Strike Hits 4 Kennedy Steps Up THE NYC Papers, Others Close Cold- War Moves MILITANT By Jgck Katz Published in the Interests of the Working People NEW YORK, Dec. 11 — This By Fred Halstead city’s newspaper printers struck Immediately following the Ken- Vol. 26 - No. 46 Monday, December 17, 1962 Price 10c four of the major city dailies, the nedy-Khrushchev arrangement in Times, News, Journal- American the “Cuban crisis” widespread and World-Telegram, Dec. 8. The hope arose that a general easing Publishers Association - quickly of the cold war was in the offing. Exclusive Report locked out the workers on the The significance of the current other four papers, the Post, M ir­ “Stevenson affair” is that this was ror, Herald Tribune and Long Is­ a dangerous illusion. The affair land. Press. The publisher’s action indicates a tougher line by the Revolt in Angola-An Uprising in closing down the non-struck Kennedy administration in the plants was to put the blame on cold war as well as a continua­ the union for the news blackout tion of the policy of unilateral Against Unendurable Misery and build up public opinion and U.S. attempts to crush the Cuban government pressure against the Revolution. striker«. An article in the Dec. 8 issue This is the first strike by New of the Saturday Evening Post York Typographical Union Local began a neat, but not so subtle, bit 6 {Big Six), in its 65 years of of political hatchet work on Adlai contractual relations with the Stevenson, U.S. ambassador to the Publishers Association. UN, and on the “liberal wing” of The strike was called after it the Democratic Party which he became clear that the publishers symbolizes. would not budge from their posi­ The article, by Stewart Alsop tion of forcing the union to aeeept and Charles Bartlett, both highly- John F. Kennedy the $8-for-tw©-years package that placed, authoritative journalists the Newspaper Guild accepted last and intimate friends of President month after an eight-day strike Kennedy, reports on the secret the new weekly paper of news at the News. discussions during the Cuban crisis analysis put out by the publishers The strike was preceded by a among the president and his eight of the Wall Street Journal, ex­ series of unprecedented unity top advisors. plains that the political butcher­ moves among the ten unions in ing of Stevenson by Kennedy The article suggests, in the the industry which are now “strengthened his [Kennedy’s] words of a Dec. 5 New York Post banded together in the Commit­ image, forged in the Cuban crisis, editorial, “that the only thing rel­ tee for Newspaper Unity under as a man who can get tough with evant in the Cuban crisis — and the chairmanship of Bertram Khrushchev and make it stick. Powers, president of Local 6. On by implication, in future crises — That’s a far cry from the image was a readiness to brandish our Oct. 14 the ten unions held a joint he would project if he cared nuclear power and to invite the mass meeting at Manhattan Cen­ greatly about wooing the more impression that Mr. Kennedy holds ter where an overflow crowd of liberal wing of his party, rep­ to that view.” In addition, the ar­ more than 3,500 newspaper w o rk ­ resented by Mr. Stevenson, which ticle implies that Stevenson did ers cheered their craft leaders’ historically seeks the soft ap­ not hold that view and was “soft pledges of unity against the pub­ proach in dealing with the reds.” on communism” during the delib­ lisher’s solid front. Stevenson is no threat to Ken- The unity committee was born erations. nedy’s war plans, but Steven­ last year after all contracts were Whether the article was pub­ son is expendible. He serves as a signed, when the leaders of the lished with Kennedy’s direct handy whipping boy for Kennedy nine crafts and the Guild began knowledge is not the point. There in the political maneuver of to meet to discuss methods of can be no doubt that the story — placating the right wing and, at breaching the publishers’ arrogant by two of Kennedy’s intimate as­ the same time, intimidating the take-it-or-leave-it bargaining sociates — represents administra­ U.S. peace movement. technique. tion policy. It is designed to serve The real purpose and effect of Current application of this tech­ notice on the shell of “liberalism” Kennedy’s current propaganda nique is the publishers’ attempt left in this country that it had campaign and political moves have to force all the other crafts to better not get in the way of a been noted by “highly placed ANGOLA LIBERATION MOVEMENT, now in its second year of accept at their later contract ex­ hard line in the cold war. United Nations diplomats.” armed struggle against the Portuguese imperialists, had its origins piration the pattern of the recent Stevenson hastened to deny that The Dec. 8 Christian Science in the formation of guerrilla bands in the colony’s villages as settlement with the Guild. he has any such idea. He called M onitor reports: shown above. This plan worked for the past the article “inaccurate” and dec­ “Wholly apart from what they decade while the printers and the lared that he “strongly supported call the mistaken account of Mr. Stevenson’s views, however, two By Victor Moazul other