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Women Members of the Academies of Science - a Comparative Study with Special Consideration of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society from 1912 Until 1945

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Women Members of the Academies of Science - A comparative study with special consideration of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society from 1912 until 1945. Annette Vogt (Berlin)1 On June 20, 1948 the physicist Lise Meitner (1878-1968) wrote to her younger colleague Berta Karlik (1904-1990) in Vienna after her election - as its first woman - to the Austrian Academy of Science: "Liebe Kollegin Karlik, ... Wenn meine Wahl zum korrespondierenden Mitglied der Wienerakademie diese Möglichkeit auch für andere Frauen eröffnet, so macht sie mich doppelt froh. Ich habe mich über diese Auszeichnung aufrichtig gefreut, alles was ein Band mit Österreich knüpft, gibt mir ein inneres Heimatgefühl, das ich trotz aller Freundlichkeit der Schweden (ich bin z. B. Mitglied aller 4 skandinavischen Akademien) hier nicht bekommen kann, weil ich zu alt war, als ich hierher kam, um mich ganz einzuleben."2 Lise Meitner was one of the most exceptional women scientists in the 20th century and belonged - mostly as their first woman member - (as Scientific 1 Lecture (17.6.00) on the International conference "The work of science", Berlin- Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften (BBAW), Berlin, 15.-17.6.2000. Thanks to Emma Spary (Cambridge) from the MPI for History of Science for her kindness to correcting my English. 2 Lise Meitner to Berta Karlik, 20.6.1948, in: Cambridge, Churchill College Archives, Meitner-Papers, MTNR 5/10, folder 2, Bl.11. ("Dear colleague Karlik, ... If my election as a corresponding member of the Academie in Vienna will open this possibility for other women scientists too then I would be doubly happy. I was delighted with this honor, every relation to Austria gives me a home feeling which I haven't here in spite of the kindness of the Swedes (for example I'm a member of all 4 Scandinavian Academies of Science), because I was too old when I came here to settle down completely.") Berta Karlik followed Lise Meitner indeed, becoming a corresponding member in 1954 and a full member in 1973 at the ÖAW in Vienna. On Karlik see Lintner (1990). member) to the Kaiser Wilhelm Society as well as to most Academies of Science, in Germany and Austria, Scandinavia and Great Britain.3 Introduction The paper discusses the working conditions for women scientists up to 1945 in the Kaiser Wilhelm Society, established in 1912, and compares them to those at the Berlin Academy of Sciences, founded in 1700, and the Berlin University, created in 1810. Furthermore, the paper offers a comparison concerning the question of women scientific members at the four most important Academies of Sciences in Europe, namely London, Paris, Berlin and St. Petersburg.4 In Germany, the Academies of Sciences, the Universities and the Kaiser Wilhelm Society were three scientific institutions with varying degrees of openness to women scientists. As in London and Paris, the German Academies of Science excluded women scientists as members up to 1945, with the exception of the Leopoldina Academy in Halle and the Academy in Göttingen. The Universities excluded women before 1895, the "Habilitation" of women scientists was forbidden up to 1919/20, and a full professorship was impossible for a woman before the late 50's. Only in the Kaiser Wilhelm Society were there no rules excluding women scientists. 1. The situation in 1912 What was the situation for women scientists in 1912, when the Kaiser Wilhelm Society was established and the first Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes were opened in Berlin-Dahlem? In which countries or fields could women scientists be active? First, we'll consider the four most important European Academies of Science, in London, Paris, Berlin and St. Petersburg (table 1). 3 On Lise Meitner, see Ruth Lewin Sime (1996). 4 For the development of, and the competition between, these four Academies, see Conrad Grau (1988). Only in the Academy of Science in St. Petersburg were women scientists elected as - corresponding - members: In 1889 the Russian mathematician and first professor at the University of Stockholm, Sof'ja Vasil'evna Kovalevskaja (1850- 1891)5 was elected, but she died just two years later, in 1891. In 1907 the French physicist Marie Curie (1867-1934)6 was elected, a Polish native who received her first Nobel Prize in 1903, together with her husband and colleague Pierre Curie (1859-1906) and Henri Becquerel (1852-1908). In her homeland, the famous Marie Curie lost the election campaign in 1911 to enter the Parisian Académie des Sciences, and a harmful campaign was organized against her. Curie lost the election by 28 votes to 30, but her competitor Édouard Branly is completely forgotten. The terrible