Breeding and Domestication of Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea
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An Assessment of Potential Heavy Metal Contaminants in Bivalve Shellfish from Aquaculture Zones Along the Coast of New South Wales, Australia
PEER-REVIEWED ARTICLE Hazel Farrell,* Phil Baker, Grant Webster, Food Protection Trends, Vol 38, No. 1, p. 18–26 Copyright© 2018, International Association for Food Protection Edward Jansson, Elizabeth Szabo and 6200 Aurora Ave., Suite 200W, Des Moines, IA 50322-2864 Anthony Zammit NSW Food Authority, 6 Ave. of the Americas, Newington NSW 2127, Australia An Assessment of Potential Heavy Metal Contaminants in Bivalve Shellfish from Aquaculture Zones along the Coast of New South Wales, Australia ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Evaluation of shellfish aquaculture for potential contam- Certain elements are essential in human physiology; inants is essential for consumer confidence and safety. however, an incorrect balance or excess of certain elements Every three years, between 1999 and 2014, bivalve in the diet can result in negative health effects. Heavy metals shellfish from aquaculture zones in up to 31 estuaries are of particular concern because of their ability to persist across 2,000 km of Australia’s east coast were tested and accumulate in the environment. While heavy metals for cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, selenium and zinc. can occur naturally in the environment, human activities Inorganic arsenic was included in the analyses in 2002, and run-off from urban and agricultural land use may and total arsenic was used as a screen for the inorganic increase their concentrations (6, 29). This is particularly form in subsequent years. Concentrations of inorganic important when considering the growing demands on arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury were low and did not coastal resources due to increasing populations (3) and the exceed maximum limits mandated in the Australia New ability of filter feeding bivalve shellfish to bio-accumulate Zealand Food Standards Code. -
National Review of Ostrea Angasi Aquaculture: Historical Culture, Current Methods and Future Priorities
National review of Ostrea angasi aquaculture: historical culture, current methods and future priorities Christine Crawford Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies ! [email protected] " secure.utas.edu.au/profles/staff/imas/Christine-Crawford Executive summary Currently in Australia Ostrea angasi oysters (angasi) are being cultured on a small scale, with several farmers growing relatively small numbers of angasis on their predominately Sydney rock or Pacifc oyster farms. Very few farmers are culturing commercially viable quantities of angasi oysters. There are several reasons for this. Although angasi oysters occur in the intertidal zone, they are naturally most abundant in the subtidal and are less tolerant of fuctuating environmental conditions, especially temperature and salinity, than other oyster species. They also have a much shorter shelf life and start to gape after one to two days. Additionally, angasi oysters are susceptible to Bonamiosis, a parasitic disease which has caused major mortalities in several areas. Stress caused by extremes or a combination of factors such as high stocking densities, rough handling, poor food, high temperatures and low salinities have all been observed to increase the prevalence of Bonamiosis. Growth rates of angasi oysters have also been variable, ranging from two to four years to reach market size. From discussions with oyster famers, managers and researchers and from a review of the literature I suggest that the survival and growth of cultured angasi oysters could be signifcantly improved by altering some farm management practices. Firstly, growout techniques need to be specifcally developed for angasi oysters which maintain a low stress environment (not modifcations from other oysters). -
Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea Virginica)
Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea virginica) Imagine yourself on the streets of Manhattan, hungry but short of time and money. You see a pushcart, place your order and are served a quick lunch of…..oysters! That’s right, oysters. Throughout the 19th and early 20th Centuries, New York City was an oyster-eating town with oyster barges lining the waterfront and oysters served and sold on the streets. The abundance of these tasty bivalves was a welcome food source for the Dutch and English colonists and oysters, exported back to Europe, quickly became a source of economic wealth. So many oysters were sold that paths and extended shorelines were built in New York City on crushed shells. Oysters have been a prominent species in the New York/New Jersey Harbor Estuary since the end of the Ice Age. They have been documented as a food source in the Estuary for as long as 8,000 years, based on evidence from Native American midden (trash) piles. Later, many of the Harbor Estuary’s shoreline communities developed and thrived on the oyster trade until it collapsed in the mid-1920s, although minor oyster fisheries survived at the Harbor Estuary’s Jamaica Bay fringes where the East River meets Long Island Sound until the late1930s or later. In the 1880’s it was estimated that oysters covered about 350 square miles or 250,000 acres of the Harbor Estuary’s bottom. They were found in mid-to lower salinity areas including the tidal rivers in New Jersey’s Monmouth County, Raritan Bay, up the lower Raritan River, throughout the Arthur Kill, Newark Bay, the lower Rahway, Passaic, and Hackensack Rivers, the Kill Van Kull, up both sides of the Hudson River into Haverstraw Bay, around New York City in the Harlem and East Rivers and in many smaller tributaries and Jamaica Bay. -
Olympia Oyster (Ostrea Lurida)
COSEWIC Assessment and Status Report on the Olympia Oyster Ostrea lurida in Canada SPECIAL CONCERN 2011 COSEWIC status reports are working documents used in assigning the status of wildlife species suspected of being at risk. This report may be cited as follows: COSEWIC. 2011. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Olympia Oyster Ostrea lurida in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. xi + 56 pp. (www.sararegistry.gc.ca/status/status_e.cfm). Previous report(s): COSEWIC. 2000. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Olympia Oyster Ostrea conchaphila in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. vii + 30 pp. (www.sararegistry.gc.ca/status/status_e.cfm) Gillespie, G.E. 2000. COSEWIC status report on the Olympia Oyster Ostrea conchaphila in Canada in COSEWIC assessment and update status report on the Olympia Oyster Ostrea conchaphila in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. 1-30 pp. Production note: COSEWIC acknowledges Graham E. Gillespie for writing the provisional status report on the Olympia Oyster, Ostrea lurida, prepared under contract with Environment Canada and Fisheries and Oceans Canada. The contractor’s involvement with the writing of the status report ended with the acceptance of the provisional report. Any modifications to the status report during the subsequent preparation of the 6-month interim and 2-month interim status reports were overseen by Robert Forsyth and Dr. Gerald Mackie, COSEWIC Molluscs Specialist Subcommittee Co-Chair. For additional copies contact: COSEWIC Secretariat c/o Canadian Wildlife Service Environment Canada Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3 Tel.: 819-953-3215 Fax: 819-994-3684 E-mail: COSEWIC/[email protected] http://www.cosewic.gc.ca Également disponible en français sous le titre Ếvaluation et Rapport de situation du COSEPAC sur l’huître plate du Pacifique (Ostrea lurida) au Canada. -
Shellfish Hatchery
EAST HAMPTON TOWN SHELLFISH HATCHERY The 2015 Crew, left to right: Kate, Pete, Carissa, Shelby, and Barley 2015 ANNUAL REPORT AND 2016 OPERATING PLAN Prepared by Kate Rossi-Snook Edited by Barley Dunne East Hampton Town Shellfish Hatchery The skiff loaded for seeding in Lake Montauk Annual Report of Operations Mission Statement With a hatchery on Fort Pond Bay, a nursery on Three Mile Harbor, and a floating raft field growout system in Napeague Harbor, the East Hampton Town Shellfish Hatchery produces large quantities of oyster (Crassostrea virginica), clam (Mercenaria mercenaria), and bay scallop (Argopecten irradians) seed to enhance valuable shellfish stocks in local waterways. Shellfish are available for harvest by all permitted town residents. Cooperative research and experimentation concerning shellfish culture, the subsequent success of seed in the wild, and the status of the resource is undertaken and reported upon regularly, often funded and validated by scientific research grants. Educational opportunities afforded by the work include school group and open house tours and educational displays at community functions. Annual reporting includes production statistics and values, seed dissemination information, results of research initiatives, a summary of outreach efforts, the status of current and developing infrastructure, and a plan for the following year’s operations. 2015 Full-time Staff Part-time and Contractual Volunteers John “Barley” Dunne – Director Carissa Maurin – Environmental Aide Romy Macari Kate Rossi-Snook – Hatchery Manager Shelby Joyce – Environmental Aide (summer) Christopher Fox-Strauss Pete Topping – Algae Culturist Adam Younes – Environmental Aide (fall) Jeremy Gould – Maintenance Mechanic Carissa and Pete unloading OysterGros Special Thanks to: Barnaby Friedman for producing our annual seeding maps. -
