Notes to the Interpretive Study Longer Latin Passages That Stand by Them- Selves Are Not Italicized
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Anselm's Cur Deus Homo
Anselm’s Cur Deus Homo: A Meditation from the Point of View of the Sinner Gene Fendt Elements in Anselm's Cur Deus Homo point quite differently from the usual view of it as the locus classicus for a theory of Incarnation and Atonement which exhibits Christ as providing the substitutive revenging satisfaction for the infinite dishonor God suffers at the sin of Adam. This meditation will attempt to bring out how the rhetorical ergon of the work upon faith and conscience drives the sinner to see the necessity of the marriage of human with divine natures offered in Christ and how that marriage raises both man and creation out of sin and its defects. This explanation should exhibit both to believers, who seek to understand, and to unbelievers (primarily Jews and Muslims), from a common root, a solution "intelligible to all, and appealing because of its utility and the beauty of its reasoning" (1.1). Anselm’s Cur Deus Homo is the locus classicus for a theory of Incarnation and Atonement which exhibits Christ as providing the substitutive revenging satisfaction for the infinite dishonor God suffers at the sin of Adam (and company).1 There are elements in it, however, which seem to point quite differently from such a view. This meditation will attempt to bring further into the open how the rhetorical ergon of the work upon “faith and conscience”2 shows something new in this Paschal event, which cannot be well accommodated to the view which makes Christ a scapegoat killed for our sin.3 This ergon upon the conscience I take—in what I trust is a most suitably monastic fashion—to be more important than the theoretical theological shell which Anselm’s discussion with Boso more famously leaves behind. -
Haecceities, Quiddities, and Structure∗
compiled on 18 December 2015 at 14:00 Haecceities, quiddities, and structure∗ Wolfgang Schwarz Draft, 18 December 2015 Abstract. Suppose all truths are made true by the distribution of funda- mental properties and relations over fundamental particulars. The world is then completely characterized by stating which fundamental properties and relations are instantiated by which fundamental particulars. But do we have to mention the fundamental particulars by name? Arguably not. Arguably, all truths – or at least all truths we can ever know – are made true by the pattern in which fundamental properties and relations are instantiated by fundamental particulars, irrespective of the identity (“haecceity”) of those particulars. Parallel arguments suggest that the identity (“quiddity”) of fundamental properties and relations can be omitted. It would follow that all truths (or all knowable truths) are made true by the abstract structure of the world, the pattern in which fundamental properties and relations are instantiated by fundamental particulars, irrespective of the identity of the properties, relations, and particulars. I argue that this is almost correct: while not all truths are made true by the abstract structure of the world, the remaining truths are (in a certain sense) not made true by the world at all. 1 Introduction Most truths can be explained by other, more fundamental truths. That salt dissolves in water, for example, can be explained by the chemical composition of salt and water together with the general laws of physics. Explanations of this kind plausibly come to an end. At some point we reach a bottom level of fundamental facts that are not explainable in terms of anything more basic. -
History of the Christian Church*
a Grace Notes course History of the Christian Church VOLUME 5. The Middle Ages, the Papal Theocracy in Conflict with the Secular Power from Gregory VII to Boniface VIII, AD 1049 to 1294 By Philip Schaff CH512 Chapter 12: Scholastic and Mystic Theology History of the Christian Church Volume 5 The Middle Ages, the Papal Theocracy in Conflict with the Secular Power from Gregory VII to Boniface VIII, AD 1049 to 1294 CH512 Table of Contents Chapter 12. Scholastic and Mystic Theology .................................................................................2 5.95. Literature and General Introduction ......................................................................................... 2 5.96. Sources and Development of Scholasticism .............................................................................. 4 5.97. Realism and Nominalism ........................................................................................................... 6 5.98. Anselm of Canterbury ................................................................................................................ 7 5.99. Peter Abelard ........................................................................................................................... 12 5.100. Abelard’s Teachings and Theology ........................................................................................ 18 5.101. Younger Contemporaries of Abelard ..................................................................................... 21 5.102. Peter the Lombard and the Summists -