alliance against her even harmed her daughter, the scientist Irène Joliot-Curie (1897-1956).7 Therefore it was a particular satisfaction when in the same year, 1911, Marie Curie won her second Nobel Prize. In the Berlin Academy of Science there was the amusing situation that one woman had been an honorary member of the Academy since 1899, the widow Marie Elisabeth (Elise) Wentzel, b. Heckmann (1833-1914), widow of the Royal architect (Kgl. Baurat) Wentzel (+1889). She received this honour because of the foundation which she established, and the sum of 1,5 million Goldmark which she donated to the Berlin Academy of Science.8 In 1912 another woman was paid homage. The Leibniz Medal in Gold was awarded to the Berlin maecenas Elise Koenigs (1848-1932), for her great support for various scientific projects of the Academy. For years she contributed enormous sums to different academic projects, some of these under the direction of Adolf von Harnack. He arranged behind the scenes for Elise Koenigs to get this 5 On Kovalevskaja, see Kowalewsky (1961); Koc*ina (1973, 1981); Koblitz-Hibner (1983, 1987); Bölling (1993); Tollmien (1995, 1997); Vogt (1988, 2000b). 6 On Marie Curie, see Abir-Am et al (1987), Boudia (1997), Eve Curie (1994), Roqué (1997), Vögtle (1988). 7 See Loriot (1991), p.51-52. 8 On Marie Elisabeth (Elise) Wentzel-Heckmann (20.3.1833 - 4./5.2.1914), see Hartkopf (1992) and Hartkopf (1991). honour9, and she was the first and last woman be recognised in this way by the Berlin Academy between 1900 (when the medal was founded) and 1945. Although all Berlin newspapers reported the Academy's Leibniz Day (Leibniz- Tag), on July 4th,10 nothing was told about Koenigs. To this day we know only the dates of her birth and death11, but nothing about her life, her origins or her fate. Thanks to the proposal of von Harnack we know about her support for the projects of the Berlin Academy of Science, including the editions of the Bible under von Harnack, and her support for the Berlin Museum, for instance the collection of ancient coins. Furthermore she was a Member of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society from its origins in 1911 up to 1920.12 In contrast to the scientific members, she was a member who regularly paid a certain annual sum, but when she could no longer pay because of her financial situation after World War I, she had to cancel her membership. When she died on February 13th, 1932 in Berlin, only one Berlin newspaper indicated her death. In this obituary notice was mentioned - for the last time - that she received the Leibniz Medal in Gold from the Prussian Academy of Science.13 9 See manuscript proposal for the election of Elise Koenigs by Adolf von Harnack, 7.2.1912, in: Archive BBAW, II-X,4, Bl.183 + 184R. See further, Archive BBAW: II-X,4, Bl.128 (2.2.1911), Bl.139 (9.2.11), Bl.163 (11.1.1912), Bl.165 (1.2.12), Bl.166 (8.2.12 und 22.2.12). 10 See "Vossische Zeitung", "Berliner Tageblatt", "Berliner Lokal-Anzeiger" and "Der Tag", all from July, 5th - with more or less the same little text without any further information. 11 See Amburger (1950), p.180. I thank Peter Th. Walther for this source. Amburger had mentioned Elise Koenigs among the winners of the Leibniz Medal in Silver but had "forgotten" to mention the Golden Medal. 12 She was not mentioned in Vierhaus/vom Brocke (1990), but one can find a brief document about her membership and the sums which she paid to the Society. See Archive MPA: FM 1911-1921, Bd.3/I. 13 See "Berliner Lokal-Anzeiger", 16.2.1932. However, no women scientists were elected to the Berlin Academy of Science before 1949. In the Royal Society no women scientists were elected up to 1945.14 In Germany, only at the oldest Academy, the Leopoldina, was one woman scientist elected as early as 1902: the biologist Maria Gräfin von Linden (1869- 1936).15 She was elected by the presidium of the Leopoldina, which was constituted by representatives from each scientific section and the president, at that time the scientist Karl Freiherr von Fritsch. Gräfin von Linden received the votes of - among others - the botanist Eduard Strasburger, the physicist Ernst Mach, and the egyptologist Richard Lepsius.16 In 1912 two women provoked the attention of the public in Berlin, the above mentioned Elise Koenigs and the scientist Lydia Rabinowitsch-Kempner (1871-1935). The latter was a physician and bacteriologist who worked at the Institute for bacteriology (later the Robert-Koch-Institute) in Berlin. In 1912 she received the title (!) "professor", and immediately there were antisemitic reactions among the German public.17 Lydia Rabinowitsch-Kempner was an exception among the exceptions: she was a scientist, a wife and a mother of 3 children. From 1902 she was also the president 14 See Mason (1995), for a table of all 52 fellows between 1947 and 1994, pp.130- 131. On the Royal Society Fellows Charlotte Auerbach and Marthe L.
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