Background the Eastern Oyster, Crassostrea Virginica, Is An
Background The eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, is an important keystone species in Great Bay Estuary, NH. As an ecosystem engineer, oysters provide several ecosystem services to both people and wildlife. Oysters filter excess nutrients and suspended solids from the water column improving water quality and clarity (Coen et al., 2007). In addition, oyster reefs provide important habitat for fish and invertebrates by building large vertical complex reef structures (Coen et al., 2007). Historically, Great Bay Estuary was filled with acres of healthy oyster reef. However, due to pollution, disease, sedimentation, and historical harvesting these numbers have decreased by over 90% resulting in only a little over a 100 acres of oyster reef today. With this drastic loss of oyster reefs, Great Bay has experienced a similar loss in the important ecosystem services that oysters provide to estuarine ecosystems. For this reason, The Nature Conservancy (TNC) of New Hampshire has been working collaboratively with The University of New Hampshire’s Jackson Estuarine Laboratory (UNH-JEL) to restore oyster reefs to Great Bay since 2009. The Oyster Conservationist (OC) Program is an important community engagement component of oyster reef restoration in Great Bay. An Oyster Conservationist is a community member and environmental steward in the coastal area of New Hampshire who advocates or acts for the protection and preservation of the environment and wildlife. Participants in the OC Program work towards improving the health of Great Bay by raising oyster spat for TNC’s oyster reef restoration projects. Volunteers adopt a cage with spat on shell for an eight-week period cleaning and caring for the cage while also collecting data throughout the summer on survival, growth, invasive species, and wild oyster spat settlement. -
The Eastern Oyster: a Not-So-Typical Mollusc Lab Investigation: Class Bivalvia High School Version Lesson by Kevin Goff
The Eastern Oyster: A Not-So-Typical Mollusc Lab Investigation: Class Bivalvia High School Version Lesson by Kevin Goff SETTING THE STAGE The earliest animals on Earth had either irregular, asymmetrical VIDEOS TO WATCH bodies or radial symmetry, with a body shaped like a merry-go- For dazzling displays of how asymmetri- round. Animals with these body plans usually sit still on the seafloor cal and radial animals can harvest food – like sponges, coral, and sea anemone. Others – like jellyfish – just from any direction, visit the Shape of Life drift along on ocean currents. These animals do not actively forage website and watch these two clips (under for food. Instead, they wait for food to come to them. Their body “Behavior”): • Sponges: Filter Feeding Made Visible shape lets them collect food from any direction. Eventually, though, (2.5 min) a line of worm-like animals evolved bilateral symmetry, with a body • Cnidarians: Anemone Catches Goby bearing two sides – left versus right – that are mirror images of each (2.5 min) other. This body plan is an adaptation for directional movement. To understand why, just imagine a car with monster truck tires on one side and little red wagon wheels on the other. It would go in circles! Having identical left and right halves enables an animal to track in a straight line. Animals with bilateral symmetry also usually have a distinct head VIDEOS TO WATCH at one end, where the mouth and sense organs are concentrated. To see how a bilateral, cephalized body We say they are cephalized, meaning “head-having.” In contrast, lets an animal actively seek food, animals with radial symmetry are not cephalized: They have watch these two Shape of Life clips: • Flatworm Animation: Body Plan no head, just a mouth in the middle. -
NICO Menu Food 2.8 NEW.Indd
