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Quarterly, Volume XXV Research Journal 27 Quarterly, Volume XXV (October-December) Research Journal 27 (4/2020) Volume Editor Grzegorz Rosłan HSS Journal indexed, among others, on the basis of the reference of the Minister of Science and Higher Education in The Central European Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (CEJSH), ERIH PLUS, DOAJ and Index Copernicus Journal Master List 2019. Issued with the consent of the Rector Editor in Chief Publishing House of Rzeszow University of Technology Lesław GNIEWEK EDITORIAL BOARD Editor-in-Chief Grzegorz OSTASZ Deputy of Editor-in-Chief Justyna STECKO Editorial assistant El żbieta KURZ ĘPA Associate Editors Eugeniusz MOCZUK, Tadeusz OLEJARZ, Marta POMYKAŁA Grzegorz ROSŁAN, Beata ZATWARNICKA-MADURA, Dominik ZIMON Scientific Board Alla ARISTOVA (Ukraine), Heinrich BADURA (Austria), Guido BALDI (Germany) Aleksander BOBKO (Poland), Zbigniew BOCHNIARZ (The USA), Viktor CHEPURKO (Ukraine) Zuzana HAJDUOVÁ (Slovakia), Wilem J.M. HEIJMAN (The Netherlands) Tamara HOVORUN (Ukraine), Paweł GRATA (Poland) Beatriz Urbano LOPEZ DE MENESES (Spain), Aleksandr MEREZHKO (Ukraine) Nellya NYCHKALO (Ukraine), Waldemar PARUCH (Poland), Krzysztof REJMAN (Poland) Annely ROTHKEGEL (Germany), Josef SABLIK (Slovakia), Mykoła STADNIK (Ukraine) Anatoliy TKACH (Ukraine), Michael WARD (Ireland), Natalia ZHYHAYLO (Ukraine) Statistical editor Tomasz PISULA Language editors E-CORRECTOR Magdalena REJMAN-ZIENTEK, Piotr CYREK Volume editor Grzegorz ROSŁAN (Poland) Project of the cover Damian G ĘBAROWSKI The electronic version of the Journal is the final, binding version. e-ISSN 2300-9918 Publisher: Publishing House of Rzeszów University of Technology, 12 Powsta ńców Warszawy Ave., 35-959 Rzeszów (e-mail: [email protected]) http://oficyna.prz.edu.pl Editorial Office: Rzeszów University of Technology, The Faculty of Management, 10 Powsta ńców Warszawy Ave., 35-959 Rzeszów, phone: 17 8651383, e-mail: [email protected] http://hss.prz.edu.pl Additional information and an imprint – p. 185 CONTENTS From the Editorial Committee ....................................................................................... 5 Katarzyna Coombs-Hoar: Effect of cultural differences on the principle of authority introduced by Robert Cialdini ................................................................. 7 Tetiana Hlushko, Mykola Kozlovets: Strategies of economic nationalism as an alternative to neoliberal ideology ................................................... 19 Joanna Jaroszyk: Spain as the State of Autonomies. Principles behind the teritorial organization between 1978 and 1983 ...................................................... 29 Paweł K ępa: The issue of road visibility and road traffic safety .................................. 39 Grzegorz Kozłowski: Us-Japan burden-sharing during the presidency of Donald Trump ..................................................................................... 51 Ireneusz Piotr Maj, Joanna Maj: Senator Stanisław Siedlecki. Youth and the beginnings of political activity (1877–1918). Contribution to a biography .............................................................................................. 67 Krzysztof Prendecki: Safety of the public at football facilities ................................... 87 Sabina Rokita: The influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on management actions and the financial performance of enterprises in Poland during the first half of 2020 ................................................................................ 97 Malwina Siewier: Polish-German struggle for influence in Upper Silesia during the sanitation period (1926–1939) ........................................................... 111 Mirosław Sołtysiak: Financial exclusion in Poland from the male point of view in the light of empirical research ............................................................. 125 Hanna Sommer, Grzegorz Zakrzewski: Ecological security vs. food security .......... 139 Lilia Suchocka, Eleonora Krajewska, Małgorzata Pasek: The need for social support and the functioning of individuals in a health-limiting condition .................................................................................................. 155 Krzysztof Surowiec: Republic of China armed forces and their modernization in the years 2017–2020 in the background of the geopolitical crisis in relations with the people's Republic of China (PRC) ................. 165 Justyna Stecko: Review of the book by W. Julian Korab-Karpowicz, Social Harmony or Principles of a Happy Society (Harmonia społeczna czyli zasady szcz ęś liwego społecze ństwa). Publisher: PIW, Warsaw 2017, p. 233, ISBN 978-83-06-03415-8 .................................... 