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Maternal Attitudes Toward Daylight-Saving Time

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Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 5-1970 Maternal Attitudes Toward Daylight-Saving Time Jean C. Johnson Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Johnson, Jean C., "Maternal Attitudes Toward Daylight-Saving Time" (1970). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 2618. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/2618 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MATERNAL ATTITUDES TOWARD DAYLIGHT-SAVING TIME by Jean C . Johnson A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Child Development - r ACK :-IO'.iLEDG lliEUTS Deep npprllciation is expressed t o Or. Jay D. Schv:moveldt for t he many helpful ~ug5estions , encoura[ement , and gi ving of his tir.e t hroughout the writing of this tha~i~ . Appreciation is also extended to Dr . Don Carter for hi s encouragement dur ing the initial stages of this study and for ins hel pful E;Uidanca. Gratitude is extended to Hiss Edith ilyman for her criticisms and comments . I also l·Tant to thank my fa.'llily, my mother s , fathor , brothors , and sisters fo:r t hci:r kindnessess and unselfish hel p >rhich they have extonded to me during tho completion of this study. Appreciation is also expres- sed t o my four c.l)ildren who increased my interest i n this study, and Hho have pa~icntl:l H-1itod for its compl etion. Above all, to rry husband, 1vho has aided mo in every way and has supported me uith help in mal:ing compl otion of t his study possi ble , I express my l ove and appreciation. : r ) Joan C. ,Johnson TABLS OF C O~TENTS JNTORDUCTIO:'l ••••••• •• •••••••••••• , • , , , •• , , , , , • , • , , • , • , , • , • • , l Origin of the ?roblom • , , •••• , ••••• , , , ••• , , •••• , •• , , , • , , l Purpose ••••••• • ••• , • , • • •••••••• •••••••• , •••••••••• • •••• 2 Hypothesis 3 Dafinition of Terms •••• ••• ••••••••• ••••• •• ••• •••• •••• •• 3 REVIEW OF LITERATUIB ........................................ 4 Heaning of Time • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 4 History of Daylight-saving Time • • • • • .. • • • • • • • • • • • • • .. • • 5 Family Life cycle 7 9 PROC EDUIB •••• , • •• • , •• •••••••• , ••• , • , • , • , , , • , •• , •• , • •• , , •• , • , ll DAscripti on of Totil Sa~plo •••••••••••••••••·•••••• •• •• 11 D9scription of Sa~ple for Each Stage ••••••• • • •••••••••• 12 !)ascription of :rn s t ru_'llent s ••••••••••••••••••••• • ••••••• 14 Validity and Reli ability ............................... 15 Resoarch Desi gn , • , , , • , , • • • , , , ••• ••• , • , , • •• • • , , ••••••• •• 16 Ar1 alys i ~ Toch.'liqucs , , , •• , , ••••• , , • , • , , ••••••••••• •• ••• , 19 FINDINGS ••••••••••••• • • , •••••••••••• , •••• • •• • •• • •••••• • • • ••• 20 Findings Pertinent to J{ypoth!'si s • • • ••••••• • ••••• ••••••• 20 Bo.c'<ground V::tr•iab1os ••••••••••••• • ••••••• •• •••••••••••• 21+ Sll:.:r::a1·y of Findings ••.•• • .• .••.•.• ..•..•.•...•. • .....•• 30 Page SUl.WIARY AN D DISCUSSION • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 32 Summary • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 32 Di scussion • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 34 SU ggestio n~ for FUture Research •••••••• • •••••••••••••• • •• 39 LITERATURE CIT ED • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 4-0 APPE:-IDIX • •••• , •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• , ••••••••••••• , • • • 42 Appendix A. Statements Checked by Stages 3, 4, and 5 ••••• 43 Appendix B. Daylight- saving Time Questionnaire 48 LIST OF TABLES 1. Descripti on of Sample by rmmbor of Children in Stages J , 4 and 5••..•.•••..•••• •.•..• ••.• .•. •• . 12 2. Description of Sample by Number of Boys in Sta;;es J , 4 and 5•.••..•.• ••• •.•.•••••••...••.••.•. lJ 3. Description of Sa'llple by Nu.'