OYSTERS LITTLE NECK CLAMS 1.5 1/2 dozen minimum, accompanied with mignonette, cocktail sauce, hothog sauce, island, lemon VA juice & crostinis clean with a smooth bri NORTH ATLANTIC MID ATLANTIC SOUTH ATLANTIC MOOKIE BLUE* 4 JAMES RIVER* 2 SINGLE LADIES* 3.25 Damariscotta, ME James River, VA Lady Island, SC relatively high salinity, but are very meaty and a mild subtle salinity a clean, briny beginning characterized by their sweet finish. with a sweet finish BIG ROCK* 3 BLUE POINT* 2.75 BEKAH BAY* 2.75 Harwich, MA Long Island, CT Morehead , NC plump meat with clean mild briny flavor large cup, high brine, crisp mineral notes & high salinity followed by a sweet finish GLIDDEN POINT* 3.75 UMAMI* 3.75 LOWCOUNTRY CUPS* 3.75 Bristol, ME Narraganset Bay, RI ACE Basin, SC high salinity, medium to high salinity, vegetal finish assertive salinity, mild brine large body, firm texture THE “OT” * 4 LITTLE NECK CLAMS* 1.5 TIPSY OYSTER* +2 Harwich, MA Hog Island, VA Pick an oyster Big Rock oyster + tuna, capers, citrus clean with a smooth brine pick your poison ADDUCTOR MUSCLE we choose not to slice the adductor muscle on our oysters. Once the muscle is sliced, the oyster has 8 minutes left of life. Simply slide the cocktail fork under the muscle to release it from the shell. If you want it cut, please ask your server. *Consuming raw or undercooked shellfish may increase your risk of foodborne illness. RAW BAR GARDE MANGER A LA CARTE PLATEAUX La Salade Verte 12 pomegranate, pickled red onion tomato, goat cheese cigar, dijon vinaigrette Le Petit* 60 -
Impacts of Shellfish Aquaculture on the Environment
Shellfish Industry Development Strategy A Case for Considering MSC Certification for Shellfish Cultivation Operations April 2008 CONTENTS Page Executive Summary 3 Introduction 5 Mollusc Cultivation Mussel Cultivation Bottom Culture 6 Spat Collection 6 Harvesting 7 Suspended Culture 7 Longline Culture 8 Pole Culture 8 Raft Culture 9 Spat Collection 10 Environmental Impacts 11 Scallop Cultivation Japanese Method 13 New Zealand Methods 15 Scottish Methods 15 Environmental Impacts 16 Abalone Cultivation 16 Hatchery Production 17 Sea Culture 17 Diet 18 Environmental Impacts 19 Clam Cultivation 19 Seed Procurement 20 Manila Clams 20 Blood Cockles 20 Razor Clams 21 Siting of Grow Out Plots 21 Environmental Impacts 21 Oyster Cultivation 23 Flat Oysters 24 Cupped Oysters 24 Hanging Culture 24 Raft Culture 24 Longline Culture 25 Rock Culture 25 Stake Culture 25 Trestle Culture 25 Stick Culture 26 1 Ground Culture 26 Environmental Impacts 27 Crustacean Culture Clawed Lobsters Broodstock 29 Spawning 29 Hatching 29 Larval Culture 30 Nursery Culture 30 On-Growing 31 Ranching 31 Environmental Impacts 32 Spiny Lobsters 32 Broodstock and Spawning 33 Larval Culture 33 On-Growing 33 Environmental Impacts 34 Crab Cultivation Broodstock and Larvae 34 Nursery Culture 35 On-growing 35 Soft Shell Crab Production 36 Environmental Impacts 36 Conclusions 37 Acknowledgements 40 References 40 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The current trend within the seafood industry is a focus on traceability and sustainability with consumers and retailers becoming more concerned about the over-exploitation of our oceans. The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) has a sustainability certification scheme for wild capture fisheries. Currently there is no certification scheme for products from enhanced fisheries1 and aquaculture2. -
Reproductive Cycle of the Rock Oyster, Striostrea Prismatica (Gray, 1825) from Two Locations on the Southern Coast of Ecuador
Aquaculture Research, 2014, 1–11 doi:10.1111/are.12601 Reproductive cycle of the rock oyster, Striostrea prismatica (Gray, 1825) from two locations on the southern coast of Ecuador Alfredo Loor & Stanislaus Sonnenholzner Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral (ESPOL), Centro Nacional de Acuicultura e Investigaciones Marinas (CENAIM), Guayaquil, Ecuador Correspondence: A Loor, Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral, Centro Nacional de Acuicultura e Investigaciones Marinas, Km 30.5 Vıa Perimetral, P.O. Box: 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Introduction The reproductive cycle of the rock oyster Striostrea The rock oyster, Striostrea prismatica (Gray, 1825) prismatica was determined at two fishing areas, Gen- (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Otreidae), is a commercially eral Villamil and Ayangue (located on the southern valuable species along the Pacific Ocean coast of coast of Ecuador), between May 2012 and April America, from La Paz, Baja California (Mexico), to 2013. Monthly sampling campaigns