crafts slowly saw their lead­ the decision taken by the Presi­ ing position in labor slowly dis- dent on the quarantine” of Cuba. things particularly disturb UN Mozambique, the Cape Verde Is­ ALGIERS — Nearly two years (Continued on Page 4) The Dec. 10 National Observer, people: 1) The general popular have passed since the Angolan lands and Saint Thomas — all of belief in the United States that people took the road of armed which are dominated by Portugal the blockade, and the blockade struggle against Portuguese im­ — into an indivisible alliance. alone, produced the Soviet cap­ perialism. It was not until Feb­ They have been made increasing­ Economic Soothsayers Sure itulation — and that therefore the ruary 1961, with the Luanda re­ ly aware that the victory of one United States should be ‘tough’ volt, that the world was informed colony contributes towards the more often. 2) The tendency to of the atrocious nature of Por­ victory of all. And, of course, this Of One Thing - More Jobless glorify as ‘hard nosed’ and cour­ tuguese imperialism. unity is backed, encouraged and ageous suggestions that the missile Hitherto a mysterious silence reinforced by the solidarity of the By Art Preis bases should have been bombed independent African states, social­ had surrounded Portuguese co­ DEC. 11 — Since President total em ployment was 67,981,000 or that Cuba should have been ist countries and liberal opinion in lonialism, but the sweep of the Kennedy unleashed the Cuban in November, or about 900,000 less invaded . . . the imperialist countries. African liberation movement in­ crisis, the mood of the capitalist than in October. “ In any event, moral standards Faced with this combination, it evitably penetrated the iron bars economists and the business com­ Seymour L. Wolfbein, Deputy seem to have been turned upside is apparent that victory in the long of the Angolan prison house. With munity has shifted abruptly from Assistant Secretary of Labor for (Continued on Page 2) run is on side of the oppressed. the Congo’s independence in 1960, pessimistic uncertainty to opti­ But before victory can be achieved, Manpower, said that if the 5.8 per the Portuguese, fearing unrest mistic uncertainty. Before Oct. 22, cent rate of unemployment con­ there w ill have to be a hard and spreading across into their West the economic forecasters and prolonged struggle; because Por­ tinues, the number of jobless w ill White Supremacist African colony of Angola, hastily soothsayers were predicting that reach four million this month, 4.6 tugal is rendered behind-the- deployed their military forces to U.S. economic conditions would million in January and 4.7 mil­ scenes assistance by her “ oldest Gets African Boot crush any revolt. get worse if they did not get bet­ lion in February. This would be ally,” Britain, on the one hand and But in February 1961 Angolan ter; now they confidently forecast only 800,000 less than when K en­ Senator Allen J. Ellender, a by United States and other im­ big Democratic Party wheel nationalists, under the leadership that the economic situation will nedy took office in January 1961 perialist interests on the other. from Louisiana, on tour in A f­ of the MPLA (People’s Movement get better if it does not get worse. on a pledge to “get America mov­ rica, has been barred from for the Liberation of Angola), as­ NATO Support But there is one element of the ing again.” Uganda, Tanganyika, the Congo saulted jails and police head­ The two most powerful coloniz­ economic future about which there The most significant element in and Ethiopia because of his ra­ quarters in Luanda in an attempt ing nations, Britain and France, is unanimous and unshakable cer­ the November unemployment rise cially insulting remarks at a to free their leaders who had been have had to make a tactical re­ tainty: unemployment is going to was an increase of about 150,000 press conference. Since other rounded up over the previous two treat in the face of the African get worse. in the number of jobless teen­ independent African nations years. liberation struggle — for economic In fact, as average prices on agers. Ordinarily, there is no were preparing to keep him out The Luanda rising was quickly reasons. W hat can be the fu tu re of the New York Stock Exchange change in this figure in November. as an undesirable, he was forced followed in March by the revolt backward Portugal whose military rose about 17 per cent from Oct. Newcomers to the labor force are to return to the U.S. Ellender of the northern people ju st across potential is in no way comparable 23 to Nov. 30, the number of un­ increasing faster that the private- the border from the ex-Belgian to these countries? employed also rose in the same profit economy can put them to seems genuinely surprised at Congo. Certainly if the Portuguese fas­ period almost 16 per cent. w ork. the reaction to his racist spout­ ing. He has always talked that Between the months of Feb­ cists were not supported by Welen- On Dec. 5, the U.S. Departm ent In March 1961, President Ken­ way — in the Senate, at the ru a ry and May 1961, 70,000 A f­ sky, Verwoerd and the NATO of Labor made public its employ­ nedy told a news conference that