!lbor of Girls in Stages J, 4 and 5• •••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 14 4 . Desc ~iption of Sa'llple by Education, Occu­ pation of Father, Rel igion , and Age of ]~others in Stages 3 , 4 and ••••••••••••••••• • •••••• 18 5. l~atornal Attitude s Toward Daylight- saving Time in Stages J , 4 and 5• •••• • •••••••••••••••••••• 23 6 . Family Size and l·!ater nal Attitudes in Stages 3, 4 and 5 ••••••• •• • •••••••••••••••••••••••• 25 7. Sex of Children and l':at~rnal Attitudes ••••••••••••• 26 8 . Education and J1aternal Attitudes in Star;o s J, 4 and 5 ••••• •••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 26 9 . Occupation of Father and NateL-r.~~ Attitudes in s tagl.'ls 3. 4 and 5• •••••••••••••• ••••••••••••• ••• 29 10 . Ago of J·:0thers :1r.d i':atornal Attitudes in Stages J, 4 and 5• . ••..•.•••••••• •••..•••••• , •••••• )0 ABSTRACT Haternal Attitudes Toward Daylight-saving Time by Jean C. Johnson , !·laster of Science Utah State University , 1970 Major Professor: Dr. Jay D. Schvaneveldt Departrnen t : Family and Child Devel op:nent The purpose of this s tudy was to assess maternal a ttitudes to;;ard dayl ight- saving t ime wi thin throe st ages of the fa"'ilY life cycle. General mat ernal attitudes >rere also assessed tm1ard daylight-~avin g time . other variables such as size of f ~ ily , sex of children, educa t ion of mother , occupation of fathe r, and age of mother Her e used to det cmine i f there was any association bet ,;een thes e variabl es and attitudes of mothers to;rard daylight-saving time . A Likert-type scale cc.pable of measur­ ing maternal a ttitudes to>:ard daylight- saving ti.'!le was develor:>d f or this study. A checklist of 41 items was also developed t o dote1~ine or i dentify reasons 1·:hy mo thers e ithor l ike or disl ike dayli;;ht- savin.; t ime. The sample consi sted of 60 mothers selected in a r a ndom fashion from those who had children onrollod in the C.lc!ild Devolop:nent Laboratory School at Utah State University. The findin6S i!ldicatod t hat attitudes of mothers 1-li'r o significantly differ ent \;(•tHe(m stages 3 and 4 . :·lathers in Stage 3 liked daylieht - . saving tirne and !l'.ot! '31'5 in St at;e 4 didikod daylight- !:Oavin;; time. There was a sienific~.nt difference in general matornal attit".ldes ; ~mall families liked daylight-saving time, large families dialiked daylight­ saving time. In Stage 4, the size of fa~ily made no difference as these mothers had negative attitudes . Attitudes of mothers differed signifi­ cantly bet><e<m families who had a small or l arge number of boys , with negative attitudes >rhen there was a l arge number of boys, and no di1ference as to number of girls. There was a significant difference between professional and skilled occupation of husband. Positive attitudes prevailed if husband was a professional; negative if husband had skilled work. Rea~ons as t o causation of t he findings were also discussed. (60 pages ) INTRODUCTION Origin of the Problem As a fuel-saving measure during Horld War II, Congress enacted nationwide dayl isht-saving t ime. When the war ended, s t ates and l ocal communities were given the right to choose whether they wanted to con­ tinue on daylight- s11ving t ime or not. As soJte stat es continued with daylight- saving t ir,le and others did not, problem s ware created. Hany peopl e felt the inconvenience of time differentials as parts of the country were using standard tL~e and other sections were on daylight­ saving time. In 1 966 , congress passed the Uniform Time Act which r e­ quired all states , except by state l egislative chango , to advance t ime one hour from the l ast Sunday in April until the last SUndsy in October of each year (Senate Hisc llanoious Reports on Public Bills, 1967 ). IlY 1969 , all ~tatos excopt t>m had approved dcylight-saving ti.'l:o. Public opinion varied considerably touard this act (Ti.'l!e , July, 1 967 ). Thoso uho lil:od deylight-saving time felt the Unifor:n Tin:.a Act endod confusion and uncertainty. So:ne , hm.-cv0r, objoctud to daylight-sr..ving ti.'l!a considering it as 11fa5t t i:r.c" thu~ nC:ding to their problems. 0.1t of intorviows >rith mothera, conducted by this invostic;ator, ca.