC status reports are working documents used in assigning the status of wildlife species suspected of being at risk. This report may be cited as follows: COSEWIC. 2011. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Olympia Oyster Ostrea lurida in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. xi + 56 pp. (www.sararegistry.gc.ca/status/status_e.cfm). Previous report(s): COSEWIC. 2000. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Olympia Oyster Ostrea conchaphila in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. vii + 30 pp. (www.sararegistry.gc.ca/status/status_e.cfm) Gillespie, G.E. 2000. COSEWIC status report on the Olympia Oyster Ostrea conchaphila in Canada in COSEWIC assessment and update status report on the Olympia Oyster Ostrea conchaphila in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. 1-30 pp. Production note: COSEWIC acknowledges Graham E. Gillespie for writing the provisional status report on the Olympia Oyster, Ostrea lurida, prepared under contract with Environment Canada and Fisheries and Oceans Canada. The contractor’s involvement with the writing of the status report ended with the acceptance of the provisional report. Any modifications to the status report during the subsequent preparation of the 6-month interim and 2-month interim status reports were overseen by Robert Forsyth and Dr. Gerald Mackie, COSEWIC Molluscs Specialist Subcommittee Co-Chair. For additional copies contact: COSEWIC Secretariat c/o Canadian Wildlife Service Environment Canada Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3 Tel.: 819-953-3215 Fax: 819-994-3684 E-mail: COSEWIC/[email protected] http://www.cosewic.gc.ca Également disponible en français sous le titre Ếvaluation et Rapport de situation du COSEPAC sur l’huître plate du Pacifique (Ostrea lurida) au Canada.
    [Show full text]
  • Michael W. Beck, Robert D. Brumbaugh, Laura Airoldi Alvar Carranza, Loren D
    Michael W. Beck, Robert D. Brumbaugh, Laura Airoldi Alvar Carranza, Loren D. Coen, Christine Crawford, Omar Defeo, Graham J. Edgar, Boze Hancock, M atthew Kay, Hunter Lenihan, Mark W. Luckenbach, Caitlyn L. Toropova, Guofan Zhang Results. Condition of Oyster Reefs Globally Across Bays and Ecoregions. Regional Summaries of the Condition of Shellfish Reefs Overview of Threats and Causes of Decline. Recommendations for Conservation, Restoration and Management Conclusions References Appendix 1 Michael W. Beck“, Robert D. Brumbaughb, Laura AiroldL, Alvar Carranzad, Loren D. Coen*, Christine Crawfordi Omar Defeod, Graham J. Edgarf, Boze Hancock®, Matthew Kayh, Hunter Lenihan11, Mark W. Luckenbach', Caitlyn L. Toropova“, Guofan Zhang “ The Nature Conservancy, Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060 b b The Nature Conservancy; PO Box 420237, Summerland Key, FL 33042 * Dipartimento di Biología Evoluziomstica Sperimentale, Université di Bologna, Via S. Alberto 163,1-48100 Ravenna, Italy d d Marine Science Unit, Ecology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Montevideo, Uruguay * Sanibel-Captiva Conservation Foundation, 9 0 0 A Tarpon Bay Road, Sanibel, FL 33957 f Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia ® The Nature Conservancy; University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rl 028882 h Bren School, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5131 ' Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Wachapreague, VA 23480 i Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China Cover photo: Oyster reets at Virginia Coastal Reserve. © Barry T ru itt/T N C © Barry T ru itt/T N C Many colleagues contributed to this assessment by The authors in particular thank Christine Shepard, Zach providing access to data sets ranging from local to global Ferdaña, Jeff Vincent, Antonella Fatone, Ximing Guo, and scales, helping to find important and often obscure Bill Arnold for help with the data, figures and maps.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeographic Study of the Dwarf Oyster, Ostreola Stentina
    Marine Biology Archimer, archive institutionnelle de l’Ifremer Volume 150, Number 1, October 2006 http://www.ifremer.fr/docelec/ http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-006-0333-1 ©2006 Springer Science+Business Media The original publication is available at http://www.springerlink.com ailable on the publisher Web site Phylogeographic study of the dwarf oyster, Ostreola stentina, from Morocco, Portugal and Tunisia: evidence of a geographic disjunction with the closely related taxa, Ostrea aupouria and Ostreola equestris Sylvie Lapègue1, Inès Ben Salah2, Frederico M. Batista3, 4, Serge Heurtebise1, Lassad Neifar2 and Pierre Boudry1 (1) Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie, IFREMER, 17390 La Tremblade, France blisher-authenticated version is av (2) Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Laboratoire d’écobiologie Animale, BP 802, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia (3) Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e das Pescas (INIAP/IPIMAR), CRIPSul, Av. 5 de Outubro, 8700-305 Olhao, Portugal (4) Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Largo Prof. Abel Salazar, 2, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal Corresponding author : [email protected] Abstract: Despite the economic importance of oysters due to the high aquaculture production of several species, the current knowledge of oyster phylogeny and systematics is still fragmentary. In Europe, Ostrea edulis, the European flat oyster, and Ostreola stentina, the Provence oyster or dwarf oyster, are both present along the European and African, Atlantic and Mediterranean, coasts. In order to document the relationship not only between O. stentina and O. edulis, but also with the other Ostrea and Ostreola species, we performed a sequence analysis of the 16S mitochondrial fragment (16S rDNA: the large subunit rRNA-coding gene) and the COI fragment (COI: cytochrome oxidase subunit I).
