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Reader Zur Allgemeinen Wissenschaftsgeschichte

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Reader Zur Allgemeinen Wissenschaftsgeschichte Reader zur Allgemeinen Wissenschaftsgeschichte Teil 1: Zur Entwicklung des wissenschaftlichen Denkens – von Walter Höflechner – Zentrum für Wissenschaftsgeschichte der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz –Oktober 2007 1 Entwicklung des wissenschaftlichen Denkens von den Anfängen bis zum Rationalismus................................. 8 1.1 Zum Gegenstand............................................................................................................................................ 8 1.2 Begriffe und Definitionen............................................................................................................................ 11 1.2.1 Zum Begriff „Wissenschaft“.............................................................................................................. 11 1.2.1.1 Zum Begriff „Wissen“........................................................................................................... 11 1.2.1.2 „Wissenschaft“....................................................................................................................... 22 1.2.2 Die primären Objekte philosophischer bzw. wissenschaftlicher Arbeit............................................. 24 1.2.2.1 Der Mensch............................................................................................................................ 25 1.2.2.2 Die Natur................................................................................................................................ 25 Die Vorstufe: das magisch-mythisches Naturverständnis ................................................................. 25 Phase 1 – Altertum ........................................................................................................................... 27 Phase 2 – das Mittelalter .................................................................................................................. 28 Phase 3 – Neuzeit ............................................................................................................................. 28 1.2.3 Gliederung von Wissenschaft............................................................................................................ 28 1.2.4 Theorie und Methode ........................................................................................................................ 29 1.2.4.1 Theorie .................................................................................................................................. 30 1.2.4.2 Methode ................................................................................................................................ 31 1.2.5 Zeit, Gegenwart, Vergangenheit, Zukunft......................................................................................... 33 1.2.5.1 Zeit, Zeitmessung................................................................................................................... 33 Gegenwart ......................................................................................................................................... 36 Vergangenheit ................................................................................................................................... 36 Zukunft .............................................................................................................................................. 37 Zeit und Information ......................................................................................................................... 37 1.2.6 Wirklichkeit – „Realismus“............................................................................................................... 37 1.2.7 Kausalität, Gesetz, Determinismus, Zufall, Wahrscheinlichkeit........................................................ 39 1.2.7.1 Kausalität................................................................................................................................ 39 1.2.7.2 Zufall – Infragestellung der Kausalität.................................................................................. 42 1.2.7.3 Kausalität und Willensfreiheit............................................................................................... 46 1.2.7.4 Wahrscheinlichkeit ................................................................................................................ 48 1.2.7.5 Gesetz, Gesetzmässigkeit ...................................................................................................... 50 1.2.8 Subjektivität, Intuition und Objektivität............................................................................................ 55 1.2.8.1 Subjektivismus – Subjektivität............................................................................................... 55 1.2.8.1.1 Intuition............................................................................................................................... 56 1.2.8.2 Objektivität............................................................................................................................. 58 1.2.8.3 Intersubjektivität..................................................................................................................... 62 1.2.9 Sprache .............................................................................................................................................. 62 1.3 Die Wissenschaft konstituierenden Leistungen der Griechen Allgemeine philosophische und erkenntnistheoretische Grundlagen.................................................................................................................... 64 1.3.1 Die philosophisch-wissenschaftlichen Leistungen ............................................................................ 64 1.3.1.1 Die Anfänge........................................................................................................................... 66 Thales von Milet (624 – 547) ........................................................................................................... 67 Die Pythagoräer ................................................................................................................................ 68 Heraklit von Ephesos (um 500) ........................................................................................................ 71 Zenon von Elea (geb. um 490) ......................................................................................................... 71 Die Ältere Atomistik ......................................................................................................................... 71 1.3.1.2 Die Sophistik.......................................................................................................................... 72 Protagoras aus Abdera (fl. 450) ........................................................................................................ 72 Gorgias von Leontinoi (ca480-ca380) .............................................................................................. 73 Kritias aus Athen (†403) .................................................................................................................. 73 1.3.1.3 Philosophie im klassischen Athen......................................................................................... 73 Sokrates (um 469-399) ..................................................................................................................... 74 Platon (427–347) ............................................................................................................................... 74 Aristoteles (384-323) ........................................................................................................................ 81 1.3.1.4 Die wichtigsten philosophischen Richtungen im Hellenismus und in der Spätantike............ 89 Die Stoa ............................................................................................................................................. 89 Die Epikureische Schule ................................................................................................................... 90 Die Skeptiker .................................................................................................................................... 90 Die Neupythagoräer .......................................................................................................................... 91 Der Mittlere Platonismus .................................................................................................................. 91 Neuplatonismus ................................................................................................................................. 91 Porphyrios (Malchos) von Tyros (233-304) ..................................................................................... 92 1.3.2 Einige für die Entwicklung des wissenschaftlichen Denkens im Altertum bedeutsame Themen........................................................................................................................................................ 93 1.3.2.1 Allgemeines zu Begriff und Gliederung der Philosophie...................................................... 93 1.3.2.2 Definition................................................................................................................................ 94 1.3.2.3 Frühe Vorstellungen von Gesetzmäßigkeit............................................................................ 95 1.3.2.4 Logik ....................................................................................................................................
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