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The History of Oyster Farming in Australia

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The History of Oyster Farming in Australia The History of Oyster Farming in Australia JOHN A. NELL Introduction and Sydney rock oysters were collected 1981) and natural oyster beds (Malcolm, for consumption by Aborigines along the 1987). As Europeans increased in num­ Oyster production in Australia, in- coastal regions of eastern Australia; some bers, they depleted the natural oyster volves five species, namely the Sydney of the shell deposits in Aboriginal kitchen stocks. Government officials banned the rock oyster, Saccostrea glomerata, middens can be quite substantial, up to burning of oyster shells for lime in NSW formerly known as S. commercialis; 400 m long and 4 m high (Bailey, 1975). in 1868 (Malcolm, 1987), and soon after, Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas; flat Middens in northern New South Wales oyster farming began (Roughly, 1925; oyster, Ostrea angasi; and two tropical (NSW) (Bailey, 1975) and southern Smith, 1985). species, the coral rock or milky oyster, Queensland (Catterall and Poiner, 1987) Commercial production of oysters Saccostrea cucullata, and the black-lip consist largely of Sydney rock oysters in Australia began simultaneously with oyster, Striostrea (Parastriostrea) myti- and in central NSW, where flat oysters the farming of the Sydney rock oyster in loides, formerly known as Saccostrea are now rare, they consist of a mix of NSW and southern Queensland around echinata. The Sydney rock, Pacific, and flat and Sydney rock oysters. However in 1870 (Roughley, 1922; Smith, 1985). It flat oysters have been farmed. Before Eu- southern Australia, the middens consist began with the exploitation by dredging ropeans settled in Australia, flat oysters largely of flat oyster shells (Sullivan, of oyster beds (5–20 m deep) and har­ 1984). Obviously, the Aborigines con- vesting of oysters by hand from intertidal John A. Nell is with the Port Stephens Fisheries Centre, NSW Fisheries, Taylors Beach, NSW sumed the species that were abundant beds, and with placement of a range of 2316, Australia [e-mail: John.Nell@fisheries. and easy to collect. Until the 1820’s, catching and growing substrata such as nsw.gov.au]. Views or opinions expressed or most lime for making mortar in NSW sticks, slabs of rock, and shell placed on implied are those of the author and do not neces­ sarily reflect the position of the National Marine was produced from seashells, including intertidal mudflats to exploit natural re­ Fisheries Service, NOAA. those from Aboriginal middens (Pearson, cruitment. As dredge beds were depleted, problems with silt accumulation attract­ ing the invasive mudworm, Polydora sp., which kills oysters, increased. Therefore, ABSTRACT—Aboriginal Australians con- gigas, are produced in Tasmania, South Aus­ the industry progressively adopted stick sumed oysters before settlement by Europeans tralia, and Port Stephens, NSW. Flat oysters as shown by the large number of kitchen mid- currently are farmed only in NSW, and there and tray culture on intertidal racks in dens along Australia’s coast. Flat oysters, is also some small-scale harvesting of tropi- the early 1900’s. To a large extent, this Ostrea angasi, were consumed in southeastern cal species, the coral rock or milky oyster, farming system protects oysters from the Australia, whereas both flat and Sydney rock S. cucullata, and the black-lip oyster, Striostrea mudworm. Dredge bed culture (a most oysters, Saccostrea glomerata, are found in mytiloides, in northern Queensland. Despite effective way of oyster farming) has dis­ kitchen middens in southern New South Wales intra- and interstate rivalries, oyster farm­ (NSW), but only Sydney rock oysters are found ers are gradually realizing that they are all appeared from NSW because of siltation in northern NSW and southern Queensland. part of one industry, and this is reflected by and the mudworm. Oyster fisheries began with the exploitation the establishment of the national Australian In South Australia, an extensive flat of dredge beds, for the use of oyster shell for Shellfish Quality Assurance Program and oyster fishery existed between 1860 and lime production and oyster meat for consump- the transfer of farming technology between tion. These natural oyster beds were nearly states. 1885. About 30 sailing vessels and some all exhausted by the late 1800’s, and they Australia’s oyster harvests have remained 80 fishermen harvested the oysters with have not recovered. Oyster farming, one of relatively stable since Sydney rock oyster dredges at 5–20 m depth (Olsen, 1994). the oldest aquaculture industries in Australia, production peaked in the mid 1970’s at 13 The harvesting depleted the beds, and began as the oyster fisheries declined in the late million dozen. By the end of the 1990’s this only a few vessels remained after 1885. 