18. Der Schönheitssucher: Raffael Und Italienische Novellen

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18. Der Schönheitssucher: Raffael Und Italienische Novellen 18. Der Schönheitssucher: Raffael und italienische Novellen Voß’ Bühnenerfolge Anfang der 1880er Jahre und die einsetzende Anerken- nung im Literaturbetrieb Deutschlands gingen mit gesellschaftlichem Anse- hen einher und führten zu einer veränderten sozialen Stellung. Sehr schnell fand Voß ab 1883 Zugang zu bedeutenden Berliner Salons.1 Er verkehrte bei Marie von Bunsen (1860–1941), Elise Freiin von Hohenhausen (1812–1899), Fanny Lewald, Babette Meyer (1835–1916), Hedwig und Marie von Olfers (1799–1891/1826–1924), Gräfin Maximiliane von Oriola (1818–1894) und Anna vom Rath (1839–1918). Später knüpfte er Kontakte zum Salon von Marie von Schleinitz (1842–1912). Die Beziehungen zu diesen Salonnièren begleiteten Voß durch sein Leben. Die Salons im Berlin nach der Reichs- gründung bedienten das Repräsentationsbedürfnis und zeugten ähnlich wie die französischen Salons im 18. Jahrhundert vom erstarkenden politischen, wirtschaftlichen und kulturellen Selbstbewusstsein.2 Persönlichkeiten unter- schiedlicher Gesellschaftsschichten und Professionen kamen dort zusammen. Die Salons waren Orte der Geselligkeit, boten Künstlern ein »geschütz- tes« Podium, ermöglichten eine Vernetzung der verschiedenen geistes- und naturwissenschaftlichen sowie politischen Diskurse und verfügten über ge- sellschaftlichen Einfluss. Die Zugehörigkeit zu wichtigen Salons bedeutete, in die »bessere Gesellschaft« Aufnahme gefunden zu haben. Betrachtet man die Berliner Salons, in denen Voß verkehrte, so fällt auf, dass viele seiner Brief- partner dort als Gäste geführt wurden und sich aus diesen Kontakten sein persönliches Netzwerk entwickelte. Die von ihm präferierten Salonnièren vertraten liberale Ansichten und waren tolerante, freisinnige Naturen. Marie von Bunsen fiel als selbstbewusste unverheiratete Frau aus dem normierten weiblichen Rollenbild, galt als liberal und weltoffen. Zu ihren Gästen ge- hörten der Schriftsteller Ernst von Wildenbruch oder der Politiker Heinrich Prinz von Schönaich-Carolath. Elise von Hohenhausen war selbst Autorin. Ihren Salon besuchten Schriftsteller wie Berthold Auerbach und Julius Ro- denberg, aber auch der Modekritiker des 19. Jahrhunderts Ludwig Pietsch. Bei Fanny Lewald trafen sich in Berlin Cosima Wagner, der Großherzog Carl-Alexander, Theodor Fontane, Gottfried Keller, Paul Heyse, Franz Liszt, 1 Voß wurde in neun der Berliner Salons als Habituè geführt. Vgl. auch Wilhelmy (1989) S. 268. 2 Ebd., S. 271. 18. Der Schönheitssucher: Raffael und italienische Novellen 139 Ernst Haeckel oder der Diplomat Kurd von Schlözer. Der Salon von Babette Meyer wurde in den 1880er Jahren, nach ihrem Bruch mit Bismarck, zum bevorzugten Treffpunkt liberaler Politiker, Schriftsteller und Künstler. Unter ihren Gästen waren der Mitgründer der Deutschen Bank Ludwig Bamberger und der spätere Außenminister der Weimarer Republik Walther Rathenau. Seit dem Winter 1883/84 verkehrte Voß im Salon der Anna vom Rath, in dem später auch Gerhart Hauptmann als Habitué geführt wurde. Anna vom Rath, als Tochter des rheinischen 1848er Revolutionärs Georg Jung (1814– 1886) zunächst linksliberal orientiert, entwickelte später eine starke Neigung zur Hocharistokratie. Ihr Mann war einer der Gründer der Deutschen Bank. Ihr Haus gehörte zu den »großen Salons des Finanzbürgertums«3. Der His- toriker Theodor Mommsen fand sich bei ihr ebenso ein wie der Philosoph Wilhelm Dilthey, der Physiker Hermann von Helmholtz, der Schriftsteller Hugo von Hofmannsthal oder der Theaterkritiker Alfred Kerr. Hedwig von Olfers galt als Instanz, da sie in ihrem Salon noch auf Achim und Bettina von Arnim als Gäste verweisen konnte. Ihre Tochter Marie, ebenfalls Schriftstel- lerin, führte den Salon später fort. Aufgrund seiner langen Tradition von etwa 1835 bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg schlug er eine Brücke von der Goethezeit zur Moderne. Im Olfer’schen Salon verkehrten unter anderem Hugo von Hof- mannsthal, Rudolf Alexander Schröder und Rainer Maria Rilke. Maximiliane von Oriola, eine Tochter Bettina von Arnims, führte einen stark auf Musik und Literatur ausgerichteten Salon, zu dessen Gästen der Geiger Joseph Joa- chim und die Pianistin Clara Schumann ebenso zählten wie Schriftsteller und Politiker, so der Berater Wilhelms II. Philipp Fürst zu Eulenburg-Hertefeld. Der Eintritt in das Berliner Salonleben verschaffte Voß Kontakte zu Ver- legern, Herausgebern und Kritikern. Dabei ging die Etablierung im Litera- turbetrieb mit einer sozialen Anpassung einher, die sich auch bei anderen Mitstreitern aus dem frühen naturalistischen Autorennetzwerk nach dem Erlass des Sozialistengesetzes und dem Scheitern ihrer Zeitschriften nachver- folgen lässt. Wilhelm Henzen wurde Dramaturg des Leipziger Stadttheaters. Joseph Kürschner schloss 1881 mit dem erfolgreichen Verleger Wilhelm Spe- mann einen Vertrag als Redakteur der Zeitschrift Vom Fels zum Meer und Voß’ Freund Johannes Proelß wechselte im gleichen Jahr als Redakteur zur renommierten Frankfurter Zeitung. Mit ihrer Integration in den etablierten Zeitungs- und Verlagsmarkt wurden einstige Weggefährten wie Kürschner und Proelß zu Türöffnern. Schieden einerseits um 1881 Protagonisten aus der frühen naturalistischen Bewegung aus, so legten andererseits die Brüder Hart ab 1882 mit ihren Kritischen Waffengängen die Essenz des in ihren Zeitschriften geführten Publizistikdiskurses vor, was einen »Sammlungs- 3 Wilhelmy (1989) S. 291..
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