Klaus Starke
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Recollections of the History of Neuropsychopharmacology Through Interviews Conducted by William E. Bunney, Jr
1 RECOLLECTIONS OF THE HISTORY OF NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY THROUGH INTERVIEWS CONDUCTED BY WILLIAM E. BUNNEY, JR. Edited by Peter R. Martin International Network for the History of Neuropsychopharmacology Risskov 2016 2 William E. Bunney, Jr. (circa 1980) 3 Contents PREFACE ..................................................................................................................................................... 4 1. THOMAS A. BAN ............................................................................................................................... 9 2. ARVID CARLSSON .......................................................................................................................... 28 3. JOSEPH T. COYLE ............................................................................................................................ 38 4. ELLEN FRANK ................................................................................................................................. 55 5. J. CHRISTIAN GILLIN ..................................................................................................................... 66 6. LOUIS A. GOTTSCHALK ................................................................................................................ 78 7. SALOMON Z. LANGER ................................................................................................................... 89 8. HEINZ E. LEHMANN .................................................................................................................... -
Amanita Muscaria (Fly Agaric)
J R Coll Physicians Edinb 2018; 48: 85–91 | doi: 10.4997/JRCPE.2018.119 PAPER Amanita muscaria (fly agaric): from a shamanistic hallucinogen to the search for acetylcholine HistoryMR Lee1, E Dukan2, I Milne3 & Humanities The mushroom Amanita muscaria (fly agaric) is widely distributed Correspondence to: throughout continental Europe and the UK. Its common name suggests MR Lee Abstract that it had been used to kill flies, until superseded by arsenic. The bioactive 112 Polwarth Terrace compounds occurring in the mushroom remained a mystery for long Merchiston periods of time, but eventually four hallucinogens were isolated from the Edinburgh EH11 1NN fungus: muscarine, muscimol, muscazone and ibotenic acid. UK The shamans of Eastern Siberia used the mushroom as an inebriant and a hallucinogen. In 1912, Henry Dale suggested that muscarine (or a closely related substance) was the transmitter at the parasympathetic nerve endings, where it would produce lacrimation, salivation, sweating, bronchoconstriction and increased intestinal motility. He and Otto Loewi eventually isolated the transmitter and showed that it was not muscarine but acetylcholine. The receptor is now known variously as cholinergic or muscarinic. From this basic knowledge, drugs such as pilocarpine (cholinergic) and ipratropium (anticholinergic) have been shown to be of value in glaucoma and diseases of the lungs, respectively. Keywords acetylcholine, atropine, choline, Dale, hyoscine, ipratropium, Loewi, muscarine, pilocarpine, physostigmine Declaration of interests No conflicts of interest declared Introduction recorded by the Swedish-American ethnologist Waldemar Jochelson, who lived with the tribes in the early part of the Amanita muscaria is probably the most easily recognised 20th century. His version of the tale reads as follows: mushroom in the British Isles with its scarlet cap spotted 1 with conical white fl eecy scales. -
Women Members of the Academies of Science - a Comparative Study with Special Consideration of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society from 1912 Until 1945
