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UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS (UNICAMP) PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS SAN TIAGO DANTAS (UNESP, UNICAMP E PUC-SP) ÁREA DE CONCENTRAÇÃO EM PAZ, DEFESA E SEGURANÇA INTERNACIONAL A COOPERAÇÃO INTERNACIONAL EM PROGRAMAS DE PRODUTOS DE DEFESA E SEUS ATORES: O CASO BRASIL E ÁFRICA DO SUL NO DESENVOLVIMENTO DO MÍSSIL A-DARTER MESTRADO ACADÊMICO EM RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS Área de concentração: Paz, Defesa e Segurança Internacional/ Pró-Defesa (Ministério da Defesa e CAPES). Apoio: FAPESP. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Shiguenoli Miyamoto PETERSON FERREIRA DA SILVA CAMPINAS-SP 2011 1 FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA ELABORADA PELA BIBLIOTECA DO IFCH - UNICAMP Bibliotecária: Sandra Aparecida Pereira CRB nº 7432 Silva, Peterson Ferreira da Si38i A cooperação internacional em programas de produtos de defesa e seus atores : o caso Brasil e África do Sul no desenvolvimento do míssil A-Darter/ Peterson Ferreira da Silva. - - Campinas, SP : [s.n.], 2011. Orientador: Shiguenoli Miyamoto Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. 1. Brasil - Defesa. 2. África do Sul - Defesa. 3. Segurança nacional. 4. Cooperação internacional. 5. Tecnologia militar. I. Miyamoto, Shiguenoli. II. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. III. Título. Título em inglês: International cooperation on defense products programmes and players : the case of Brazilian-South African development of A-Darter missile Palavras chaves em inglês (keywords): Brazil - Defense South Africa - Defense National security International cooperation Military technology Área de Concentração: Paz, Defesa e Segurança Internacional Titulação: Mestrado em Relações Internacionais Banca examinadora: Fernando Sarti, Paulo Cesar Souza Manduca Data da defesa: 30-03-2011 Programa de Pós-Graduação: Relações Internacionais 2 PETERSON FERREIRA DA SILVA A cooperação internacional em programas de produtos de defesa e seus atores: o caso Brasil e África do Sul no desenvolvimento do míssil A-Darter Dissertação de mestrado apresentada à Banca Examinadora do Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas (IFCH) da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) como parte dos requisitos para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Relações Internacionais. Aprovado em:___/___/___. Banca Examinadora: Presidente/Orientador:____________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Shiguenoli Miyamoto (PPGRI-STD/UNICAMP) 1º Examinador: ______________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Fernando Sarti (NEIT-IE-UNICAMP) 2º Examinador: ______________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Paulo César Souza Manduca (IFCH-DCP-UNICAMP) 3 4 AGRADECIMENTOS A Deus pelas ―coincidências curiosas‖ que me fizeram chegar até aqui. Ao meu pai, Edison, à minha mãe, Maria, e à minha irmã, Patrícia, pelo apoio e confiança inabaláveis ao longo desses anos dedicados ao estudo do tema Defesa. Ao meu orientador, Prof. Dr. Shiguenoli Miyamoto, por me guiar nessa empreitada, aos professores Paulo César Manduca, Angelita Matos e Fernando Sarti, bem como a todos do Programa San Tiago Dantas (PUC-SP, UNICAMP e UNESP). Aos meus inúmeros companheiros de RI-USP, de CGERDs, de ENABEDs e de ―discussões acadêmico-profissionais‖, especialmente Vanessa, Martino, Tamya, Juliano Bernardo, Danilo, Mari, Emily, Zuccaro, Carol, Kelly e Ana Paula. Aos meus mestres, especialmente Aparecido, Maria Hermínia, Rafael Villa, Salvador Raza, João Paulo, Altemani, Gustavo Heck, Eliézer Rizzo, Oliveiros, Arbix, Jorge Ramalho, Suzeley, Samuel e Hector. À todos aqueles que contribuíram, informal e formalmente, com informações, materiais, contatos e entrevistas, em especial aos colaboradores do Ministério da Defesa, Ministério das Relações Exteriores (Brasília e Pretória), CDO/MRE, ERESP/MRE, FAB, COMDEFESA, ABIMDE, ABDI, IPEA, BNDES, ABIN, FINEP e às empresas que aceitaram de bom grado me receber, responder meus emails, atender meus telefonemas e que passaram mais contatos para que o ciclo recomeçasse. À FAPESP e ao Programa Pró-Defesa (Ministério da Defesa e CAPES), sem os quais este trabalho não seria possível. À minha querida Paula pela compreensão, companheirismo e apoio em momentos decisivos desta longa e árdua jornada. 