-no a variety of exprezsed matarn:ll attitudes t mr<~ rd daylight-:::avi.n;; ti.'l!e. Hany moth!olrs exprE!ssed :;trong f oel in<;s r-<.r;ardir.g daylight-:,aving tir.r• and how d <o;yli;;ht-s:.ving t i Le had uffected them and their f ::milic ~ . Tho purpose of this study was to ass c~ :; maternal attituclc s to;· ll'd dayli::;h t-saving ti:ne IIithin ti:e frnr:c Hork of tho 2 family life cycle. The natura of the f am ily l ife cy cle provides a basi3 for studying the variability of mothers ' attitudes to>rard thi:; probls,"l , This frame­ work provides a means for analyzing the changes that t ake placG from marriage through dissolution of the f a:nily (Glick and Parke , 1965) . Since ~aternal attitudes are closely related to the family life ~fclo, certain variances of maternal attitude s toward daylight-saving time may be associated with different stages in the f am ily lifo cycle. The fan:ily life cycle as outlined by D..tvall (1962) is u sed in th:ls study because it is a t wo dimensional outline ><hich shous t he develop­ mental t asks of the children
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    Dawn-dusk Asymmetries in Rotating Magnetospheres: Lessons from Modeling Saturn Xianzhe Jia1,* and Margaret G. Kivelson1,2 (Email: [email protected]) 1. Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 2. Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 This is the author manuscript accepted for publication and has undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process, which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as doi: 10.1002/2015JA021950 1 This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. Manuscript submitted to Journal of Geophysical Research – Space Physics 2 This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. Abstract Spacecraft measurements reveal perplexing dawn-dusk asymmetries of field and plasma properties in the magnetospheres of Saturn and Jupiter. Here we describe a previously unrecognized source of dawn-dusk asymmetry in a rapidly rotating magnetosphere. We analyze two magnetohydrodynamic simulations, focusing on how flows along and across the field vary with local time in Saturn’s dayside magnetosphere. As plasma rotates from dawn to noon on a dipolarizing flux tube, it flows away from the equator along the flux tube at roughly half of the sound speed (Cs), the maximum speed at which a bulk plasma can flow along a flux tube into a lower pressure region. As plasma rotates from noon to dusk on a stretching flux tube, the field- aligned component of its centripetal acceleration decreases and it flows back towards the equator at speeds typically smaller than s.
  • October '18 Newsletter

    October '18 Newsletter

    Upper Blue Mountains Camera Club Inc. Newsletter A camera is a tool for learning how to see without a camera. Dorthea Lange egardless of who you are as a time of day just after sunrise and again hour can make all the difference to your are ideal for capturing golden hour R photographer, or how long you’ve just before sunset, the sun is much lower landscape images. images; as the window for shooting will be been shooting – there’s a good chance in the sky, resulting in softer, more gentle With this in mind, we’ll take a look at a few longer than it would be during the shorter that you’ve heard the term “golden hour” lighting. This is a great time of day to aspects of the golden hour photography, days of winter. It’s also weather-dependent before – maybe you’ve even taken shots capture landscapes – ones that feature the and see how we can get the most from this – a clear day with just a few clouds is ideal, during this time of day. entire world awash in a beautiful glow. beautiful time of day. while overcast weather will block the light. In the photography world, the golden The right lighting can make a difference It’s worth noting that golden hour doesn’t In the continuing article, we’ll take a look at hour is considered to be one of the best between an everyday image, and one happen every day – it’s something that’s some of those aspects for making the most times of day to take photos – whether that’s truly spectacular, and timing your very much weather-dependent.