Women Members of the Academies of Science - A comparative study with special consideration of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society from 1912 until 1945. Annette Vogt (Berlin)1 On June 20, 1948 the physicist Lise Meitner (1878-1968) wrote to her younger colleague Berta Karlik (1904-1990) in Vienna after her election - as its first woman - to the Austrian Academy of Science: "Liebe Kollegin Karlik, ... Wenn meine Wahl zum korrespondierenden Mitglied der Wienerakademie diese Möglichkeit auch für andere Frauen eröffnet, so macht sie mich doppelt froh. Ich habe mich über diese Auszeichnung aufrichtig gefreut, alles was ein Band mit Österreich knüpft, gibt mir ein inneres Heimatgefühl, das ich trotz aller Freundlichkeit der Schweden (ich bin z. B. Mitglied aller 4 skandinavischen Akademien) hier nicht bekommen kann, weil ich zu alt war, als ich hierher kam, um mich ganz einzuleben."2 Lise Meitner was one of the most exceptional women scientists in the 20th century and belonged - mostly as their first woman member - (as Scientific 1 Lecture (17.6.00) on the International conference "The work of science", Berlin- Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften (BBAW), Berlin, 15.-17.6.2000. Thanks to Emma Spary (Cambridge) from the MPI for History of Science for her kindness to correcting my English. 2 Lise Meitner to Berta Karlik, 20.6.1948, in: Cambridge, Churchill College Archives, Meitner-Papers, MTNR 5/10, folder 2, Bl.11. ("Dear colleague Karlik, ... If my election as a corresponding member of the Academie in Vienna will open this possibility for other women scientists too then I would be doubly happy. I was delighted with this honor, every relation to Austria gives me a home feeling which I haven't here in spite of the kindness of the Swedes (for example I'm a member of all 4 Scandinavian Academies of Science), because I was too old when I came here to settle down completely.") Berta Karlik followed Lise Meitner indeed, becoming a corresponding member in 1954 and a full member in 1973 at the ÖAW in Vienna. -
Editorial Udc: 615:378 Doi: 10.18413/2313-8971-2017-3-4-3
Pokrovskii M.V., Avtina T.V., Zakharova E.V., Belousova Yulia V. Oswald Schmiedeberg – the “father” of experimental pharmacology. Research Result: Pharmacology and Clinical 3 Pharmacology. 2017;3(4):3-19. EDITORIAL Rus. UDC: 615:378 DOI: 10.18413/2313-8971-2017-3-4-3-19 Mikhail V. Pokrovskii1 Tatyana V. Avtina T. OSWALD SCHMIEDEBERG –THE “FATHER” OF Elena V. Zakharova EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY Yulia. V. Belousova Belgorod State National Research University, 85 Pobedy St., Belgorod, 308015 Russia Corresponding author, 1e-mail: [email protected] “Our tribute to the memory of the Teachers and those who were pioneers of pharmacology is an invaluable gift to our descendants” Abstract Biography. Oswald Schmiedeberg (1838-1921) was a son of a bailiff and a maid of honour, the eldest of the six children in the family. He was born and educated in the Russian Empire. Scientific activity. All his life he was completely devoted to science, making experimental pharmacology an independent scientific discipline, and was able to bring it to the international level. O. Schmiedeberg studied the action of muscarine and nicotine, digitoxin, hypnotics and analeptics. He was the first to introduce the concept of ―pharmacodynamics‖ and ―pharmacokinetics‖ of a drug. With his participation, the world‘s first pharmacological journal was founded, which is still published today. Science school. Working for many years at the University of Strasbourg, Schmiedeberg managed to educate about 120 students – professors from 20 countries of the world, many of whom later founded experimental pharmacology in their countries, for example, Abel in the USA, and N.P. Kravkov in Russia. -
1 Evolution of Drug Discovery
1 1 Evolution of Drug Discovery 1.1 Antiquity Adam and Eve lived in paradise and did not know disease nor suffering; when they were expelled they discovered misery and disease. It is not surprising that throughout history man has searched for remedies to fight against disease. Historically speaking, man has explored nature to satisfy two major needs – food and herbs for alleviating pain and suffering. Ancient civilizations had comprehensive treatises where herbs or mixtures of them rep- resented the ‘‘corpus therapeuticum’’ to alleviate and treat disease. One of these compendia was the Ebers Papyrus. Egyptian culture already used a range of herbs from medicinal plants that were described in the Ebers Papyrus that was dated about 1550 BC. The papyrus was purchased in Thebes in 1872 by German Egyptologist Dr. George Ebers who had recognized its content and extraordinary value. It incorporates about 800 prescriptions written as hieroglyphics for over 700 remedies. It is preserved at the University of Leipzig (Figure 1.1). B. Ebbell produced a good translation in 1937 [1]. Most of the Egyptian names of drugs and ingredients, at least a third, have been identified with drugs and active principles that appear in current formularies and recipe books. In addition to recipes for purgatives, it also mentions some alkaloid plants as well as essentials oils, turpen- tine, cedar wood, soothing balms for skin problems, and many other prescriptions. Fragrant resins of Boswelia trees growing on the southern coast of Arabia such as frankincense (also known as olibanum) and myrrh were prized by Egyptian embalmers. Later, they were cited in the Bible, and have been used along with other balsams and gums throughout the centuries as deodorants and antiseptic drugs. -
