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Organizing in Rio Grande Valley Colonias

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Organizing in Rio Grande Valley Colonias Questioning as We Walk: Case Analysis of Community Organizing in Rio Grande Valley Colonias by Danielle Zoe Rivera A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Urban and Regional Planning) in the University of Michigan 2017 Doctoral Committee: Professor June Manning Thomas, Chair Assistant Professor Lesli Hoey Assistant Professor El Hadi Jazairy Associate Professor David Thacher Ó Copyright by Danielle Zoe Rivera 2017 To Alex And my parents Daniel and Michele For supporting me every step of the way. And in memory of my grandfather William Who was so excited to see a doctorate in the family. ii Acknowledgements This dissertation could not have been completed without the tireless support of many people. First, my amazing advisor, Dr. June Manning Thomas, who dedicated so many hours, not just to this dissertation, but to supporting my development as a scholar. She picked me up when I was on the verge of stopping, and has never given me reason to doubt myself since. June sets a positive example for me as an academic that I greatly admire. I also want to thank my incredible committee Dr. Lesli Hoey, Dr. David Thacher, and Dr. El Hadi Jazairy, for the countless hours they spent reading this work, providing insightful feedback, and pushing my ideas. I have greatly appreciated my amazing committee and their generous support! I would also like to thank the Department of Urban and Regional Planning and the Rackham Graduate School for their gracious funding in support of this dissertation over my five years at the University of Michigan. The countless conference grants and Rackham Graduate Student Research grants Rackham provided greatly assisted my professional development and data collection. Furthermore, my fieldwork was greatly assisted by the generosity of the Ford School’s Center for Public Policy in Diverse Societies. Several scholars contributed significantly to the theoretical development of this dissertation, often informally over a cup of coffee: Joseph Grengs, Richard Norton, Larissa Larsen, Scott Campbell, Martin Murray, Jonathan Levine, Ana Paula Pimentel Walker, David Arizmendi, Jawaid Haider, Darla Lindberg, Mark Purcell, Branden Born, and thank you to iii Harley Etienne, who may not remember the advice he gave me some years ago, but I remember it every day. In addition to the Taubman College’s Planning + Architects Research Group (P+ARG), several classmates supported me throughout my doctoral studies, and deserve recognition: Patrick Cooper-McCann, Jennifer Williams, David Weinrich, Ian Trivers, Devon McAslan, Carla Kayanan, James Fishelson, Kush Patel, Eric Seymour, Sarah Mills, Francisco “Mo” Torres, and, especially, fellow architect-turned-planner Nick Rajkovich. I also thank Susmita Rishi from the University of Washington for introducing me to a group of similarly-minded scholars and providing so much support during the dissertation writing phase. I also thank Alex Berghage for providing never-ending support throughout the process. He was a sounding board throughout the dissertation writing and helped during the editing process. Additionally, Sara Eve Rivera always provided the most amazing reassurance, always just a phone call away when I needed that extra push. This dissertation could not have been completed without their constant support and encouragement. Most importantly, thank you to all the colonia organizers and residents in the Rio Grande Valley who so graciously welcomed me into their community. I most especially thank the organizers at bcWORKSHOP and LUPE for being so foundational to the success of this dissertation’s fieldwork. I continue to be overwhelmed by their generosity in support of my research. I hope the findings here contribute positively to your communities and organizing. Lastly, I thank coffee -- lots and lots of coffee with extra sugar. iv Table of Contents Dedication……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..ii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................ iii List of Figures ......................................................................................................................... ix List of Appendices .................................................................................................................. xi Abstract ................................................................................................................................ xii Chapter 1: Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 Defining “Colonia” .............................................................................................................. 4 Federally-Mandated Definition of “Colonia” .......................................................................... 5 Towards a Contemporary Definition of “Colonia” ................................................................. 8 What is Colonia Organizing? .............................................................................................. 11 Academic Accounts of Colonia Organizing .......................................................................... 13 Brief Description of the Research Framework .................................................................... 17 Qualitative Case Analysis ...................................................................................................... 17 Insurgent Historiography ...................................................................................................... 19 Analysis Framework ............................................................................................................. 21 Dissertation Outline .......................................................................................................... 24 Chapter 2: Building a Relational Theory of Community Organizing ........................................ 28 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 28 Dominant Theoretical Models of Community Organizing ................................................... 30 Alinskyite Organizing ............................................................................................................ 31 Freirian Organizing ............................................................................................................... 33 Feminist Organizing .............................................................................................................. 35 v Avoiding Political Appropriation in Community Organizing ................................................. 37 Moving from Distributive to Relational Forms of Justice .................................................... 39 Distributive Forms of Justice ................................................................................................ 40 Relational Forms of Justice ................................................................................................... 41 Summary ........................................................................................................................... 42 Chapter 3: Territories of Border Organizing ........................................................................... 44 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 44 Intersectionality and Nepantla .......................................................................................... 48 Questioning Westphalian Territory and Sovereignty .......................................................... 51 The Rio Grande Valley ....................................................................................................... 56 Transcending Border Militarization .................................................................................... 62 Spatially-Based Subtexts .................................................................................................... 67 Summary ........................................................................................................................... 71 Chapter 4: From “Huelga” to “Unidos Venceremos” .............................................................. 74 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 74 Mutualistas ....................................................................................................................... 78 Community Union Model in the Valley .............................................................................. 79 Faith-Based Community Organizing in the Valley ............................................................... 86 Promotora-Based Organizing in the Valley ......................................................................... 91 Early Regional Cooperation: Border Low Income Housing Coalition (BLIHC) ....................... 95 Colonia Movements in the New Millennium .................................................................... 100 Rio Grande Valley Equal Voice Network (EVN) ................................................................... 102 Unidos por UT-RGV (Unidos) .............................................................................................. 106 Land Use Colonia Housing Action (LUCHA) .......................................................................
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