5 6 Resumo Este projeto de pesquisa tem como tema a cooperação internacional em programas de produtos de defesa no entorno estratégico brasileiro. O objeto de investigação é o caso delimitado pela dinâmica dos diversos atores, e seus respectivos interesses, envolvidos no desenvolvimento conjunto Brasil-África do Sul do míssil ar-ar A-Darter. O foco da investigação, à luz das Relações Internacionais, será a interação entre os principais atores do setor de defesa brasileiro em seus contextos específicos porém interdependentes, isto é, diplomático, militar, empresarial e no que tange à sua gestão. O período analisado compreende os primeiros contatos de alto-nível, realizados em 2003, e o primeiro disparo em voo bem sucedido do A-Darter, ocorrido em julho de 2010. Argumenta-se a necessidade de mecanismos claros e permanentes de coordenação entre os principais atores do setor de defesa brasileiro de forma a maximizar os benefícios desse tipo de cooperação. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: indústria de defesa; cooperação internacional; tecnologia militar 7 8 International cooperation on defence products programmes and its players: the case of Brazilian-South African development of the A-Darter missile. ABSTRACT: The subject of this research project is the international cooperation on defence products programmes in the so-called Brazilian strategic interests area. The object of investigation is the dynamics and respective interests of the various players involved in the Brazil-South Africa joint development of the air-air missile A-Darter. Based on International Relations theory, this research project deals with the interaction among the main players at the Brazilian defence sector, regarding their specific as well as interdependent contexts, namely, diplomatic, military, business and managerial factors. The period of analysis includes the first high-level contacts, conducted in 2003, and the first successful launch of the A-Darter missile, dated of July 2010. It is argued that there is a need for clear mechanisms and permanent coordination among the key players in the Brazilian defence sector in order to maximize the benefits of such type of cooperation. Keywords: defence industry; international cooperation; military technology 9 10 Sumário Siglas e abreviaturas 13 Figuras, Tabelas e Gráficos 17 Int ro dução 19 Capítulo 1 - Considerações iniciais sobre Base Industrial de Defesa e cooperação internacional 29 1.1. Panorama sobre a dinâmica armamentista 29 1.1.1. Uma introdução aos três modelos explicativos clássicos 30 1.1.2. A essência da dinâmica armamentista de Barry Buzan e Eric Herring (1998) 34 1.1.3. Base industrial de defesa: ambiente altamente politizado 40 1.2. As transformações tecnológicas e programas cooperativos internacionais de produtos de defesa 45 1.2.1. O imperativo tecnológico e algumas de suas consequências 45 1.2.2. O caso europeu: a origem dos programas cooperativos ―regionais‖ de produtos de defesa 49 1.3. O uso da base industrial de defesa como instrumento de política internacional 57 Conclusões 62 Capítulo 2 - O “projeto âncora” A-Darter: Política Externa e Política de Defesa 65 2.1. A origem do A-Darter: a reaproximação diplomática entre Brasil e África do Sul 65 2.1.1. O ―Projeto Âncora‖ Brasil-África do Sul 72 2.2. As iniciativas de cooperação Sul-Sul: o IBAS e o A-Darter 74 2.3. Panorama sobre o entorno estratégico brasileiro: América do Sul e o Atlântico Sul 78 2.3.1. Base industrial de defesa e diplomacia de defesa: a experiência brasileira e o A-Darter 84 2.4. A Estratégia Nacional de Defesa (2008): perspectivas e desafios 93 2.4.1. Reflexos para o programa A-Darter 100 Conclusões 103 Capítulo 3 - Sobre o armamento A-Darter: a importância dos mísseis ar-ar 10 5 3.1. Os mísseis no contexto do Poder Aéreo 106 3.1.1. A Guerra Aérea nas Malvinas (1982): relatos de dependência tecnológica 113 3.2. Panorama sobre o desenvolvimento de mísseis ar-ar na África do Sul e no Brasil 119 3.2.1. Início do programa A-Darter 124 3.3. O valor estratégico atual do domínio tecnológico no A-Darter 127 Conclusões 131 11 Capítulo 4 - O produto A-Darter no quadro do mercado internacional de defesa 135 4.1. A dinâmica do mercado internacional de produtos de defesa 135 4.1.1. Panorama atual sobre as bases industriais de defesa no Brasil e na África do Sul 143 4.2. Os interesses empresariais e os efeitos tecnológicos presentes no A-Darter 159 Conclusões 168 Capítulo 5 - A gestão do programa