The Development of Concepts of Mechanisms of Anesthesia
1 The Development of Concepts of Mechanisms of Anesthesia Donald Caton and Joseph F. Antognini INTRODUCTION Even before Morton's demonstration of surgical anesthesia in Boston, on October 16, 1846, phy sicians and scientists had begun to explore mechanisms by which drugs affect the central nervous system. In large part, this was an outgrowth of a revolution in therapeutics that had begun in wake of the Enlightenment. As philosophers and politicians threw out old patterns of religious, political, and economic thought, so physicians discarded a system of medical practice that had been in place for almost fifteen hundred years. Modem medicine began during this era and with it new disciplines such as physiology, pharmacology, and biochemistry (1). The discarded system of practice, called "Galenic Medicine", for the early Greek physician who established it, maintained that the body was composed of four elements (earth, air, fire, and water), which combined in various proportions to produce four humours (blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm). Health was a state in which humours stayed in proper balance: disease a condition in which that balance had been upset by some internal or external disturbance. Physicians were to discern the character of the imbalance and institute appropriate restorative measures such as bleeding, purging, or cupping (2,3). In the centuries following Galen's death, physicians modified his original scheme in response to new discoveries in other areas of science. As engineers began to exploit hydraulics, for example, physicians attributed all disease to fluctuations of hydrostatic pressure. After the discovery of elec tricity, they exchanged hydraulics for energy imbalance to explain disease. -
Menschen Und Ideen Die Gesellschaft Deutscher Naturforscher Und Ärzte 1822-2016
Menschen und Ideen Die Gesellschaft Deutscher Naturforscher und Ärzte 1822-2016 Menschen und Ideen Die Gesellschaft Deutscher Naturforscher und Ärzte 1822 – 2016 Dargestellt von Ansgar Schanbacher Herausgegeben von Eva-Maria Neher Mit einem Geleitwort von Lorraine Daston Die Erstellung und der Druck der Festschrift wurden ermöglicht durch die Förderung der Klaus Tschira Stiftung und Spenden einiger Mitglieder der GDNÄ. Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2016 www.wallstein-verlag.de Vom Verlag gesetzt aus der LexikonNo2 Umschlaggestaltung: Susanne Gerhards, Düsseldorf Druck und Verarbeitung: Pustet, Regensburg ISBN 978-3-8353-1880-9 Inhalt Vorworte Eva-Maria Neher . 7 Lorraine Daston . 11 Die Gesellschaft Deutscher Naturforscher und Ärzte im historischen Überblick 1. Zwischen Katheder und Powerpoint-Präsentation . 15 2. Staatliche Zersplitterung – Einheit der Wissenschaft (1822-1870) . 16 3. Wissenschaftsoptimismus im Kaiserreich (1871-1913) . 23 4. Zwischen Traditionswahrung und Auflösung (1918-1938) . 31 5. Neugründung und Konsolidierung (1950-1989) . 37 6. Wissenschaftsvermittlung im vereinten Deutschland (1990-2016) . 46 7. Große Vergangenheit – große Zukunft? . 52 Bedeutende Persönlichkeiten im Umfeld der Gesellschaft Deutscher Naturforscher und Ärzte Biographien . 60 Anhang 1. Alphabetisches Verzeichnis der Biographien . 161 2. Die Tagungsorte der GDNÄ . 163 3. Vorsitzende und Präsidenten der GDNÄ . 166 4. Quellen und Literatur . 168 5. Abbildungsverzeichnis . 173 Vorwort Warum diese Eile? Warum erscheint eine Festschrift zur Geschichte der Ge- sellschaft Deutscher Naturforscher und Ärzte (GDNÄ) bereits 2016 und nicht erst zum 200. Geburtstag der Gesellschaft im Jahr 2022? Die tradi- tionsreiche GDNÄ befindet sich in einem tiefgreifenden Wandel. -
Berliner Militärärzte Im Labor Von 1870-1895