Cusanus, on Learned Igorance-17Z8dxd
On Learned Ignorance Harries 1 Karsten Harries Nicholas of Cusa On Learned Ignorance Seminar Notes Fall Semester 2015 Yale University Copyright Karsten Harries On Learned Ignorance Harries 2 Contents 1. Introduction 3 Book One 2. Learned Ignorance 17 3. The Coincidence of Opposites 30 4. The Threat of Pantheism 47 5. The Power of Mathematics 61 6. Naming God 76 Book Two 7. The Shape of the Universe 90 8. Matter and Becoming 105 9. The Condition of the Earth 118 Book Three 10. The Need for Christ 131 11. Death and Resurrection 146 12. Faith and Understanding 162 13. Death, Damnation, and the Church 176 On Learned Ignorance Harries 3 1. Introduction 1 Many philosophers today have become uneasy about what philosophy has become and where it has led us. Nietzsche and Heidegger, Derrida and Rorty are just a few names. Their uneasiness mirrors widespread concern about the shape of our modern culture. As more and more begin to suspect that the road on which we have been travelling may be a dead end, attempt are made to retrace steps taken; a search begins for missed turns and for those who may have misled us. Among these Descartes has long occupied a special place as the thinker whose understanding of proper method helped found modern philosophy, science, and indeed the shape of our technological world. It is thus to be expected that attempts to question modernity, to confront it, in order perhaps to take a step beyond it, should have often taken the form of attempts to confront Descartes or Cartesian rationality. -
Nicholas of Cusa and Islam
Nicholas of Cusa and Islam Ian Christopher Levy, Rita George-Tvrtković, and Donald F. Duclow - 9789004274761 Downloaded from Brill.com10/01/2021 12:32:35PM via free access Studies in Medieval and Reformation Traditions Edited by Andrew Colin Gow (Edmonton, Alberta) In cooperation with Sylvia Brown (Edmonton, Alberta) Falk Eisermann (Berlin) Berndt Hamm (Erlangen) Johannes Heil (Heidelberg) Susan C. Karant-Nunn (Tucson, Arizona) Martin Kaufhold (Augsburg) Erik Kwakkel (Leiden) Jürgen Miethke (Heidelberg) Christopher Ocker (San Anselmo and Berkeley, California) Founding Editor Heiko A. Oberman † VOLUME 183 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/smrt Ian Christopher Levy, Rita George-Tvrtković, and Donald F. Duclow - 9789004274761 Downloaded from Brill.com10/01/2021 12:32:35PM via free access Nicholas of Cusa and Islam Polemic and Dialogue in the Late Middle Ages Edited by Ian Christopher Levy Rita George-Tvrtković Donald F. Duclow LEIDEN | BOSTON Ian Christopher Levy, Rita George-Tvrtković, and Donald F. Duclow - 9789004274761 Downloaded from Brill.com10/01/2021 12:32:35PM via free access This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC 4.0 license, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. Further information and the complete license text can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc/4.0/ The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources (indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further permission from the respective copyright holder. -
A Theological Assessment of Anselm's Cur Deus Homo
123/2 master:119/3 19/5/09 12:40 Page 121 121 A Theological Assessment of Anselm’s Cur Deus Homo Dan Saunders The hypothesis of this article is that Anselm’s Cur Deus Homo shoUld not be regarded as a serioUs or complete theory of the atonement. This is dUe to its thoroUgh disregard of and incompatibility with ScriptUre, internal inconsistencies, errors and general theological inaccUracies. To prove this hypothesis we provide a biblical sUrvey of atonement themes and meaning. We examine the Mosaic sin-offering and atonement sacrifices of LeviticUs 4 and 16 and the Servant Song of Isaiah 53. We show that JesUs’ Understanding was that he was the Servant, as indicated by lingUistic and conceptUal connections in Mark 10:45b, LUke 22:37 and Acts 8. We conclUde that atonement mUst be viewed in relation to the salvific death of JesUs and explained with reference to the terms, metaphors and ideas Used in ScriptUre. We then sUrvey historical theology in order to place Cur Deus Homo in its appropriate historical context. OUr theological assessment then proceeds from both a scriptUral and historical perspective, while also noting the systematic and practical advances, implications and conseqUences of Cur Deus Homo . We conclUde that althoUgh a solid apologetic for the incarnation and a lasting repUdiation of the devil- ransom theory, Cur Deus Homo is deficient as a theory of the atonement. The satisfaction theory becomes little more than a moral theory and leads to other errors. The theory of penal sUbstitUtion by way of sacrificial ransom, best articUlated by the Reformers, is to be preferred as the view that most accords with ScriptUre. -
Early Medieval G
