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Appl. Entomol. Zool. 40 (3): 399–404 (2005)

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Appl. Entomol. Zool. 40 (3): 399–404 (2005) Appl. Entomol. Zool. 40 (3): 399–404 (2005) http://odokon.ac.affrc.go.jp/ Population establishment of the leafroller Eudemis gyrotis (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) at a new plantation of bayberry Myrica rubra (Myricaceae) Shinji SUGIURA*,† Laboratory of Forest Ecology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University; Kyoto 606–8502, Japan (Received 19 December 2004; Accepted 24 February 2005) Abstract To clarify the immigration process of a phytophagous insect to a new habitat, I examined seasonal changes in the abundance and parasitism of larvae and pupae of a leafroller, Eudemis gyrotis (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), at both a new and an old plantation of the bayberry Myrica rubra Sieb. et Zucc. (Myricaceae) on Mt. Tanakami, Shiga Prefecture, central Japan, in 1999. E. gyrotis adults singly lay eggs on only young leaves of M. rubra, and their larvae feed on the leaves. Therefore, the young leaves of M. rubra are necessary for the occurrence of E. gyrotis larvae. The number of E. gyrotis larvae per tree was correlated with the amount of young leaves per tree. At the old plantation where E. gyrotis had already been found in 1998, the larval occurrence of E. gyrotis began in late May. At the new plantation, which was at a distance of ca. 600 m from the old plantation, E. gyrotis larvae had not occurred by late July, although there was an abundance of young leaves of M. rubra in late May. These findings suggest that E. gyrotis adults that had emerged from the old plantation in July immigrated to the new plantation and laid eggs on the plants there. The parasitoids that attacked E. gyrotis at the new plantation just after immigration were polyphagous. This suggests that those parasitoids switched hosts from other herbivore species to E. gyrotis. In spite of the attack by polyphagous parasitoids, the E. gyrotis population successfully established itself at the new plantation. Key words: Herbivores; immigration; leaf phenology; polyphagous parasitoids and Sato, 1990). In particular for herbivorous in- INTRODUCTION sects, the presence of their host plants and para- To predict population dynamics of pest insects in sitoids appear to influence immigration and popu- a newly-created habitat, it is important to examine lation establishment in the new habitat, respec- their immigration processes to new farmlands and tively (Ohsaki and Sato, 1990). Furthermore, the forests. These processes are influenced by the host ranges of herbivores and their natural enemies mode of dispersion, which is itself affected by vari- are also influential in succeeding the immigration ous biotic and abiotic factors (e.g., Stinner et al., and establishment by the herbivores; host plants 1983). Insects utilizing a short-term habitat must might be more important for specialist herbivores constantly migrate in search of new habitats. How- than for generalist ones, while generalist para- ever, even insects that utilize long-term habitats sitoids might influence the herbivores more must migrate to escape from intraspecific competi- strongly than specialist parasitoids. tion and natural enemy pressures (Southwood, Eudemis gyrotis (Meyrick) (Tortricidae: Lepi- 1977). doptera), whose larvae feed on the young leaves of The immigration of insects to a new habitat may Myrica rubra Sieb. et Zucc. (Myricaceae), is a be influenced by the quality and/or quantity of the monophagous leafroller (Yasuda, 1969; Kawabe, food resources in the old habitat, while the popula- 1982). M. rubra, which is an evergreen broad- tion establishment may be influenced by the pres- leaved tree, is distributed in south-western Japan, ence of natural enemies in the new habitat (Ohsaki South Korea, China, and Taiwan (Satake et al., * E-mail: [email protected] † Present address: Department of Forest Entomology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8687, Japan DOI: 10.1303/aez.2005.399 399 400 S. SUGIURA 1989). Since M. rubra has attracted attention for (Matsumura) (Ichneumonidae) are common pupal greening and soil erosion control in recent years, it parasitoids (Sugiura and Osawa, 2001, 2002). has been frequently planted in warm-temperate re- These parasitoids have been thought to be general- gions of Japan (Fushimi, 1993). On young trees of ists rather than specialists, since they have been re- M. rubra, the density of E. gyrotis is frequently ported in other microlepidopteran hosts (Habu, high (Sugiura and Osawa, 2001), adversely affect- 1960; Momoi et al., 1975; Yukinari, 1984; Mao ing the early growth of M. rubra samplings. and Kunimi, 1991; Ueno and Tanaka, 1994; Sugi- The life history and parasitoid community of E. ura, S., unpublished data). gyrotis have already been reported (Yasuda, 1969; To clarify the process of pest insect immigration