Aus dem Institut für Geschichte der Medizin Zentrum für Human- und Gesundheitswissenschaften der Medizinischen Fakultät Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin DISSERTATION Berliner Militärärzte im Labor von 1870-1895 zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doctor rerum medicarum (Dr. rer. medic.) vorgelegt der Medizinischen Fakultät Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin von Frank-Peter Kirsch aus Gotha Gutachter: 1. Prof. Dr. Volker Hess 2. Prof. Dr. Thomas Schnalke 3. Prof. Dr. Heinz Schott Datum der Promotion: 22. Juni 2009 Operativer Eingriff um 1900 Fotoarchiv St. Hedwig-Krankenhaus „Yesterday is history – Tomorrow is a mystery – Today is a gift” (Anna Eleanor Roosevelt) Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung.................................................................................................................. 7 1.1. Stand der Forschung und Materialien...................................................................... 10 1.2. Gang der Darstellung............................................................................................... 14 2. Militärmedizinische Ausbildung und Labor……………………………………16 2.1. Institutionen und Einrichtungen in Berlin............................................................... 16 2.2. Das Militärsanitätswesen in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts..................... 28 2.3. Klinischer Unterricht an der Charité........................................................................ 30 2.4. Soziale Herkunft der Militär- und Zivilärzte, Aufnahmebestimmungen........................................................................................ -
E2017287.Pdf (92.90Kb)
TODAY'S NEUROSCIENCE, TOMORROW'S HISTORY A Video Archive Project Dr Ann Silver Interviewed by Richard Thomas Supported by the Wellcome Trust, Grant no:080160/Z/06/Z to Dr Tilli Tansey (Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine, UCL) and Professor Leslie Iversen (Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford) Interview transcript Edinburgh University, BSc (Hons) 1954, PhD 1960 – physiology and the construction of Henrietta I’d always been interested in sort of zoological things, having grown up in the country. My brother did zoology, but you had to do three subjects in your first year, and then you specialised after that. And I was going to do zoology – I didn’t know what I was going to do with it in my second year – but Ruth Fowler, who is now Bob Edwards’ wife, wanted to do physiology. And I’d really hardly heard of physiology, and she wanted me to go along and see Catherine Hebb who was running the course for science students as opposed to medical students. So I went along and immediately took to the idea of doing physiology. My honours year was actually interrupted by having to have spinal fusion, which was rather new in those days, and didn’t work very well. And so I, actually, more or less missed a year, and so I actually took five years rather than four years to complete my degree. And then, by that time - by the time I had finished - Catherine Hebb had moved down to the … what was then the Agricultural Research Council Institute of Animal Physiology at Babraham (Cambridgeshire), where Daly had moved from Edinburgh to be its first director. -
Early Drug Discovery and the Rise of Pharmaceutical Chemistry in a Classic Monograph (Figure 5)
Drug Testing Historical and Analysis Received: 15 April 2011 Revised: 28 April 2011 Accepted: 28 April 2011 Published online in Wiley Online Library (www.drugtestinganalysis.com) DOI 10.1002/dta.301 Early drug discovery and the rise of pharmaceutical chemistry Alan Wayne Jones∗ Studies in the field of forensic pharmacology and toxicology would not be complete without some knowledge of the history of drug discovery, the various personalities involved, and the events leading to the development and introduction of new therapeutic agents. The first medicinal drugs came from natural sources and existed in the form of herbs, plants, roots, vines and fungi. Until the mid-nineteenth century nature’s pharmaceuticals were all that were available to relieve man’s pain and suffering. The first synthetic drug, chloral hydrate, was discovered in 1869 and introduced as a sedative-hypnotic; it is still available today in some countries. The first pharmaceutical companies were spin-offs from the textiles and synthetic dye industry and owe much to the rich source of organic chemicals derived from the distillation of coal (coal-tar). The first analgesics and antipyretics, exemplified by phenacetin and acetanilide, were simple chemical derivatives of aniline and p-nitrophenol, both of which were byproducts from coal-tar. An extract from the bark of the white willow tree had been used for centuries to treat various fevers and inflammation. The active principle in white willow, salicin or salicylic acid, had a bitter taste and irritated the gastric mucosa, but a simple chemical modification was much more palatable. This was acetylsalicylic acid, better known as Aspirin, the first blockbuster drug. -
