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“Gift” of Ratzel For/From the Indian Ocean: Thoughts on Mobilities, Materialities and Relational Spaces

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“Gift” of Ratzel For/From the Indian Ocean: Thoughts on Mobilities, Materialities and Relational Spaces Geogr. Helv., 72, 85–92, 2017 www.geogr-helv.net/72/85/2017/ doi:10.5194/gh-72-85-2017 © Author(s) 2017. CC Attribution 3.0 License. supported by The neglected “gift” of Ratzel for/from the Indian Ocean: thoughts on mobilities, materialities and relational spaces Julia Verne Department of Geography, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany Correspondence to: Julia Verne ([email protected]) Received: 16 September 2015 – Revised: 5 January 2017 – Accepted: 20 January 2017 – Published: 16 February 2017 Abstract. When Korf (2014) recently invited (critical) geographers to come to terms with the problematic heritage of our discipline, especially with respect to spatial political thought, he first of all drew our attention to the intellectual contributions of Martin Heidegger and Carl Schmitt. While he urges us to rethink our ongoing references to these key thinkers, especially in light of the rather strict avoidance of “politically problematic” figures within our own discipline, such as Haushofer and Ratzel, this article now wishes to address geography’s (dis)engagement with its politically problematic heritage from the opposite angle: focusing on Friedrich Ratzel, it asks if we might have been too radical in condemning his work as only “poison”? What if the neglect of Ratzel has actually led to a moment where his ideas feature prominently in current geographical debates without us even noticing it? By drawing on his contributions to cultural geography and, in particular, the establishment of the cultural historical method and German diffusionism, this article takes up on this question and reflects on the (imagined/actual) role of Ratzel’s scholarship in contemporary geography. By pointing out striking similarities to more recent discussions about mobility, materiality and relational space, it illustrates the contemporary, though widely unnoticed, (re)appearance of Ratzel’s ideas, and uses this example to emphasize the need for more critical reflection concerning the history of our discipline as well as the complex ways in which political ideologies and intellectual reasoning relate to each other. Geography’s history, like historical writing of all 1 From Heidegger to Ratzel: questioning the neglect kinds, presents us with various choices, both in of our own “forefathers” its execution and in its interpretation. The choice between these various routes through geography’s When Korf (2014) recently invited (critical) geographers to past cannot be an absolute one, and it would be come to terms with the problematic heritage of our disci- wrong to see them as mutually exclusive in all cir- pline, especially with respect to spatial political thought, cumstances. (Driver, 1992, p. 37) he first of all drew our attention to the intellectual contri- butions of Martin Heidegger and Carl Schmitt. Against the Das Wachrufen einer Anschauung ist niemals die background of the recent publication of Heidegger’s, called einzige Wirkung eines Wortes, sondern wenn ich Schwarze Hefte, a renewed engagement with the question of das Wort nenne, ist es wie wenn ich in einen to what extent his work might be “poisoned”, thus an inap- weitem Raum voll Schläfern hineinrufe; es regt propriate “gift” for geographic thought (Korf, 2014, p. 146), und reckt sich an allen Enden, und ich sehe vielle- seems essential indeed (Strohmayer, 2015). But, as Korf re- icht viel mehr Anschauungen sich erheben, als ich minds us, Schmitt and Heidegger were not the only politi- gewollt oder geglaubt habe. (Ratzel, 1904b, p. 307) cally problematic figures in the history of German spatial po- litical thought (Korf, 2014, p. 145). However, while Schmitt and Heidegger still frequently serve as references in con- Published by Copernicus Publications for the Geographisch-Ethnographische Gesellschaft Zürich & Association Suisse de Géographie. 86 J. Verne: The neglected “gift” of Ratzel temporary geographic scholarship, others, such as Haushofer foundation of human geography (Anthropogeographie), his and Ratzel – although generally acknowledged as founding place in the geography syllabus is generally limited to one of fathers of our discipline, if often only rather shamefully – the early sessions in an introductory class. There, he is usu- are usually strictly avoided as a possible source of knowl- ally introduced and quickly dismissed as a politically prob- edge and inspiration. Overall, as Michel (2014, p. 193) re- lematic figure, who developed the concept of Lebensraum cently pointed out, the relationship between German geogra- (Ratzel, 1897a, c) and, thus, opened the way for the Nazi phy and the discourses and politics of national socialism has geopolitics of the Third Reich with all its horrible conse- been the subject of geographical debate since the 1980s (see quences. In this respect, Ratzel cannot even be considered e.g. Böhm, 2008; Diner, 1984; Heinrich, 1991; Kost, 1998; a controversial figure – there does not seem to be any