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“They Tried to Bury Us, but They Didn't Know We Were Seeds.” “Trataron De Enterrarnos, Pero No Sabían Que Éramos Semil

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“They Tried to Bury Us, but They Didn't Know We Were Seeds.” “Trataron De Enterrarnos, Pero No Sabían Que Éramos Semil "They Tried to Bury Us, But They Didn't Know We Were Seeds." "Trataron de Enterrarnos, Pero No Sabían Que Éramos Semillas" - The Mexican American/Raza Studies Political and Legal Struggle: A Content Analysis Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Arce, Martin Sean Citation Arce, Martin Sean. (2020). "They Tried to Bury Us, But They Didn't Know We Were Seeds." "Trataron de Enterrarnos, Pero No Sabían Que Éramos Semillas" - The Mexican American/Raza Studies Political and Legal Struggle: A Content Analysis (Doctoral dissertation, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA). Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction, presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 24/09/2021 20:52:15 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/656744 “THEY TRIED TO BURY US, BUT THEY DIDN’T KNOW WE WERE SEEDS.” “TRATARON DE ENTERRARNOS, PERO NO SABÍAN QUE ÉRAMOS SEMILLAS.” - THE MEXICAN AMERICAN/RAZA STUDIES POLITICAL AND LEGAL STRUGGLE: A CONTENT ANALYSIS by Martín Arce ______________________________ Copyright © Martín Arce 2020 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF TEACHING, LEARNING & SOCIOCULTURAL STUDIES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2020 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Without the love and support of my familia, the completion of this dissertation would not have been possible. My brothers Tom Arce, Gil Arce, and Troy Arce are foundational to my upbringing and to who I am today. You three have modeled for me strength, courage, resiliency, and most importantly unconditional love. I am proud to always your little brother “Seanito.” Words cannot express the love that I have for my dad, Edmund Arce, who has provided the love and support for mis hijos and me throughout this struggle. My two beautiful children Maya Isabel Arce and Emiliano Arce, while you both have sacrificed tremendously and have experienced real struggle, you two have both thrived like the beautiful xochitls that you are. I love you both more than you know. Tlazocamati huel miac to my Raza Studies colegas for your unwavering support as well as holding me accountable throughout this struggle. Jose “Tuli” Gonzalez and Norma “Mictlani” González, many tlazos for sharing that Sundance ceremony within the arbor around that tree of life, it strengthened my resolve of who we are as a Chicano-Indigenous people and continues to function as a representation of our life struggles, providing us the required stability, Quetzalcoatl, to live life in a good and humble way. Curtis Acosta, carnal we battled together every day against those trying to harm our youth, I doubt if we will be ever be able to relive the beauty and love we had with our shared cohorts of Chicanitas/os in our classes; nonetheless, I am grateful and honored for those shared experiences with you and proud to call you my nochantlaca. My loving nochantlaca David “Abie” Morales, you not only documented this struggle, but as a part of our collective, you lived it, mil gracias. Alexandro “Salo” Escamilla, tlazocamati, I will never forget our M.E.Ch.A. days together at the University of Arizona in planning the creation of MAS, nor the protest march where you guided and protected hundreds of middle school Chicanitas/os from Wakefield who had walked out to the district headquarters. My strong, beautiful and wise brother, Patrick Valencia McKenna, you lit the spark for the entire Tucson community while a Mechista at Tucson High School demanding Chicana/o Studies and leading the high school walkouts in the 1990s inspiring us all; moreover, you introduced so many of us to the temezcalli and the traditional ways in Pascua Yaqui Village, I am forever thankful for you being real and for your Carnalismo. My loving hermana Sally Rusk, gracias for teaching me how to teach Chicana/o Studies and for always being there for me. I am indebted to Rene Martínez, whose humor and laughter about the insanity of our shared struggle kept me sane. To my XITO jefa, Anita Fernández, you were there to pick me up from the ashes, that is something that I will never forget and because of it I am forever grateful for you. Mis colegas, they tried to bury us, but they didn’t know we were seeds. From my compadre “El Richie” Martínez, I learned how to dance in the U.S. District Court for the Honorable A. Wallace Tashima, for hours at a time while testifying under oath on the stand! Thank you Richard for maintaining the faith, for your fearlessness and relentlessness in the face of injustice, for sacrificing your time and