A-Darter: os principais desafios de coordenação entre seus atores 171 5.1. Panorama sobre algumas experiências internacionais de tentativas de coordenação em aquisições de defesa 171 5.2. Os principais desafios de coordenação em aquisições de defesa na África do Sul e no Brasil 182 5.3. Absorvendo tecnologia: a FAB e as ―equipes espelho‖ no A-Darter 198 Conclusões 200 Conclusões finais 203 Anexo 1 - Estrutura do Comando da Aeronáutica 205 Anexo 2 - Organizações do Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Aeroespacial 209 Anexo 3 - Lista dos 100 maiores fabricantes de armas do mundo (SIPRI, 2009) 211 Bibliografia 219 Entrevistas 233 12 Siglas e abreviaturas ABDI Agência Brasileira de Desenvolvimento Industrial/MDIC ABIMDE Associação Brasileira das Indústrias de Materiais de Defesa e Segurança AIAB Associação das Indústrias Aeroespaciais do Brasil AMD South African
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    CONSULTATIVE DRAFT PAGE LEFT INTENTIONALLY BLANK CONSULTATIVE DRAFT Page 2 of 423 CONSULTATIVE DRAFT FOREWORD BY THE MINISTER Foreword: (L.N. SISULU) MINISTER OF DEFENCE AND MILITARY VETERANS CONSULTATIVE DRAFT Page 3 of 423 CONSULTATIVE DRAFT PAGE LEFT INTENTIONALLY BLANK CONSULTATIVE DRAFT Page 4 of 423 CONSULTATIVE DRAFT FOREWORD BY THE CHAIRPERSON Foreword: (R. MEYER) CHAIRPERSON OF THE DEFENCE REVIEW COMMITTEE CONSULTATIVE DRAFT Page 5 of 423 CONSULTATIVE DRAFT PAGE LEFT INTENTIONALLY BLANK CONSULTATIVE DRAFT Page 6 of 423 CONSULTATIVE DRAFT TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE PAGE FOREWORD Minister of Defence Chairperson of the Defence Review Committee LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF ACRONYMS GLOSSARY OF TERMS (TO BE ADDED) 1 THE DEFENCE REVIEW Introduction Why a new Defence Review? What is the Defence Review? The Perennial Defence Dilemma Developing the Future Defence Policy Overarching Defence Principles 2 THE SOUTH AFRICAN STATE “A DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE’ Introduction Form of Government and Legal System Political System Economic System Geography and Topography People and Society South Africa as a Democratic Developmental State Poverty Income Inequality Unemployment Education Criminality Defence and the Developmental State 3 THE STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENT Introduction Global Security Trends International Relations, Balance of Power and Diplomacy CONSULTATIVE DRAFT Page 7 of 423 CONSULTATIVE DRAFT CHAPTER TITLE PAGE Inter-State Conflict and War Intra-State Conflict Global Competition for Strategic Resources Acts of Terror Weapons of Mass Destruction
  • Offset (Compensation)

    Offset (Compensation)

    THÈSE Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ GRENOBLE ALPES Spécialité : Sciences Économiques Arrêté ministériel : 7 août 2006 Présentée par Cristina BUGA Thèse dirigée par Pierre BERTHAUD préparée au sein du Laboratoire CREG dans l'École Doctorale Sciences Économiques LES POLITIQUES D’OFFSET (COMPENSATION). ENJEUX GÉNÉRAUX ET ÉTUDE DU CAS DE L’AFRIQUE DU SUD Thèse soutenue publiquement le 31 mars 2016 , devant le jury composé de : M. Joachim BECKER (Rapporteur) Maître de confér ences HDR à l’ Université de Vienne M. Pierre BERTHAUD (Directeur de thèse) Maître de conférences HDR à l’Université Grenoble -Alpes M. Michel ROCCA (Président du jury) Professeur des universités à l’Université Grenoble -Alpes M. Wally STRUYS (Rapporteur) Professeur des universités émérite à l’Ecole Royale Militaire de Belgique M. Christian SYLVAIN (Suffragant) Directeur des Compensations Internationales chez AREVA, Président de l'Association “European Club for Countertrade & Offset” M. Rédouane TAOUIL (Suffragant) Professeur des Universités à l’Université Grenoble -Alpes i La Faculté d’Économie et l’Université Grenoble Alpes n’entendent donner aucune approbation ou improbation aux opinions émises dans les thèses. Ces opinions doivent être considérées comme propres à leurs auteurs. ii iii À ma mère et à mon père, iv ii Remerciements Je tiens à exprimer ma reconnaissance envers mon directeur de thèse, Pierre Berthaud. Ses conseils avisés et son soutien m’ont permis de structurer mes idées et de progresser tout au long de ce travail de recherche. J’adresse également mes plus vifs remerciements aux membres du jury Joachim Becker, Michel Rocca, Wally Struys, Christian Sylvain et Rédouane Taouil pour me faire l’honneur de lire et d’évaluer cette thèse.