Sugiura and Osawa, 2001, 2002). In mid-May at to a new habitat, I clarified the population estab- Mt. Tanakami, central Japan, overwintered E. gyro- lishment of E. gyrotis at a new plantation by com- tis adults lay eggs on the young leaves of elongat- paring the seasonal abundance and parasitism of E. ing shoots of M. rubra. Hatched E. gyrotis larvae gyrotis between a new and an old plantation of M. roll young leaves with silk thread and then they eat rubra. the leaves inside the rolls before pupating in the rolls. Under natural conditions, it takes approxi- MATERIALS AND METHODS mately 25–35 d from oviposition to adult eclosion; the egg stage is ca. 5–10 d, larval stage ca. 10–15 d Study site. The study was carried out at two and the pupal stage ca. 10 d. E. gyrotis has several sites (a new and an old plantation) at the Sasama- generations per year, with overlapping generations. gatake Experimental Area (34°55ЈN, 135°56ЈE, Thirteen parasitoid species have been recorded 260–280 m above sea level; Fig. 1), on Mt. as primary parasitoids of E. gyrotis (Sugiura and Tanakami, Shiga Prefecture, central Japan. The Osawa, 2001; Table 1): Apanteles sp. (ater-group) mean annual temperature was 12.4°C and mean an- (Braconidae) and Goniozus japonicus Ashmead nual precipitation was 1,411 mm during the years (Bethylidae) are dominant larval parasitoids, while from 1976 to 1980 (Iwatsubo et al., 1982). Brachymeria excarinata Gahan (Chalcididae), B. At the old plantation (ca. 0.1 ha) in the spring of lasus (Walker), and Itoplectis alternans spectabilis 1996, 274 M. rubra trees were transplanted to- Table1. Primary parasitoids of E. gyrotis larvae and pupae at the old plantation in 1998 and 1999 (Sugiura and Osawa, 2001) Host stagea Order Parasitism Parasitoid species Family modeb Oviposited Killed Hymenoptera Chalcididae Brachymeria lasus PPIDB B. excarinata PPIDB Eulophidae Elachertus sp. ML (EL) ML (EL) IDB Elasmidae Elasmus sp. LL LL IDB Ichneumonidae Itoplectis alternans spectabilis PPIDB Pristomerus sp. EL ML KOB Acropimpla sp. LL LL IDB Braconidae Apanteles sp. (ater-group) EL ML KOB Bracon sp. LL LL IDB Bethylidae Goniozus japonicus LL (ML) LL (ML) IDB Diptera Tachinidae Elodia flovipalpis ?L P KOB Nemorilla floralis LL P KOB unidentified species ?L ML KOB a EL: 1st–2nd instar, ML: 3rd–4th instar, LL: 5th instar, and P: pupa. b Koinobiont parasitoids (KOB) permit their hosts to develop after oviposition, while idiobiont ones (IDB) kill their host during oviposition or prevent it from developing after oviposition. Population Establishment of E. gyrotis on a Plantation 401 ors were reddish or light green, were easily distin- guished from mature leaves. At the new plantation, the seasonal abundance of E. gyrotis larvae and pupae was also studied. All the trees (Nϭ120) were examined before the abun- dant E. gyrotis larvae were found. When E. gyrotis larvae or pupae were found, I counted their num- bers of them and examined whether its larvae were parasitized or not in the field. Although it was diffi- cult to examine if they were parasitized in the field, I investigate the parasitism by identifying the co- coons of larval parasitoids, Apanteles sp. and G. japonicus, on the basis of morphological character- istics: one white cocoon of Apanteles sp. and many brown cocoons of G. japonicus per host (Sugiura Fig. 1. Study site. and Osawa, 2001). After E. gyrotis larvae or pupae became abundant, I collected them on five ran- gether with Quercus serrata Thunb., Q. glauca domly selected plants to examine the parasitism. Thunb., Alnus pendula Matsum., and Cytisus sco- For each census I also counted the number of elon- parius Link. In February 1999, the average height gating shoots containing young leaves on a host of the surviving M. rubra was 118 cm (Nϭ236). At plant. I used different sampling methods before the old plantation, E. gyrotis had already been ob- and after the immigration of E. gyrotis to avoid the served in 1998 (Sugiura and Osawa, 2001). effect of the sampling on the migrating host popu- At the new plantation (ca. 0.1 ha), which was ca. lation. 600 m away from the old one (Fig. 1), 120 M. rubra All the larvae and pupae of E. gyrotis and para- trees were transplanted together with Q. serrata sitoids collected from the roll were individually and Q. glauca in March 1999. The average height reared in plastic petri dishes (90 mm in diameter, of M. rubra was 57 cm (Nϭ120). No M. rubra 15 mm in height) containing young leaves of M. grew around the old and new plantation, although rubra and wet tissue paper under laboratory condi- many trees of other species (Pinus thunbergii Parl., tions (Sugiura and Osawa, 2001, 2002). I supplied A. pendula, and C. scoparius) were planted in the fresh young leaves and replaced the paper at inter- vicinity for erosion protection. vals of 1–3 d. The developmental stages of the lar- Sampling procedure. At the old plantation, all vae and pupae were checked at intervals of 1–3 d.
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