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AKDENİZ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ Seçil AKDENİZ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ Seçil TÜRKMEN SOSYAL MEDYANIN POLİTİK YAŞAMA ETKİSİ: ARAP BAHARİ ÇERÇEVESİNDE MISIR ve LİBYA ÖRNEĞİ Halkla İlişkiler ve Tanıtım Ana Bilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi Antalya, 2012 AKDENİZ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ Seçil TÜRKMEN SOSYAL MEDYANIN POLİTİK YAŞAMA ETKİSİ: ARAP BAHARİ ÇERÇEVESİNDE MISIR ve LİBYA ÖRNEĞİ Danışman Yrd. Doç. Dr. Burak ÖZÇETİN Halkla İlişkiler ve Tanıtım Ana Bilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi Antalya, 2012 Akdeniz Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitiisii Miidiirlt$ine, Segil TURKMEN'in bu gahqmasr, jtirimiz tarafindan Halkla iligkiler ve Taruttm Ana Bilim Dah Yiiksek Lisans Programr tezi olarak kabul edilmiqtir. Baqkan ' Doc..Df, Fantde ftfor ti /fu gcof uye (Danremaru) - Loc.- D r, Buta ). drt"nn ' -vK Uy" , Do.,.D r- Srqrl D*rrr^ ,r. h. {|o >l- tZ t (w.c-, z S-o>.-1"^t /ltoOt'r1c'^.,trf Do \ih t--- 9 -s" Eftd rr TezKonusu: d. hrog Eqt^r^. 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Tez savunma Tarihi '[!l*.lzotz Prof.Dr.Mehmet $EN Miidtir İ Ç İ N D E K İ L E R TABLOLAR LİSTESİ..................................................................................................................iv ŞEKİLLER LİSTESİ....................................................................................................................vi ÖZET............................................................................................................................................viii ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................................x ÖNSÖZ..........................................................................................................................................xii GİRİŞ...............................................................................................................................................1 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM BİLGİ VE İLETİŞİM TEKNOLOJİSİ, BİLGİ ÇAĞI’NDA POLİTİK YAŞAM ve İLGİLİ KAVRAMSAL ARKA PLAN 1.1 Siyasal İletişimin Gelişimi........................................................................................................13 1.2 Küresel Köy ve Teknolojik Determinizm.................................................................................17 1.3 Kamusal Alan Tartışması: İnternet, Kamusal Alan ve Demokrasi...........................................20 1.4 Toplumsal Devrim ve Toplumsal Hareket Karmaşası..............................................................31 1.5 Suskunluk Sarmalı ve İnternet İlişkisi......................................................................................33 1.6 Siberaktivizm............................................................................................................................39 1.7 Dijital Uçurum..........................................................................................................................41 1.8 Diktatör İkilemi........................................................................................................................45 1.9 Rıza Yaratma ve Devletin İdeolojik Aygıtları’nın Örneklem Ülkelerde İşlenişi......................48 1.10 Web 2.0...................................................................................................................................49 1.11 Kolektif Eylem,Kolektif Eylem Sorunu ve İnternet İlişkisi...................................................53 ii İKİNCİ BÖLÜM TARİHSEL ARKA PLAN - ÖRNEKLEM ÜLKELERİ ANLAMAK 2.1 Bölge’nin Siyasi Tarihi Üzerine Notlar- Mısır ve Libya.....................................................61 2.1.1 Bölge’nin Baskın Muhalif Gücü ve İslamcı Grubu: Müslüman Kardeşler...............69 2.2 Bölge’nin İktisadi Tarihi Üzerine Notlar- Mısır ve Libya...................................................76 2.3 Protestocuların Demografik Özellikleri ile Günlük Yaşamı Anlamlandırmak...................79 2.4 Mısır’da Kolektif Eylemlere Genel Bir Bakış.....................................................................85 2.5 Libya’da Kolektif Eylemlere Genel Bir Bakış....................................................................92 2.5.1 Abu Saleem Hapishanesi Katliamı.............................................................................93 ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM ARAP BAHARI VE SOSYAL MEDYA 3.1 Mısır ve Libya’da Medyanın Gelişimi ve Al Jazeera Televizyonu......................................99 3.2 Mısır ve Libya’da İnternet.................................................................................................104 3.3 Bloglar ve Blogculuk.........................................................................................................109 3.3.1 Mısır’da Blog