    [Show full text]
  • Australian Flat Oyster (Ostrea Angasi) with Bonamia Parasites
    NAAHTWG Slide of the Quarter (January – March 2006) - Australian flat oyster (Ostrea angasi) with Bonamia parasites Cases submitted by Stephen Pyecroft and Judith Handlinger The Fish Health Unit, Mt Pleasant Laboratories, DPIWE, Tasmania Case 1 - 03/0658- 45: Cross section of an Australian flat oyster, Ostrea angasi. Case History The oyster from natural beds at St Helens, was collected during April for routine monitoring. This was part of a series of examinations, at approximately two-year intervals, of a population diagnosed with Bonamia infection approximately one decade previously. Over this period, the beds appeared to remain in good overall health, although some evidence of mortality was seen on several occasions and the extent of the beds was not fully assessed. This oyster was typical of three of 72 oysters examined, the others showing minimal pathology. Histopathology The overall condition is good, with plump Liedig cells indicating abundant glycogen stores, and a high columnar epithelium of most digestive gland tubules, indicating adequate recent feeding. Extensive multi-focal epithelial and sub-epithelial haemocyte infiltrates are present on the palps, main gut (especially stomach) and occasionally digestive gland tubules. Both granulocytes and more hyaline cells are present in the subepithelial reactions, though granulocytes are rarely discernible within the epithelia. In general, no pathogens can be seen in association with these lesions. Epithelial erosion is present in the stomach lesion (plus artefactual loss in some sections). Haemocytes and sloughed epithelial cells are present in the lumen of tubule with focal lesions, as well as in the surrounding interstitium, with necrotic tissue around some affected tubules.
    [Show full text]
  • NICO Menu Food 2.8 NEW.Indd
    OYSTERS LITTLE NECK CLAMS 1.5 1/2 dozen minimum, accompanied with mignonette, cocktail sauce, hothog sauce, island, lemon VA juice & crostinis clean with a smooth bri NORTH ATLANTIC MID ATLANTIC SOUTH ATLANTIC MOOKIE BLUE* 4 JAMES RIVER* 2 SINGLE LADIES* 3.25 Damariscotta, ME James River, VA Lady Island, SC relatively high salinity, but are very meaty and a mild subtle salinity a clean, briny beginning characterized by their sweet finish. with a sweet finish BIG ROCK* 3 BLUE POINT* 2.75 BEKAH BAY* 2.75 Harwich, MA Long Island, CT Morehead , NC plump meat with clean mild briny flavor large cup, high brine, crisp mineral notes & high salinity followed by a sweet finish GLIDDEN POINT* 3.75 UMAMI* 3.75 LOWCOUNTRY CUPS* 3.75 Bristol, ME Narraganset Bay, RI ACE Basin, SC high salinity, medium to high salinity, vegetal finish assertive salinity, mild brine large body, firm texture THE “OT” * 4 LITTLE NECK CLAMS* 1.5 TIPSY OYSTER* +2 Harwich, MA Hog Island, VA Pick an oyster Big Rock oyster + tuna, capers, citrus clean with a smooth brine pick your poison ADDUCTOR MUSCLE we choose not to slice the adductor muscle on our oysters. Once the muscle is sliced, the oyster has 8 minutes left of life. Simply slide the cocktail fork under the muscle to release it from the shell. If you want it cut, please ask your server. *Consuming raw or undercooked shellfish may increase your risk of foodborne illness. RAW BAR GARDE MANGER A LA CARTE PLATEAUX La Salade Verte 12 pomegranate, pickled red onion tomato, goat cheese cigar, dijon vinaigrette Le Petit* 60
    [Show full text]
  • Ostrea Angasi) Farming Industry in New South Wales
    Paving the way for continued rapid development of the flat (angasi) oyster (Ostrea angasi) farming industry in New South Wales Mike Heasman1, Ben K. Diggles2, David Hurwood3, Peter Mather3, Igor Pirozzi1 and Symon Dworjanyn1 1NSW Fisheries Port Stephens Fisheries Centre Private Bag 1 Nelson Bay NSW 2315 2NIWA Australia Pty Ltd PO Box 359 Wilston Qld 4051 3School of Natural Resource Sciences Queensland University of Technology GPO Box 2434 Brisbane Qld 4001 Final Report to the Department of Transport & Regional Services Project No. NT002/0195 June 2004 NSW Fisheries Final Report Series No. 66 ISSN 1440-3544 Paving the way for continued rapid development of the flat (angasi) oyster (Ostrea angasi) farming industry in New South Wales Mike Heasman1, Ben K. Diggles2, David Hurwood3, Peter Mather3, Igor Pirozzi1 and Symon Dworjanyn1 1NSW Fisheries Port Stephens Fisheries Centre Private Bag 1 Nelson Bay NSW 2315 2NIWA Australia Pty Ltd PO Box 359 Wilston Qld 4051 3School of Natural Resource Sciences Queensland University of Technology GPO Box 2434 Brisbane Qld 4001 Final Report to the Department of Transport & Regional Services Project No. NT002/0195 June 2004 NSW Fisheries Final Report Series No.66 ISSN 1440-3544 Paving the way for continued rapid development of the flat (angasi) oyster (Ostrea angasi) farming in NSW June 2004 Authors: Michael P. Heasman, Ben K. Diggles, David Hurwood and Peter Mather, Igor Pirozzi and Symon Dworjanyn Published By: NSW Fisheries Postal Address: Private Bag 1, Nelson Bay NSW 2315 Internet: www.fisheries.nsw.gov.au NSW Fisheries and the Department of Transport & Regional Services This work is copyright.
    [Show full text]
  • Impacts of Shellfish Aquaculture on the Environment
    Shellfish Industry Development Strategy A Case for Considering MSC Certification for Shellfish Cultivation Operations April 2008 CONTENTS Page Executive Summary 3 Introduction 5 Mollusc Cultivation Mussel Cultivation Bottom Culture 6 Spat Collection 6 Harvesting 7 Suspended Culture 7 Longline Culture 8 Pole Culture 8 Raft Culture 9 Spat Collection 10 Environmental Impacts 11 Scallop Cultivation Japanese Method 13 New Zealand Methods 15 Scottish Methods 15 Environmental Impacts 16 Abalone Cultivation 16 Hatchery Production 17 Sea Culture 17 Diet 18 Environmental Impacts 19 Clam Cultivation 19 Seed Procurement 20 Manila Clams 20 Blood Cockles 20 Razor Clams 21 Siting of Grow Out Plots 21 Environmental Impacts 21 Oyster Cultivation 23 Flat Oysters 24 Cupped Oysters 24 Hanging Culture 24 Raft Culture 24 Longline Culture 25 Rock Culture 25 Stake Culture 25 Trestle Culture 25 Stick Culture 26 1 Ground Culture 26 Environmental Impacts 27 Crustacean Culture Clawed Lobsters Broodstock 29 Spawning 29 Hatching 29 Larval Culture 30 Nursery Culture 30 On-Growing 31 Ranching 31 Environmental Impacts 32 Spiny Lobsters 32 Broodstock and Spawning 33 Larval Culture 33 On-Growing 33 Environmental Impacts 34 Crab Cultivation Broodstock and Larvae 34 Nursery Culture 35 On-growing 35 Soft Shell Crab Production 36 Environmental Impacts 36 Conclusions 37 Acknowledgements 40 References 40 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The current trend within the seafood industry is a focus on traceability and sustainability with consumers and retailers becoming more concerned about the over-exploitation of our oceans. The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) has a sustainability certification scheme for wild capture fisheries. Currently there is no certification scheme for products from enhanced fisheries1 and aquaculture2.
    [Show full text]
  • Can Early Exposure to Stress Enhance Resilience to Ocean Warming
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.21.913715; this version posted January 21, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 1 Can early exposure to stress enhance resilience to ocean warming 2 in two oyster species? 3 Roberta R. C. Pereira1, Elliot Scanes1, Mitchell Gibbs1, Maria Byrne1,2, Pauline M. Ross1,* 4 1School of Life and Environmental Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia, 2School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia *Corresponding author: [email protected] Running page head: Early exposure to stress and resilience of oysters 5 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.21.913715; this version posted January 21, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 6 ABSTRACT 7 Securing economically and ecologically significant molluscs, as our oceans warm and acidify 8 due to climate change, is a global priority. South eastern Australia receives warm water in a 9 strengthening East Australia Current and so resident species are vulnerable to elevated 10 temperature and marine heat waves. This study tested whether oysters pre exposed to 11 elevated temperature or heat stress enhances resilience to ocean warming later in life.
    [Show full text]