A Life of Ernest Starling Series: People and Ideas

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springer.com John Henderson A Life of Ernest Starling Series: People and Ideas Biography of Ernest Starling (1886-1927) Pre-eminent in the golden age of British Physiology His discovery of secretin and his work on capillaries were extremely important contributions Ernest Starling (1866-1927) was pre-eminent in the golden age of British Physiology. His name is usually associated with his "Law of the Heart,” but his discovery of secretin (the first hormone whose mode of action was explained) and his work on capillaries were more important contributions. He coined the word 'hormone' one hundred years ago. His analysis of capillary function demonstrated that equal and opposite forces move across the capillary wall-- an outward (hydrostatic) force and an inward (osmotic) force derived from plasma proteins. 2005, 256 p. eBook 71,68 € | £60.99 | $89.99 [2]71,68 € (D) | 71,68 € (A) | CHF 89,07 Available from your library or springer.com/shop MyCopy [3] Printed eBook for just € | $ 24.99 springer.com/mycopy Order online at springer.com / or for the Americas call (toll free) 1-800-SPRINGER / or email us at: [email protected]. / For outside the Americas call +49 (0) 6221-345-4301 / or email us at: [email protected]. The first € price and the £ and $ price are net prices, subject to local VAT. Prices indicated with [1] include VAT for books; the €(D) includes 7% for Germany, the €(A) includes 10% for Austria. Prices indicated with [2] include VAT for electronic products; 19% for Germany, 20% for Austria. All prices exclusive of carriage charges. Prices and other details are subject to change without notice. All errors and omissions excepted. [3] No discount for MyCopy. Part of .

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British Medical Journal London Saturday June 4 1955
BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL LONDON SATURDAY JUNE 4 1955 SIR HENRY DALE'S CONTRIBUTION TO PHYSIOLOGY* BY LORD ADRIAN, O.M., M1D., F.R.C.P., P.R.S. Master of Trinity College, Cambridge There is no one who could write adequately about the pharmacologists, organic chemists, and clinicians on whole field of Sir Henry Dale's scientific work, but no their own ground; he could use their methods as well one can write about any part of it without feeling that as speak their language, and could see the bearing of a in this case our conventional labels and signposts are a discovery in one department on the advance of another. mistake. Certainly he began in the early years of this But the marvel has been that he can still do so in spite century with work which would then have ranked as of all the expansion of medical science in this half- physiology, and he is now century, the entry of bio- regarded by physiologists _ chemistry and physical in every part of the world chemistry, the multiplica- with the affectionate vener- tion of hormones and vita- ation we reserve for our mins and enzymes, and the greatest masters. But his proliferation of technical first researches could be terms and methods of claimed now by the anato- every sort. The great mists, his major contribu- triumphs of chemotherapy tions have- enriched the been in the field O | 1have fields of pharmacology which he knows best, but and therapeutics, and, as it is difficult to think of head of the National Insti- any in which he cannot tute for Medical Research still hold his own.
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What's in a Name? Henry Dale and Adrenaline, 1906
Medical History, 1995, 39: 459-476 What's in a Name? Henry Dale and Adrenaline, 1906 E M TANSEY* By the beginning of the twentieth century the use of widespread advertising, trade names, and specialized marketing techniques was a distinctive feature of the commercial world. These attributes were well developed in the trade in medicines, a field that ranged from quack cures and secret remedies through proprietary brands to "ethical pharmacy".1 The British pharmaceutical firm, Burroughs, Wellcome & Co. had, by that time, achieved considerable success in promoting itself as an ethical company guided by scientific principles and remote from the quackery and chicanery of pill peddlers and nostrum- mongers. A component of that ethical behaviour was the maintenance of their own production and advertising standards and the proper recognition of others' commercial rights. In the final decade of the nineteenth century Burroughs, Wellcome & Co. had established quasi-independent laboratories, the Wellcome Physiological Research Laboratories (WPRL), in which physiologists and pharmacologists were employed to undertake basic research not directly or necessarily associated with the company's commercial enterprises. One such scientist was the future Nobel Laureate Henry Dale, who in 1906 wished to publish a paper in which the word "adrenaline" appeared.2 This was then the commonly accepted term, within Britain's physiological community, for the active principle of the suprarenal gland. However, the word "Adrenalin" was a registered trademark of the American pharmaceutical firm Parke, Davis & Co., and Dale's intended use was forbidden by Henry Wellcome. Dale and his colleagues refused to accept this injunction, and the ensuing debates raised important issues within the Wellcome *E M Tansey, BSc, PhD, PhD, Wellcome Institute Professor W F Bynum, Dr S P Lock, Professor J for the History of Medicine, 183 Euston Road, Parascandola and Professor M Weatherall for their London NW1 2BE.
