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Tangled Complicities and Moral Struggles: the Haushofers, Father and Son, and the Spaces of Nazi Geopolitics

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Tangled Complicities and Moral Struggles: the Haushofers, Father and Son, and the Spaces of Nazi Geopolitics Journal of Historical Geography 47 (2015) 64e73 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Historical Geography journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jhg Feature: European Geographers and World War II Tangled complicities and moral struggles: the Haushofers, father and son, and the spaces of Nazi geopolitics Trevor J. Barnes a,* and Christian Abrahamsson b a Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, 1984 West Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2, Canada b Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo, Postboks 1096 Blindern, Oslo 0317, Norway Abstract Drawing on a biographical approach, the paper explores the tangled complicities and morally fraught relationship between the German father and son political geographers, Karl and Albrecht Haushofer, and the Nazi leadership. From the 1920s both Haushofers were influential within Nazism, although at different periods and under different circumstances. Karl Haushofer’s complicity began in 1919 with his friendship with Rudolf Hess, an undergraduate student he taught political geography at the University of Munich. Hess introduced Haushofer to Adolf Hitler the following year. In 1924 Karl provided jail-house instruction in German geopolitical theory to both men while they served an eight-and-a-half month prison term for treason following the ‘beer-hall putsch’ of November 1923. Karl’s prison lectures were significant because during that same period Hitler wrote Mein Kampf. In that tract, Hitler justifies German expansionism using Lebensraum, one of Haushofer’s key ideas. It is here that there is a potential link between German geopolitics and the subsequent course of the Second World War. Albrecht Haushofer’s complicity began in the 1930s when he started working as a diplomat for Joachim von Ribbentrop in a think-tank within the Nazi Foreign Ministry. He carried out several secret missions including negotiations with the Czech government over the Nazi annexation of Sudetenland. Karl’s wife was Jewish, however, which according to Nazi Race Laws made Albrecht a Mischling [mixed-race]. Initially, Hess protected the family, but after he flew to Scotland in May 1941, circumstances became ever-more difficult for both Haushofers. Their tangled complicities and moral struggles were increasingly laboured and anguished, producing in the end tragic consequences. Ó 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Geopolitics; Karl Haushofer; Albrecht Haushofer; Nazism; Second World War Höfgen with the Nazis during the period leading up to the outbreak of the Second World War.3 Höfgen begins the film as a socialist. To ‘The tragedy of geopolitics became at the same time a tragedy advance his own career, one that sees him eventually playing the of the Haushofer family.’1 lead role of Mephistopheles in Faust at the State theatre in Berlin, ‘From a moral standpoint much seems unsafe.’2 Höfgen deliberately cultivates friendships among the Nazi high command. Especially important is ‘the General’ (a stand-in for Mephisto, the 1981 academy award winning film based on a Herman Göring). As Höfgen’s star rises, he strives to be good: to 1936 novel of the same name by Klaus Mann (son of Thomas), protect his socialist and Jewish friends, as well as his black lover. explores the complicity of aspiring German stage actor Hendrik But he becomes only ever more ensnared within Nazism. His ability * Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: [email protected], [email protected]. 1 C. Troll, Geographic science in Germany during the period 1933e1945: a critique and justification, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 39 (1949) 99e137, 132 (emphasis in the original). 2 Mephisto, directed by István Szabó, Mafilm-Objektiv Studio (Budapest) (144 minutes) (1981). The quotation is taken from the English subtitles, minute 92. The film is available online at: http://musicalsoldmovie.blogspot.com/2013/10/mephisto.html (last accessed 7th September 2014). 3 In 1981 Mephisto won the Best Screenplay Award at the Cannes Film Festival and Best Foreign Language Film at the Academy Awards. Klaus Mann’s novel Mephisto was first published in the Netherlands in German in 1936. The central character of the novel, Höfgen, was based on Gustaf Gründgens (1899e1963), a well-known German actor and later general manager and artistic director of the Prussian State Theatre after the Nazis took power. Gründgens had been Klaus Mann’s lover, brother-in-law and theatrical collaborator. Peter Gorski, a young boyfriend of Gründgens, and who for legacy reasons was adopted as Gründgens’ son, sued the German publisher of Mephisto for libel after his ‘father’ died in 1963. Although the decision initially went against Gorski, it was overturned on appeal, and subsequently affirmed by the German Supreme Court, although publication of the novel continued; A. Weiss, In the Shadow of the Magic Mountain: The Erika and Klaus