contro- Rössler, 1990; Schultz, 1980), with the result that the schol- versy. ars involved have widely become considered “liabilities of However, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, a number and to geographical thought” (Korf, 2014, p. 145). of authors started to rediscover Ratzel (Müller, 1992), and Now, with the question being posed if we should not also while some continued to emphasize his problematic contri- apply our rather strict avoidance of “politically problematic” bution to the discipline (e.g. Heske, 1986; Bassin, 1987a, b; geographical scholarship to key thinkers outside the disci- Fahlbusch et al., 1989), others focused on apparent contradic- pline, such as Heidegger and Schmitt, it seems equally timely tions, possible misunderstandings, one-sided interpretations to frame the question from the opposite angle: why not use and remaining ignorance (see e.g. Leser, 1963; Sauer, 1971; the ongoing inspiration scholars draw from Heidegger and Sanguin, 1990; Matagne, 1992; Müller, 1986, 1992). Inter- Schmitt to question and rethink our neglect of figures such national conferences in Trieste (1997) and Leipzig (2004), as Ratzel in contemporary spatial thought? What if we have organized to commemorate the centenary of Ratzel’s Polit- been too radical in condemning his work only as poison? Or, ical Geography (1897c) as well as his death († 1904), fur- to more clearly point at the possible implications of such ther fuelled this renewed discussion of Ratzel’ work, the con- avoidance: what if the neglect of Ratzel has actually led to text of its production, as well as its contemporary reception a moment where his ideas feature prominently in current ge- (Wardenga and Natter, 2004; Antonsich et al., 2001). At least ographical debates without us even noticing it? Is the whole among those interested in the history of geographic thought, oeuvre of Ratzel or Heidegger necessarily poisoned by their these interventions have sparked a critical, more ambivalent authors’ relations to colonial or national socialist ideologies? and certainly controversial engagement with Ratzel’s contri- And, if so, what does it say about us developing quite similar bution to geography. ideas and theoretical arguments today? The concept of Lebensraum still remains one of the main In the following, I will take up these questions and re- subjects of contemporary dealings with Ratzel. Though it is flect on the (imagined/actual) role of Ratzel’s scholarship in generally acknowledged that it was actually Karl Haushofer contemporary geography. By drawing on his contributions (and Rudolf Kjellén) who perverted (Peet, 1986, p. 282) to cultural geography and, in particular, the establishment Ratzel’s idea of Lebensraum into a political programme that of the cultural historical method and German diffusionism, was then taken up by Hitler in Mein Kampf (1933), some I wish to illustrate its contemporary, though widely unno- still hold Ratzel responsible for providing a crucial source ticed, (re)appearance by pointing out striking similarities to of inspiration (Jacobsen, 1979). According to Schultz (1998, more recent discussions about mobility, materiality and re- p. 127) “the shift to the paradigm of race as the decisive lational space. Against the background of these observations power in history is already inherent in his theory”. As Kost it seems crucial that, instead of asking if we should at all pointed out in his article on Anti-Semitism in German Geog- refer to politically problematic figures in our scholarship, we raphy (1998), it is terms such as “uprooting”, “powers with- need to critically rethink our relationship to the history of our out countries” and “unorganic unsteadiness” that are “suited own discipline more profoundly. What might we miss due to to strengthen prejudices against national and religious mi- our avoidance of such liabilities and does this not make us norities” (Kost, 1998, p. 286). On the other hand, others equally naïve as those who uncritically refer to them? Over- have emphasized Ratzel’s frequent warnings against “unbe- all, what still seems to be pending is to get to grips with and lievably powerful prejudices against a whole people” (Kost, further explore the complex ways in which political ideolo- 1998, p. 286) and his calls for “the toleration of neighbour- gies and intellectual reasoning relate to each other. ing peoples and national minorities” (Faber, 1982, p. 395; Bassin, 1987a, p. 119). As Natter (2005, p. 184) shows, Ratzel claims that “it is an entirely erroneous opinion to be- 2 (Re)reading Ratzel? lieve that a people is stronger in every regard, the more uni- form it is” (Ratzel, 1906) and, referring to his experiences in Mentioning Friedrich Ratzel (1844–1904) in a geography the United States, explains, “I have seen so many apparent seminar, at least in a German-speaking context, usually differences between peoples come to be erased, that I can’t evokes rather skeptical, if not hostile, reactions among the believe in the unending perpetuation of these differences” students. Though widely recognized as a crucial figure in the (Ratzel, 1905, quoted in Natter, 2005). Geogr. Helv., 72, 85–92, 2017 www.geogr-helv.net/72/85/2017/ J.
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