University of Richmond UR Scholarship Repository Religious Studies Faculty Publications Religious Studies 2001 History of Western Ethics: Early Medieval G. Scott aD vis University of Richmond, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.richmond.edu/religiousstudies-faculty- publications Part of the Ethics in Religion Commons, and the History of Christianity Commons Recommended Citation Davis, G. Scott. "History of Western Ethics: Early Medieval." In Encyclopedia of Ethics, edited by Lawrence Becker and Charlotte Becker, 709-15. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. New York: Routledge, 2001. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Religious Studies at UR Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Religious Studies Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of UR Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. history of Western ethics: 5. Early Medieval Copyright 2001 from Encyclopedia of Ethics by Lawrence Becker and Charlotte Becker. Reproduced by permission of Taylor and Francis, LLC, a division of Informa plc. history of Western ethics: 5. Early Medieval ''Medieval" and its cognates arose as terms of op probrium, used by the Italian humanists to charac terize more a style than an age. Hence it is difficult at best to distinguish late antiquity from the early middle ages. It is equally difficult to determine the proper scope of "ethics," the philosophical schools of late antiquity having become purveyors of ways of life in the broadest sense, not clearly to be distin guished from the more intellectually oriented ver sions of their religious rivals. This article will begin with the emergence of philosophically informed re flection on the nature of life, its ends, and respon sibilities in the writings of the Latin Fathers and close with the twelfth century, prior to the systematic reintroduction and study of the Aristotelian corpus. -
Cur Deus Homo (Why God Became Man) Free
FREE CUR DEUS HOMO (WHY GOD BECAME MAN) PDF St Anselm of Canterbury,James Gardiner Vose | 98 pages | 20 Nov 2015 | Createspace | 9781519419538 | English | United States Anselm on the Incarnation | Christian History Institute Anselm of Canterbury was a native of Aosta and the son of the Lombard landowner. He left home for France in and entered the monastic school at Bec in Normany inwhich was directed by the famous teacher Lanfranc of Pavia. He Cur Deus Homo (Why God Became Man) monastic vows insucceeded Lanfranc as prior inand became abbot in He would go on to follow Lanfranc as the Archbishop of Canterbury inand publish a number of important theological and philosophical works over the course of his career, including Monologion, Proslogion, and De Processione Sancti Spiritusas well as his theological masterpiece Cur Deus Homo (Why God Became Man) the atonement, Cur Deus Homo. Cur Deus Homo was written between and in response to two different challenges to the Christian faith: the Jewish criticisms of Christian doctrine and the theological debates of the secular schools. Jewish opponents questioned the necessity, possibility, and dignity of the incarnation and atonement. The schoolmen argued that God became man simply to deliver man from the dominion of the Devil. Against the latter he argues that God became man not to merely trick Satan into overstepping his authority but to make satisfaction for sin. The work takes the form of a discussion between Anselm and his favorite pupil, Boso, who gives voice to the questions of unbelievers and believers. Their conversations are divided into two books and each book is subdivided into multiple chapters. -
Nicholas of Cusa and Modern Philosophy
//FS2/CUP/3-PAGINATION/HRP/2-PROOFS/3B2/9780521846486C09.3D 173 [173–192] 2.5.2007 8:03AM 9 DERMOT MORAN Nicholas of Cusa and modern philosophy ‘‘Gatekeeper of the modern age’’ Nicholas of Cusa (Niklas Krebs, known as Cusanus, 1401–64), one of the most original and creative intellects of the fifteenth century,1 has been variously described as ‘‘the last great philosopher of the dying Middle Ages’’ (Alexandre Koyre´), as a ‘‘transition-thinker’’ between the medieval and modern worlds (Frederick Copleston),2 and as the ‘‘gatekeeper of the modern age’’ (Rudolf Haubst).3 He is a lone figure with no real successor although he had some influence on Copernicus, Kepler, Bruno, and, tangen- tially, on Descartes. The German Idealists showed some interest in Nicholas of Cusa but the real revival of his thought was stimulated by the neo-Kantian philosopher Ernst Cassirer (1874–1945) who called him ‘‘the first modern thinker’’ and by the existentialist Karl Jaspers.4 Cassirer compared him to Kant for his view that objects have to be understood in terms of the categories of our own thought.5 Other scholars, notably Alexandre Koyre´,6 Hans-Georg Gadamer7 Hans Blumenberg,8 Werner Beierwaltes,9 and Karsten Harries,10 all see him in a certain way as a harbinger of modernity.11 Yet his outlook is essentially conservative, aiming, as Hans Blumenberg has recognized, to maintain the medieval synthesis.12 Cusanus was a humanist scholar, Church reformer – his De concordantia catholica (On Catholic Concord, 1434) included proposals for the reform of Church and state – papal diplomat, and Catholic cardinal. -