Mann Story, Chicago, 2010, 125e128, 259e260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhg.2014.10.002 0305-7488/Ó 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. T.J. Barnes, C. Abrahamsson / Journal of Historical Geography 47 (2015) 64e73 65 to realise his own ends and to act on his moral conscience are of German geographers, as well as those in kindred fields like increasingly limited.4 Höfgen may play the role of Mephistopheles, urban and rural planning, location theory, landscape architecture but he becomes more like Dr Faustus selling his soul. Höfgen gains and agronomy.8 This was because the Nazi project was funda- the limelight he craves but struggles to maintain a ‘moral stand- mentally spatial.9 Specialised geographical knowledge was point’, something which in the world he now inhabits is in any case necessary to facilitate the Nazi’s political and ideological ends: ‘unsafe’ to uphold. conquering new space; occupying and rearranging the landscape; This paper is about similar tangled complicities and moral creating new spatial divisions; cordoning off particular sites struggles as they bear on two German geographers, Karl Haushofer through the deadly control of entry and exit; and moving large (1869e1946) and his son Albrecht Haushofer (1903e1945). Both numbers of people from one location to another (and for millions were political geographers and both were entangled with the Nazis. the last move they made). National Socialism’s objectives In 1919, after a distinguished 35-year career in the military, Karl required deployment of geographers and similar experts to Haushofer began teaching at the University of Munich. Through one theorise, plan, organise and manage spatial processes and their of his early undergraduate students, Rudolf Hess, he met Adolf forms of change. Hitler. When Hitler and Hess were arrested in 1923 for their Some of those involved with the Nazis, such as the geographer attempted coup of the Bavarian state government and sent to Walter Christaller, seemingly joined and participated willingly, prison, Haushofer senior provided the pair jail-house instruction in working for Konrad Meyer on Generalplan Ost, and accepting, like political geography over a period of four and a half months. This Höfgen, blandishments that advanced his career.10 Others were came at a formative period given that Hitler was writing Mein like the location theorist August Lösch. He worked alongside Kampf at exactly the same time. Albrecht Haushofer’s complicity Nazis, but neither became a Party member nor undertook Nazi with the Nazis derived primarily from acting as an advisor to Reich work, keeping his moral conscience clear until the end.11 Another Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop at the German Foreign Affairs location theorist, Andreas Predöhl, was much more complicit, Office and to Hitler at the 1938 Munich Conference when Czech joining the Nazi party in 1937, becoming Rektor of Kiel University Sudetenland was handed over to Germany.5 Haushofer senior in 1942, but nevertheless holding on to some kind of moral called the latter event ‘a happy day in the history of geopolitics’.6 It standpoint by protecting dissidents at his university, and espe- seemingly vindicated his own geopolitical theories, those in which cially at the Institut für Weltwirtschaft that he directed, and which he had tutored Hitler in prison, and couched in such terms as included Lösch.12 Or, yet another example, the location theorist Lebensraum, Autarkie and German pan-regionalism.7 Later days, Alfred Weber who had no truck with Nazism. In April 1933 he however, were not as happy as Nazism tightened its grip on the resigned his chair after a brief fight with the Nazis about the lives of both Haushofers. Like Höfgen, the Haushofers’ complicity swastika that they raised over the institute he directed at the with Nazism was complicated, not straightforward, and their moral University of Heidelberg.13 In short, there was a spectrum of re- standpoints were constrained and increasingly anguished. sponses by German geographers to Nazism and its attempt to The Haushofers were not the only geographers who were in enrol them, illustrating both different degrees of complicity, and such a position. The Nazis enlisted the expertise of large numbers different forms of struggle to maintain a moral centre. Both issues 4 Claudia Koonz, The Nazi Conscience, Cambridge, MA, 2003, 1e3, 14e16, argues that under Nazi ‘ethnic fundamentalism’ moral conscience for Germans became defined only in relation to their membership of the Volk. It meant, as Carl Schmitt put it, ‘not every being with a human face is human’. From Mephisto, however, it is clear that Höfgen’s ethical struggles are universal, and not limited to the narrow Volk definition. If Höfgen’s moral conscience were defined only by his membership of the Volk,he would have had no moral struggle. That he plainly did demonstrates his larger moral conscience. We will suggest this is also true for the Haushofers, the focus of our paper. 5 E. A. Walsh (S.J.), Total Power: A Footnote to History, New York, 1948, chapter 6. Ribbentrop was the first of the convicted Nazi war criminals at Nuremburg to go to the scaffold.
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