were performed Mancora, Tumbes (Peru) (Poutiers 1995). It is at both locations. The tissues were histologically found on rocky intertidal and shallow subtidal sub- examined to determine gonadal index (GI), oocyte strates down to 7 m of depth (Fournier 1992; Coan development, follicular area coverage and sex ratio. & Valentich-Scott 2012). The meat is highly appre- Surface seawater temperature, salinity and chloro- ciated as food plate and the valves are used by phyll a concentration were measured during sam- craftsmen, thus significantly contributing to the plings. Our results show a similar annual economy of coastal communities of Ecuador. Never- reproductive pattern at both locations. The GI theless, in coastal fishing villages such as Ayangue reached maximum values during the summer. -
Interstate Certified Shellfish Shippers List
JANUARY 2020 Interstate Certified Shellfish * Shippers List * Fresh and Frozen Oysters, Clams, Mussels, Whole or Roe-on Scallops U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service Food and Drug Administration INTRODUCTION THE SHIPPERS LISTED HAVE BEEN CERTIFIED BY REGULATORY AUTHORITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, CANADA, KOREA, MEXICO AND NEW ZEALAND UNDER THE UNIFORM SANITATION REQUIREMENTS OF THE NATIONAL SHELLFISH PROGRAM. CONTROL MEASURES OF THE STATES ARE EVALUATED BY THE UNITED STATES FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION (FDA). CANADIAN, KOREAN, MEXICAN AND NEW ZEALAND SHIPPERS ARE INCLUDED UNDER THE TERMS OF THE SHELLFISH SANITATION AGREEMENTS BETWEEN FDA AND THE GOVERNMENTS OF THESE COUNTRIES. Persons interested in receiving information and publications F. Raymond Burditt about the National Shellfish Sanitation Program contact: National Shellfish Standard Office of Food Safety Division of Seafood Safety 5001 Campus Drive College Park, MD 20740-3835 (240) 402-1562 (FAX) 301-436-2601 [email protected] Persons interested in receiving information about the Charlotte V. Epps Interstate Certified Shellfish Shippers List (ICSSL) contact: Retail Food & Cooperative Programs Coordination Staff, HFS-320 Food and Drug Administration 5001 Campus Drive College Park, MD 20740-3835 (240) 402-2154 (FAX) 301-436-2632 Persons interested in receiving information about the ISSC Interstate Shellfish Sanitation Conference (ISSC) contact: Attn: Ken B. Moore, Executive Director 209-2 Dawson Road Columbia, SC 29223 (803) 788-7559 (FAX) 803-788-7576 Email: [email protected] Web Page: http://www.issc.org CFSAN Information Line 1-888-SAFEFOOD (723)-3366 ICSSL Monthly Listing FDA/CFSAN Web Homepage http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/FederalStateFoodPrograms/ucm2006753.htm NSSP Model Ordinance http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/FederalStateFoodPrograms/ucm2006754.htm 2 Definitions: Shellfish - All edible species of oysters, clams, mussels, and scallops;* either shucked or in the shell, fresh or frozen, whole or in part. -
Oyster Biology and Ecology
y g o l o c E d n a y g o l o i B projPecOt RTS r e t s y O Contents: I Primer 3 3 I Activity 3.1 Beach in a Box—Exploring Shell Collections e I Activity 3.2 d That’s Gross Anatomy i I Activity 3.3 u Crunchy on the Outside, Soft and G Squishy on the Inside I Activity 3.4 Cha, Cha, Changes m I Activity 3.5 u Parasites on the Half-Shell l I Activity 3.6 u I Can See Clearly Now—A Demonstration c of Filter Feeding i r I Activity 3.7 r One Fish, Two Fish—Assessing Habitat Value of Restored Oyster Reefs u C Seeding the future: Inspiring youth to care for the environment Project PORTS: Promoting Oyster Restoration Through Schools is a unique community- based restoration program that gives K-12 students an opportunity to experience environmental stewardship first hand as they help restore critical Delaware Bay oyster habitat. Developed and coordinated by the Haskin Shellfish Research Laboratory, Rutgers University, Project PORTS utilizes the oyster as a vehicle to acquaint students, educators and the broader community with the Delaware Bayshore and the methodologies and science of a real world oyster restoration project. Project PORTS’ in-school education programs teach students about estuarine ecology and the maritime history of the Delaware Bay, while a complementary oyster restoration program engages students in real-world oyster habitat restoration work. How to use the guide. This Curriculum and Activity Guide provides a series of lesson plans targeting grades K-8 that ground and support an extension of Project PORTS enrichment programs.