175 4 The list of reviewers cooperating with the Journal of Modern Management Review in 2020 ..................................................................................................... 179 The list of articles published in the Journal of Modern Management Review in 2020 .. 181 Additional Information ................................................................................................... 185 FROM THE EDITORIAL COMMITTEE We are giving you the next 27th (4/2020) issue of the Scientific Journal of the Faculty of Management at the Rzeszow University of Technology entitled “Humanities and Social Sciences”. The aim of the Publisher is to raise the merits and the international position of the quarterly published by the Faculty of Management, that is why we are still developing the cooperation with foreign team of reviewers, as well as an international Scientific Council. The Editors have also attempted to apply for international databases; currently the quarterly HSS is indexed in Index Copernicus Journal Master List, The Central European Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (CEJSH) ERIH PLUS and DOAJ . The Journal has been also included in the list of projects qualified for funding under the “Support for scientific magazines program” . The articles published in this publication are devoted to the broader issues of the humanities and social sciences. They are the result both of theoretical and empirical research. The subjects covered vary considerably and reflect the interdisciplinary nature of the Journal. We do hope that the papers published will meet your kind interest and will be an inspiration to further research and fruitful discussions. On behalf of the Editorial Board of “Humanities and Social Sciences” we would like to thank the Authors for sending the outcomes of their research. We would like to express particular gratitude to the Reviewers for their valuable feedback that greatly contributed to increasing values of the scientific publications. With compliments Editorial Committee Humanities and Social Sciences 2020 HSS, vol. XXV, 27 (4/2020), p. 7-18 October-December Katarzyna COOMBS-HOAR 1 EFFECT OF CULTURAL DIFFERENCES ON THE PRINCIPLE OF AUTHORITY INTRODUCED BY ROBERT CIALDINI Robert Cialdini, in his book Psychology of Persuasion , presented six fundamental principles that are present in human interactions. These are reciprocity, social proof, commitment and consistency, liking, scarcity, and authority. These principles are universal and can be observed, more or less, everywhere we go. They are present in all ways of life in every nation. Nevertheless, there are noticeable differences when discussing the principle of authority concerning cultural and political backgrounds between various countries. Beliefs, customs, traditions, values and principles form the foundations of any culture. Because these factors vary between different nations, so do their cultural elements. In this paper, a case study approach is used to examine those differences by examining British and Polish ways of recognizing and submitting to the Principle of Authority. Keywords: principles, influence, authority, power, culture. 1. INTRODUCTION In order to understand better Cialdini’s (2009) Principle of Authority it is necessary to identify two concepts, namely the notion of authority and the notion of power. According to Cole (1998), the notion of authority refers to the “formal power to act, conferred on an individual to enable him to fulfil his responsibilities. It is usually fairly well-defined in order to limit the powers available to the individual”. Max Weber distinguishes between patriarchal powers, which are non-authoritarian, consensual, arbitral and political powers, which are autonomous military and judicial authority (Roth, 1968). Political authority involves the power over life and death. Nonetheless, it binds a community together not only through this coercion but also through common historical experiences. Furthermore, Weber (1968) distinguishes three types of legitimate authority, namely traditional authority, charismatic authority, and legal or rational authority. Traditional authority, as the name suggests, is power that is rooted in tradition, beliefs and practices of a society. For example, in the nineteenth century, as stated by Dahl (1961), “[t]he elite seems to have possessed that most indispensable of all characteristics in a dominant group – the sense, shared not only by themselves but by the populace, that their claim to govern was legitimate”. Traditional authority can be assumed on the basis of it being inherited or on religious grounds (where the society believes figures of authority are appointed by God). Rational or legal authority, 1 Katarzyna Coombs-Hoar, M.A., the Institute of English Studies, University of Rzeszów, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2 B, 35-315 Rzeszów; e-mail: [email protected].
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