La Obra Farmacológica De Amalio Gimeno Y Cabañas (1850-1936)*
Memoria IMV 1979_2009 ok:Memoria IMV 1979_2009 ok.qxd 29/9/2010 15:28 Página 159 159 La obra farmacológica de Amalio Gimeno y Cabañas (1850-1936)* José L. Fresquet Febrer La situación de la terapéutica farmacológica en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX Durante el siglo XIX las que llamamos ciencias de la naturaleza y la medicina, esta última tanto en sus aspectos biológicos como sociales, iniciaron un cambio decisi- vo. Las transformaciones tuvieron lugar en los aspectos conceptuales y también metodológicos. En el terreno de la biología, por ejemplo, esto permitió acabar con la crisis en la que habían entrado los sistemas interpretativos. En esta mudanza jugaron un papel fundamental diferentes aspectos sociales y económicos, especial- mente un importante cambio institucional. En el campo de la farmacología se produjeron dos hechos de gran transcenden- cia: el descubrimiento progresivo de los principios activos de los remedios vegeta- les y la línea que inició Magendie de investigar la acción de los fármacos mediante la experimentación en animales. Esto fue posible en buena medida a que la quími- ca reconstruyó su metodología y penetró en el estudio de la composición de los seres vivos.1 Uno de los principales escenarios donde tuvieron lugar estos cambios fue Fran- cia. A mediados del siglo XIX Alemania irrumpió con fuerza en la investigación far- macológica. Sin embargo, en el país vecino también surgió un movimiento que * Del proyecto de trató de moderar el excesivo optimismo que tenía lugar en los laboratorios. Una investigación HAR2008-04023. cosa era la fisiología, y otra, la farmacología. La terapéutica debía racionalizarse para los defensores de esta idea, es decir, adaptarse al enfermo. -
Denkorte« Mit Freundlicher Genehmigung Durch: Bei Der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Zur Förderung Der Wissenschaften E.V
1917 Gründung eines KWI für Physik als Institut ohne eigenes Gebäude in Berlin 30. 5. 1938 Einweihung eines Institutsneubaus in Berlin-Dahlem, Architekt: Carl Sattler 1943 teilverlagerung nach Hechingen und Haigerloch/Württemberg. Das Ge- bäude wird heute von der Freien Universität genutzt, der Versuchs- turm vom Archiv der Max-Planck- Gesellschaft ab 1946 Neuaufbau des Instituts in Göttingen in Räumen der Aero- dynamischen Versuchsanstalt 1949 Beitritt des Instituts zur MPG und Umbenennung in MPI für Physik 1958 Umzug des Instituts nach München-Freimann in ein neu errichtetes Gebäude, Architekt: Sep Ruf Umbenennung in Max-Planck- Institut für Physik und Astrophysik 1963 Gründung des (teil-)Instituts für extra terrestrische Physik in Garching 1981 Das (teil-)Institut für Physik des MPI für Physik und Astrophysik erhält den Namenszusatz Werner-Heisen- berg-Institut für Physik 1991 Ausgliederung der teil-Insitute Astrophysik und extraterrestrische Physik zu eigenständigen MPI Das Hauptgebäude des Max-Planck-Instituts für Physik in München von Sep Ruf, 2010. M A x - P lanck -I nst I t U t F ü R P H y sik 318 Berlin – München Das Max-Planck-Institut für Physik H o rst K an t Ein »Denkort« im wahrsten Sinne des Wortes sollte nach ursprüng- Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Die eigentliche Arbeit lichen Plänen das Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Physik werden. In des KWI für Physik bestand in den folgenden Jahren darin, Anträge einem Memorandum vom Januar 1914, verfasst von mehreren auf finanzielle zuwen dun gen seitens anderer Institutionen oder Mitgliedern der Berliner Akademie der Wissenschaften, hieß es: Einzelpersonen zu prüfen und bei positivem Entscheid entspre- »Wir beantragen, ein Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für physikali sche chende Mittel aus seinem Etat zuzuweisen.