Why Joseph Erlanger Rejected the Local Circuit Theory of Nerve Impulse Propagation Greg Gandenberger University of Pittsburgh, Department of History and Philosophy of Science 1017 Cathedral of Learning, Pittsburgh, PA 15260.
[email protected] Abstract In the 1920s and 1930s, Joseph Erlanger and his colleagues expressed doubts about the local circuit theory of nerve impulse propagation in some of their publications. In 1934, their scepticism inspired Alan Hodgkin to begin a series of experiments that are generally regarded as providing strong support for the local circuit theory. Hodgkin’s experiments are well known, but the nature and sources of Erlanger’s scepticism are not. In the mid-1920s, Erlanger believed that oscillograph recordings indicated that the eddy currents generated by action currents are too small to propagate the nerve impulse as the local circuit theory proposes. In the 1930s, his fundamental objection to the local circuit theory was his belief that eddy currents large enough to propagate nerve impulses would dissipate a large amount of energy and produce uncontrolled stray effects. However, a 1936 discovery led him to admit that eddy currents do at least increase the excitability of an active fiber ahead of the action current wave. His opposition to the local circuit theory diminished further as a result of several developments between late 1938 and early 1939, including most notably Hodgkin demonstration that the resistance of the medium outside the active nerve affects propagation velocity. Word Count: 7467 Keywords Joseph Erlanger; Alan Hodgkin; local circuit theory; membrane theory; St. Louis School; electrophysiology 1. Introduction Early in his 1934-1935 year as a Cambridge undergraduate, Alan Hodgkin discovered that a blocked nerve impulse increases the excitability of the nerve beyond the block.