1800’s. Early attempts at farming flat oysters had stabilized at around 8 million dozen, and in Tasmania, Victoria, and South Australia, Pacific oyster production reached a total of By 1905 the fishery barely existed (Olsen, which started in the 1880’s, were abandoned 6.5 million dozen from Tasmania, South 1994). Similar oyster dredging existed in in the 1890’s. However, a thriving Sydney Australia, and Port Stephens, a total of 14.5 Victoria (Saville-Kent, 1891) and Tasma­ rock oyster industry developed from primitive million dozen oysters for the whole country. nia (Sumner, 1972) around the same time. beginnings in NSW in the 1870’s. This small increase in production during a Sydney rock oysters are farmed in NSW, time of substantial human population growth This was a huge industry; in Tasmania southern Queensland, and at Albany, Western shows a smaller per capita consumption and alone, 1.9 million dozen oysters were Australia (WA). Pacific oysters, Crassostrea a declining use of oysters as a “side-dish.” landed annually between 1860 and 1870 14 Marine Fisheries Review Figure 1.—Oyster growing areas in Australia. (Royal Commission of the Fisheries of in Western Australia, and tropical species, fully compared. The Sydney rock oyster Tasmania, 1883). the coral rock or milky oyster and the does best in intertidal estuarine habitats In the late 1800’s, the flat oyster fish­ black-lip oyster, in northern Queensland such as rocks, mangroves, and man-made eries in Victoria, Tasmania, and South also now occurs (Fig. 2). structures, but it also occurs subtidally on Australia were fished out and attempts natural dredge beds. in the early 1900’s to culture these oys­ Sydney Rock Oysters Oyster cultivation began in NSW ters failed (Sumner, 1980a). Sydney rock A continuous distribution of Sydney around 1870 when oyster farmers began oyster farming in NSW (Roughley, 1925) rock oysters exists from the Victoria/ to set out sticks, stones, and shells to and southern Queensland (Smith, 1981/ NSW border (lat. 37°S) on the east catch and grow oysters in the intertidal 82) began in the 1870’s. The Sydney coast through temperate NSW, subtropi­ zone (Roughley, 1922). Around 1888, rock oyster industry had a slow start cal Queensland, across the tropical north spat from the New Zealand rock oyster, and attempts to culture on the dredge and along the west coast as far south as S. glomerata, (which is the same species beds were unsuccessful. In their place, Shark Bay in Western Australia (lat. as the Sydney rock oyster (Anderson farmers developed the intertidal stick 25°S) (Slack-Smith1). The Sydney rock and Adlard, 1994)), were imported into and tray culture system (Nell, 1993) to oysters along the NSW coast do not differ NSW to replenish depleted oyster stocks avoid problems with the mudworm and genetically from each other (Buroker et (Roughley, 1922). The mudworm, Poly­ developed a thriving industry. Pacific al., 1979). The genetics of the oysters in dora sp., appeared in NSW concurrently oyster farming began in Tasmania in the Shark Bay on the west coast and those with the introduction of New Zealand 1960’s (Wilson, 1970), in South Australia farmed on the east coast in NSW and oysters, and farmers developed intertidal in the 1970’s (Olsen, 1994), and in Port southern Queensland have not been farming methods using sticks (Fig. 3) and Stephens, NSW, in 1991 (Nell, 1993) trays (Roughley, 1922) to provide some (Fig. 1). Some experimental farming of 1Slack-Smith, S. Western Australian Museum, protection against mudworm infestation. flat oysters in NSW, Sydney rock oysters Perth, W. Personal commun., 2001. This was the dominant growing system 63(3) 15 Figure 2.—From left to right, at the top, Sydney rock (66–86 mm shell height), coral rock or milky (59–79 mm), and flat oysters (71–77 mm) and at the bottom, black-lip (73–97) and Pacific oysters (76–104 mm). Figure 3.—Frames of sticks bearing two year old oysters on an intertidal rack in Merimbula Lake, NSW. Photograph by I. R. Smith, NSW Fisheries. 16 Marine Fisheries Review from the 1950’s until the 1990’s. The structural remains of the early farming methods, such as wooden pegs driven into the mud bottom, rock culture (slabs of rocks standing upright in the mud), and bottom culture (shell spread out on a prepared base) can still be seen in some estuaries and a few dredge bed areas are still operational today. The southern Queensland oyster industry flourished from the 1870’s to 1910 but declined after that (Smith, 1981/82). Although originally largely a dredge bed industry, it also involved the harvesting of oysters that occur naturally Figure 4.—Trays supporting fourth generation breeding lines of Sydney rock oys­ in the intertidal zone, which was called ters, Port Stephens, NSW. “bank oystering” (Smith, 1981/82), and is referred to as “bottom culture” in NSW. Some Queensland farmers also experi­ The Sydney rock oyster industry in oysters are grown subtidally on rafts or on mented with rocks, shells, and sticks as NSW and Queensland is wholly depen­ floating culture (Fig.
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