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Proquest Dissertations EVALUATION OF THE LARVAL ENDOPARASITOID CAMPOLETIS SONORENSIS CAMERON (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE) AS A BIOCONTROL AGENT OF THE CABBAGE LOOPER, TRICHOPLUSIA Nl HUBNER (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) By Henry Murillo A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies through Biological Sciences in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science at the University of Windsor Windsor, Ontario, Canada 2008 ©2008 Henry Murillo Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-47085-5 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-47085-5 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Plntemet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. Canada AUTHOR'S DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY I hereby certify that I am the sole author of this thesis and that no part of this thesis has been published or submitted for publication. I certify that, to the best of my knowledge, my thesis does not infringe upon anyone's copyright nor violate any proprietary rights and that any ideas, techniques, quotations, or any other material from the work of other people included in my thesis, published or otherwise, are fully acknowledged in accordance with the standard referencing practices. Furthermore, to the extent that I have included copyrighted material that surpasses the bounds of fair dealing within the meaning of the Canada Copyright Act, I certify that I have obtained a written permission from the copyright owner(s) to include such material(s) in my thesis and have included copies of such copyright clearances to my appendix. I declare that this is a true copy of my thesis, including any final revisions, as approved by my thesis committee and the Graduate Studies office, and that this thesis has not been submitted for a higher degree to any other University of Institution. in ABSTRACT Campoletis sonorensis is a native parasitoid of the Cabbage Looper, Trichoplusia ni, and I found it attacking T. ni in multiple field and greenhouse crops in Ontario. I found that C. sonorensis is an important factor regulating T. ni populations. Campoletis sonorensis was the dominant larval parasitoid of T. ni with higher rates of parasitism and higher abundances than all other native parasitoids combined. Campoletis sonorensis demonstrates potential as a commercial biocontrol agent of T. ni because C. sonorensis populations were chronologically and physiologically synchronized with those of T. ni. Thus, adult parasitoids were always available when suitable T. ni host stages were present. Additionally, C. sonorensis was a positively density-dependent factor in the regulation of the T. ni population. I demonstrated that C. sonorensis can successfully parasitise and emerge from 2 to 8 day-old T. ni hosts, but that the highest parasitoid fitness is achieved from 3 to 5 day-old T. ni hosts. Finally, C. sonorensis has a higher intrinsic rate of increase than T. ni, which is a desirable trait in potential biocontrol agents. Campoletis sonorensis is a native parasitoid that is very well adapted to T.ni population dynamics, but also attacks other Noctuidae host species. It appears that in the agricultural and climatic conditions of Ontario, the timing and presence of other Noctuidae host species may be an important factor in the stabilization of C. sonorensis populations, allowing it to be the dominant parasitoid species on T. ni. IV DEDICATION To my beloved wife and son, Liliana and Sebastian, Thank you very much for all your support, understanding and patience during the time that this endeavor took me away from both of you. To my son, Sebastian, keep dreaming and don't worry, all of your dreams will come through, just be patient and work towards them. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my supervisor Dr. Sherah Vanlaerhoven, Dr. David Hunt and Mr. Tony Gualtieri for giving me this opportunity and all of their input and advice. Thank you to my committee members Drs. Chris Lakhan and Dennis Higgs. I especially thank my lab mates Angela Brommit, Jeniffer Rosati, Jonathan Bennet, Jay Fitzsimmons, Nicole Lamont, Courtney Fitzpatrick, Lubna Sohail, Leslie Holmes, Amer Cheema and Jessica Foumier. I would like to thank Dana Gagnier at the Greenhouse and Processing Crops Research Centre (Agriculture & Agri- Food Canada), Alanna Black, Flavia Ruiz and Mary Wall at Sunrite Greenhouses for their logistic and friendly support. I would like to thank all the greenhouse and field crops owners and managers for allowing me to sample inside their facilities and talking about my project, especially Jamie Dalimonte, Carl Mastronardi, Chris Ippoliti, Cristofari family, Malene Antonsen, Muhammad Javed, Carlos Fernando Mendoza, Rafael Lacaz, Dean Bernardes, Dave Delellis, John Arias and Paul Bosveld. Thanks to Paul Goodspeed at Koppert Canada for allowing me to begin this adventure while I was working for the company. Thanks to Alfredo Siabatto and Jay Wistlecraft for sharing their knowledge and inspirations about biological control with me. Lastly, I thank my family and friends for their support over the years. This research was funded by Ontario Centres of Excellence, Gualtieri Farms Ltd. and Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, with additional support from Sunrite Greenhouses Ltd, CRC Farms, Cristofari Farms, CheckMate Farms, Delellis Farms, Heinz Seeds Canada and the University of Windsor. VI TABLE OF CONTENTS AUTHOR'S DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY iii ABSTRACT iv DEDICATION v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vi LIST OF TABLES ix LIST OF FIGURES xi CHAPTER I. General introduction 1 References 13 II. "Seasonal Abundance of Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its parasitism by Campoletis sonorensis (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) in field and greenhouse tomato in Southwestern Ontario." Introduction 31 Material and methods 34 Results 38 Discussion 42 References 52 III. "Host preference and fitness-related proxies of Campoletis sonorensis (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) as a Parasitoid of the Cabbage Looper, Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)" Introduction 81 Material and methods 83 Results 86 Discussion 89 References 94 IV. "Reproduction of Campoletis sonorensis (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), an Endoparasitoid of the Cabbage Looper Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) under laboratory conditions" Vll Introduction 110 Material and methods 112 Results 116 Discussion 117 References 127 IV. General discussion and conclusions 142 References 151 VITA AUCTORIS 156 Vlll LIST OF TABLES CHAPTER II. CHAPTER II Table 2.1a: Crop management of the tomato fields and greenhouses used in the 2005 survey 67 Table 2.1b: Crop management of the tomato fields and greenhouses used in the 2006 survey 68 Table 2.2: Parasitoids reared from Trichoplusia ni larvae in fields in 2005 and 2006 in the Kingsville-Leamington area 69 Table 2.3: Relative abundance and Diversity's indexes of larval parasitoids of Tricholusia n/in tomato fields 70 Table 2.4: Total parasitism of the Trichoplusia ri\ larval parasitoid assemblage species in tomato fields 71 Table 2.5: Overall total percent parasitism of Trichoplusia ni larval instars in tomato fields and greenhouses 72 Table 2.6: Pearson Correlation of the number of second instar larvae of Trichoplusia ni and the number of parasitised larvae by Campoletis sonorensis in fields 2006 73 Table 2.7: Regression analysis of the second larval instar density of Trichoplusia ni and percent parasitism by Campoletis sonorensis 74 Table 2.8: Temporal relationship between second larval instar density of Trichoplusia ni and percent parasitism by Campoletis sonorensis in tomato fields 2006 75 III. CHAPTER III Table 3.1: Comparison of male versus female Campoletis sonorensis offspring emergence rates from each age class of Trichoplusia nilarvae 103 Table 3.2: Development time parameters of Campoletis sonorensis offspring by host age classes 104 IX Table 3.3: Development time parameters of
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