Qualifying Examination Answers, History of Philosophy the Martin
24 Feb I will be away and it will be difficult to make any change. Let nothing hap- 1954 pen to you. We are expecting you dead or alive. Yours in Christ, [signed] A. A. Banks, Jr., Pastor Second Baptist Church of Detroit AAB :WC TLS. MLKP-MBU: Box I 17. The Martin Luther King, Jr. Papers Project Qualifying Examination Answers, History of Philosophy 24 February 1954 [Boston, Mass.] Just before his visit to Detroit and Lansing, King took this qualifying examination. He answered six of the seven questions, per instructions. DeWolf wrote on the examination: ‘<Gradedindependently by Dewolf &? Schilling. When notes were compared it was found both had am’ved at the mark of A - . Both regarded the work as very good to excellent, excepting only Question #3. Let’s discuss that some time.” [I. State the problems which were central in the attention of the following schools of Greek philosophy and show how these problems were related to each other: I) School of Miletus; 2) Pythagorean School; 3) Eleatic School; and 4) the Atomists.] 1. In the School of Miletus the central problem was the problem of sub- stance. This school was interested in discovering the one stuff which gave rise to all other stuff. In other words they were interested in know- ing what is the one stuff which is dependent on nothing else, but upon which everything else is dependent. The central problem in the Pythagorean school was the problem of number. The Pythagoreans noticed propotion, relation, order, and har- mony in the world. They reasoned that none of these could not exist without number. -
Pál Bolberitz: the Beginnings of Hungarian Philosophy
A SZENT IS1V AN TIJDOMANYOS AKADEMIA SZEKFOGLALO ELOADASAI Uj Folyam. 2/2. szam Szerkeszti: STIRLING JANos OESSH fot.itkar PAL BOLBERITZ THE BEGINNINGS OF HUNGARIAN PHILOSOPHY (THE RECEPTION OF NICHOLAS OF CUSA IN THE WORK ,DE HOMINE" BY PETER CS6KAS LASKOI) BUDAPEST 2004 A SZENT IS1V AN TIJDOMANYOS AKADEMIA SZEKFOGLALO ELOADASAI Uj Folyam. 2/2. szam Szerkeszti: STIRLING JANos OESSH fot.itkar PAL BOLBERITZ THE BEGINNINGS OF HUNGARIAN PHILOSOPHY (THE RECEPTION OF NICHOLAS OF CUSA IN THE WORK ,DE HOMINE" BY PETER CS6KAS LASKOI) Magyarrryelven elhangzott a Matr~ar Tu:imdnyos A lwitfmia Felol1.J:lfJ3 tern11i1m 2003. novemher 25-in BUDAPEST 2004 Minden jog fenntartva, beleertve a btirminemu eljtirtissal val6 sokszorositds jogdt is © BOLBERITZ PAL 2004 KESZULT A SZENT ISTV ANTARSULAT, AZ APOSTOLI SZENTSZEK KONYVKIAOOJA NYOMDAJABAN. IGAZGATO: FARKAS OLIVER OESSH BUDAPEST, V. KOSSUTH LAJOS U. 1. PAL BOLBERITZ THE BEGINNINGS OF HUNGARIAN PHILOSOPHY (THE RECEPTION OF NICHOLAS OF CUSA IN THE WORK DE HOMINE BY PETER Cs6KAS LASK6I) The present study does not intend to get involved in the academic dispute flaring up from time to time to discuss whether there has ever been Hungarian philosophy or not. According to our view, Hungarian philosophy did, does and, hopefully, will exist, for it has its own proper ties. As it is well known, philosophy is the science inves tigating the ultimate principles and causes. It is not un common for the Hungarian spirit to examine the ultimate questions either. As expressed by the Latin phrases: pri mum vivere, -
Form, Essence, Soul: Distinguishing Principles of Thomistic Metaphysics
FORM, ESSENCE, SOUL: DISTINGUISHING PRINCIPLES OF THOMISTIC METAPHYSICS JOSHUA P. HOCHSCHILD I. INTRODUCTION What is the difference between the substantial form, the essence, and the soul of a living material substance? Each of these three items would normally be considered in a course in Thomistic philosophy. In my experience, there reaches a point where students begin to wonder how these terms are related and even whether it is necessary to de scribe the metaphysical principles of things in so many different ways. I have found it useful, for my own understanding and my teaching, to exploit, even to foster, some potential confusions precisely in order to focus on them, and in the process illuminate certain distinctions and insights in Thomistic philosophy. II. CONFUSIONS Presentations of Thomistic metaphysics can tend to present the substantial form, essence, and soul as if they are basically the same thing. Aquinas himself, after all, sometimes treats "form" as syn onymous with "essence,"1 and they seem to serve the same basic metaphysical task: both are causes not only of a thing's being the kind of thing it is, but of its just being.2 And, as causes, the causality exercised by both the essence and the form is formal, not material or efficient.3 As for the soul, Aquinas of course adopts its Aristotelian 1 Aquinas, De Ente et Essentia, ch. 1: "Dicitur etiam forma secundum quod per formam significatur certitudo uniuscuiusque rei, ut <licit Avicenna in II Metaphysicae suae." 2 Aquinas, De Ente et Essentia, ch. 1: "Et hoc est quod Philosophus frequenter nominat quod quid erat esse, id est hoc per quod aliquid habet esse quid." De Principiis Naturae, ch.