that of your familia’s, and for fighting for us from beginning to end. As a participant and product of el movimiento, you exemplify what we all need to strive for, and that is to serve as defenders of el pueblo Chicana/o. We won this historical 4 and precedent establishing case por nuestra Raza when very few said it was possible. I love you my Brother. To all of my nochantlaca (especially Oscar de la Torre, Elias Serna, Thomas Carrasco, and Miguel Zavala) in Califas (the place of my birth, where I had spent the entirety of my formative years, and which I again consider my home), specifically those residing in the un- ceded Tongva territories commonly known as the city of rebellion and/or la Nuestra Señora Reina de Los Angeles, tlazocamati for welcoming me into your communities and entrusting me to struggle alongside you to ensure the well-being of our next seven generations. Rudy Acuña, the “godfather of Chicana/o Studies,” gracias for serving as my Padrino and mentor throughout this struggle and movement. I am particularly grateful for my academic “dream team” dissertation committee, namely Dr. Leisy Wyman, Dr. Nolan Cabrera, Dr. Mary Carol Combs, and Dr. Roberto “Cintli” Rodriguez. Few doctoral students have the opportunity and privilege in accessing the wealth of knowledge, expertise, and consejos which I have experienced with my committee. I give special acknowledgement to Dr. Leisy Wyman and Dr. Nolan Cabrera, my committee co-chairpersons for inspiring and encouraging me throughout this journey. The completion of my dissertation would not have been possible without your wisdom and profound insight, the countless hours of conversations that we have shared, your empathy and understanding, and your guidance throughout this process. Finally, to my mamá Ana Maria “Maryann” Padilla who I had lost while on this journey to the spirit world so that she could be with the ancestors, thank you for providing an everlasting loving foundation por todo la familia. I love you mamá. 5 DEDICATION Para mi mamá, aunque no estés físicamente presente, tu espíritu está aquí conmigo para inspirarme siempre. Los honro con esta lucha y con las palabras en este manuscrito. Te extraño y te amo mamá. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………… 9 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………... 12 OVERVIEW OF DISSTERATION………………………………………………………. 12 Purpose, Rationale and Research Questions………………………………………. 14 Positionality……………………………………………………………………….. 18 A BRIEF HISTORY OF MEXICAN AMERICAN/RAZA STUDIES ………………….. 26 An Open Letter to the Citizens of Tucson ………………………………………... 31 State of Arizona and TUSD Attacks on Raza Studies ……………………………. 37 The Cambium Audit …………………………………………………………….... 49 Chicana/o Youth and Community Resistance to TUSD …………………………. 52 LEGAL CHALLENGES: ARIZONA COURTS AND THE FEDERAL COURTS …….. 59 Arce v. Douglas et al. (2015): U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ……... 71 González et al. v. Douglas at al. (2017): U.S. District Court-District of Arizona... 76 CHAPTER TWO: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ……………………………….. 79 CRITICAL RACE THEORY……………………………………………………………... 79 Foundational Tenets of Critical Race Theory…………………………………….. 80 The Law of the Noose…………………………………………………………….. 82 A New Type of Race Trial………………………………………………………... 84 Dog Whistle Politics …………………………………………………………….... 86 The Souls of White Folk: Whiteness……………………………………………… 90 “OFFICIAL KNOWLEDGE” & DECOLONIZING THEORIES OF KNOWLEDGE …. 91 “Official Knowledge” …………………………………………………………….. 92 Maíz-Based Knowledge(s) ……………………………………………………….. 97 “Memento Mori” ………………………………………………………………….. 102 “The Chicanos of Aztlán”………………………………………………………… 107 “Xicana/o Indigenous Epistemologies” 109 CRITICAL PEDAGOGY…………………………………………………………………. 110 Pedagogy of the Oppressed ………………………………………………………. 111 Developing Critical Consciousness with Chicana/o-Latina/o Youth …………….. 114 CHAPTER THREE: REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ………………………….... 118 THE HISTORY OF MEXICAN AMERICAN-CHICANA/O EDUCATION …………... 118 The Plight of Mexican American-Chicana/o Education………………………….. 119 The Struggle of Mexican Americans-Chicanas/os in Education …………………. 120 The Struggle of Mexican Americans-Chicanas/os Education in Arizona ………... 136 CHICANA/O STUDIES………………………………………………………………….. 154 The History of Chicana/o Studies ……………………………………………….... 154 What is Chicana/o Studies? ………………………………………………………. 166 Chicana Studies and Chicana Feminist Thought …………………………………. 171 CHAPTER FOUR: METHODOLOGY ……………………………………………….. 182 RATIONALE …………………………………………………………………………….. 182 7 RESEARCH CONTEXT AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS …………………………….. 184 METHODS ……………………………………………………………………………….. 185 Data Collection……………………………………………………………………. 186 Temporal Framing and Contextualization of Primary Data Set ………………….
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