Yazarları, Bloglar ve Üç Aşama........................................................110 3.3.2 Libya’da Bloglar ve Blog Yazarları..........................................................................129 3.4 Facebook Etkisi..................................................................................................................135 3.4.1 Mısır’da Facebook Olgusu ve Politik Facebook Grupları........................................140 3.4.2 Libya’da Facebook Olgusu ve Politik Facebook Grupları.......................................151 3.5 Mikro Blogculuk: Twitter...................................................................................................154 3.5.1 Mısır’da Twitter Kullanımı ve Etkili Twitter Kullanıcıları.......................................157 3.5.2 Libya’da Twitter Kullanımı ve Etkili Twitter Kullanıcıları......................................165 iii SONUÇ....................................................................................................................................172 KAYNAKÇA..........................................................................................................................175 ÖZGEÇMİŞ............................................................................................................................197 iv TABLOLAR LİSTESİ Tablo 1.1 Geleneksel ve İnternet Odaklı Kamusal Alan................................................................26 Tablo 1.2 2006-2011 Yılları Arasında Dünyada Çeşitli Teknolojilerin Dağılımı.........................37 Tablo 1.3 Toplumsal Hareketlerde Kullanılan İnternet Odaklı ve Destekli Eylemler...................40 Tablo 1.4 İnternet Kullanım Modeli...............................................................................................43 Tablo 1.5 Kamuoyu Üzerinde İnternetin Olası Etkileri.................................................................44 Tablo 1.6 Rejim Türlerine Göre Dijital Ağlara Uygulanan Devlet Müdahalesi............................46 Tablo 1.7 Sosyal Ağlar ve Web 2.0 Araçları..................................................................................51 Tablo 2.1 1984-1990 Yılları Arası Kahire Üniversitesi Öğrenci Birliği’ne Seçilmi Üye Sayıları............................................................................................................................................72 Tablo 2.2 Protestocuların Farklı Medya Araçlarını Kullanım Amaçları ve Cinsiyetlere Göre Yüzdeleri........................................................................................................................................80 Tablo 2.3 1991-2011 Yılları Arasında Genç İşsizlik Oranları........................................................83 Tablo 3.1 2006-2011 Tarihleri Arasında Tutuklanan, Serbest Bırakılan, Tehdit Edilen ve Bilinmeyen Blogcuların Sayıları..................................................................................................120 Tablo 3.2 Misr Digital Blogu 2007, 2008 ve 2009 Yıllarında Siyaset, İnsan Hakları ve İfade Özgürlüğü Konularında Toplam Yazı ve Yorum Sayıları.............................................................124 Tablo 3.3 Yarı Resmi, Bağımsız ve Sosyal Medya’da Olayların Nasıl Tanımlandıkları Konusunda Sayılar ve Yüzdeleri......................................................................................................................141 Tablo 3.4 2011 Başlarında Facebook’un Öncelikli Kullanım Alanları........................................142 Tablo 3.5 İnternet bağlantısı ve Facebook Engellenmesinin Eylemlere Etkisi............................143 Tablo 3.6 Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri, Türkiye, Libya ve Mısır’da 30 Mart 2011 Tarihine Kadar Aktif Twitter Kullanıcı Sayısı.......................................................................................................157 Tablo 3.7 30 Ocak 2011- 3 Şubat 2011 Tarihleri Arasında Tweet2Speak Uygulamasına Bırakılan Gönderi Sayısı..............................................................................................................................160 Tablo 3.8 24 Şubat 2011 Tarihine Kadar “Libya” Tweetlerinin Coğrafi Dağılımı......................166 Tablo 3.9 2011 Eylül Ayında Mısır, Türkiye ve Libya’da Toplam Aktif Twitter Kullanıcı Sayısı............................................................................................................................................167 v Tablo 3.10 31 Ocak 2011- 24 Şubat 2011 Tarihleri Arasında Libya Hashtagli Tweetlerin Yoğunluğu.....................................................................................................................................170 Tablo 3.11 1 Mart 2011- 26 Nisan 2011 Tarihleri Arasında Libya Hashtagli Toplam Tweet Sayısı ......................................................................................................................................................170
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