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From Left to Right, Captains John Fraser and A. N. Hooper, Royal Army Medical Corps, and Captain Walter B. Cannon, U.S. Army
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138 Lymphology 33 (2000) 138-140 BOOK REVIEW surprisingly little has been written about Starling's life, and equally remarkable he never received the Nobel Prize or was knighted unlike some of his British colleagues and students. Stimulated by these omissions, J ens H. Henriksen, a renowned clinical physiologist at Hvidore Hospital and the University of Copenhagen, decided on the centennial anniversary of Starling's now classical investigations into lymph formation to write a "short biography" of this investigator's extraordinary career. Raised in a family of 6 children with his British lawyer-diplomat father out of the country most of the time, Starling received a classical education including the German language. He initially qualified as a physician Ernest Henry Starling from Guy's Hospital but his major interest (1866-1927) was in physiology. He soon joined forces with by J ens H. Henriksen his brother-in-law, William Bayliss, to forge a Laegeforeningens Forlag professional collaboration which eventually Copenhagen, Denmark 2000 led to global acclaim for both men. Early on, Starling studied with Rudolf Heidenhain in Breslau, and it was that celebrated investi Whereas Assellius, Rudbeck, Pecquet, gator's misguided ideas that eventually led to Bartholin, Mascagni, William and John Starling's epic discourses on the origin of Hunter and several others are usually lymph while he was working at the University credited with the basic discoveries of the College in London (UCL). Although, as lymphatic system, it was Ernest Starling mentioned, Starling later discovered hormo through a series of epochal experiments in the nal secretions and the fundamental principle late 19th century who set the stage for the regulating the strength of myocardial modern understanding of the origin of lymph contraction, it was the "filtration hypothesis" and the key microcirculatory forces that is most meaningful to lymphologists.
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The Discovery of Chemical Neurotransmitters
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Sir Henry Hallet Dale∗ (1875–1968)
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Ernest Starling American Physiological Society People and Ideas Series
A LIFE OF Ernest Starling American Physiological Society People and Ideas Series Circulation of the Blood: Men and Ideas Edited by Alfred P. Fishman and Dickinson W. Richards 1982 Renal Physiology: People and Ideas Edited by Carl W. Gorschalk, Robert W. Berliner, and Gerhard H. Giebisch 1987 Endocrinology: People and Ideas Edited by S.M. McCann 1988 Membrane Transport: People and Ideas Edited by Daniel C. Tostcson 1989 August & Mane Krogh: Lives in Science Bodil Schmidt-Neilsen 1995 Respiratory Physiology: People and Ideas Edited by John B. West 1996 Moving Questions: A History of Membrane Transport and Bioenergetics Joseph D. Robinson 1997 Exercise Physiology Edited by Charles M. Tipton 2003 A Life ofErnest Starling John Henderson 2005 A LIFE OF JOHN HENDERSON Published for the American Physiological Society by OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2005 OXFORD UNIVB.IlSITY PlU!SS Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright © 2005 by American Physiological Society Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press.
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The First Hormone: Adrenaline
TEM 1393 No. of Pages 3 Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism Forum The First carried by the blood to the pancreatic activity in 1895 and its chemical purifica- gland cells. ‘The crucial experiment’ was tion in 1901 predated those of secretin in Hormone: Adrenaline performed on 16 January 1902, with all 1902 and 1961. fi Yi Rao1,* experiments nished by March 1902, pub- lished in a preliminary form as Bayliss and Purification of the Active Principle Starling (1902) [1] and in the full form in from Adrenal Glands the Journal of Physiology. In 1895, Schäfer asked two of his col- It is not often that three misconcep- leagues at UCL to study adrenal extracts Starling coined the term hormone in 1905 tions are associated with one mole- chemically. In 1897, Sigmund Fränkel and acknowledged that the first hormonal cule for more than a century. This is (1868–1939) of Germany extracted from activity was the increase of blood pressure the case with adrenaline. The aim the adrenal capsules what he called by the injection of suprarenal extracts ob- spygmogenin [4].From1897to1901, here is to clarify that adrenaline served by Oliver and Schäfer [2]. John Abel of Johns Hopkins University was the first hormone, with the dis- published a series of papers on what he The adrenal gland (or suprarenal capsule) covery of its activity and chemical called epinephrin from 1898 onwards fi is a small gland above the kidney. In puri cation being prior to secretin. [5–7]. The molecular formula of epineph- 1855, Dr Thomas Addison (1793–1860) Adrenaline is the correct name rine was C H NO [6].In1900,the of Guy’sHospitalinLondondiscovered 17 15 4 given by Jōkichi Takamine, epi- Austrian scientist Otto von Fürth what was later called Addison’s disease, (1867–1938), then working at Strasbourg nephrine being its inactive benzoyl caused by damage to the adrenal glands University, after pointing out that epineph- derivative.
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