White House, at Democratic ricans were killed; of this num­ powers, they would not have been ment statistics for the month of he hoped unemployment w ould be Party conventions, all over the ber, 3,000 were slaughtered in able to wage a protracted war November. Unemployment last reduced to 4 per cent within a Luanda in a single day — a record against the Angolans. month was 3,801,000, a rise of year. The then Secretary of Labor U.S. — and never suffered for of wholesale murder that has not If one recalls that the bombs about 500,000 over October. The Arthur J. Goldberg, now elevated it. Kennedy publicly praises been achieved by any other co­ that razed Angolan villages were unemployment rate — the ratio to the U.S. Supreme Court, was him as invaluable to the admin­ lonialist power. Portuguese killed, made in British factories, and that of the unemployed to the total reported in an April 16, 1961, As­ istration, liberal Secretary of however, numbered only 1,000. both Welensky and Verwoerd have labor force — rose to 5.8 per cent sociated Press dispatch to have Agriculture Orville Freeman is particularly chummy with him, These crimes have not subdued spoken in favor of Portugal’s in November from 5.5 per cent in stated that Kennedy did not set the liberation struggle. On the policy of genocide in Africa, it is October. 4 per cent as an ideal goal. Such The newly independent Af­ contrary they have driven the peo­ clear that international reaction is Although the number of unem­ a goal, said Goldberg, should not rican countries are acting in a ples of “Portuguese” Guinea, (Continued on Page 6) ployed increased by a half million, be higher than 3 per cent. definitely un-American fashion. Page Two THE MILITANT Monday, December 17, 1962 'Advising' Japanese Labor By Tom Kerry The apparent success of the Kennedy administration’s exercise in brinkmanship at the height of the Cuban crisis, has emboldened the exponents of the “get-tough” The number of executives on directly invoked in other city de­ line, to seize the initiative in the country’s railroads has re­ partments. pressing for a more aggressive mained steady at about 15,000 * * * posture in the global cold war since 1947, according to a Novem­ The Chicago Bears professional to make the world safe for cap­ ber report by the Labor Depart­ football team has joined the Play­ italist exploitation. ment, but the number of workers ers Association of the National In its ultimatistic confrontation has dropped by 670,000. There was Football League thus making the of the Soviet Union, the American one rail executive to every 93 rail­ league 100 per cent organized for capitalist ruling class asserted its road workers 15 years ago and the first time in the union’s six- prerogative, to take unilateral ac­ today there is one executive for year history. The Players Associa­ tion in its holy war against “com­ each 58 workers. Output per man- m unism .” tion has established a minimum hour by production w orkers has Pressure on Washington’s junior pay-scale of $5,000 a year, $50 per risen 70 per cent in the same partners in the North Atlantic game for pre-season games and a period of time. Treaty Organization to expand pension fund. Players Association their military commitments in * * * president Pete Retzlaff announced Europe, have been intensified. that the union is also establishing Average employment at the contacts with professional players The term, “neutralism,” has be­ United States Steel Corporation come a dirty word. The uncom­ in other sports. for the first nine months of 1962 * * mitted nations are being given to was 199,400. Except fo r the 1961 understand that there can no figure, which was 199,200, this Telephone installers employed longer be any middle ground in was the lowest since 1935. by Western Electric — 17,000 strong — are voting by mail in a the cold war. * * * While the NATO powers are National Labor Relations Board being lined up for a more ag­ The United Auto Workers election on switching from the gressive stand in Europe, increas­ Skilled Trades Conference Dec. 1 Communications Workers of ing pressure is being applied to in Chicago passed a resolution America to the Teamsters. Top convert Japan into a m ilitary bas­ “strongly urging the International officials of the installers unit bolt­ tion of American imperialism in Executive Board to negotiate in all ed the CWA for the Teamsters the F a r East. future agreements a shorter work in protest over the last contract. week and a lower retirement age.” It contained a hated “merit” wage High-level talks of a hush-hush JAPANESE STUDENTS snake-dance in front of Prime Minister’s character took place in Washing­ The resolution had been submitted system left in- the contract over official residence in 1960 to protest the new Japanese-U.S. m ili­ ton this past week between ca­ by Cleveland GM Local 45. installer protest by CWA presi­ tary treaty. These demonstrations reached such mass proportions binet-level delegations headed by A resolution making the demand dent Joseph A. Beirne. Ballots Secretary of State Dean Rusk that President Eisenhower was forced to cancel his scheduled visit. specific as “30 hours work for 40 will be counted Jan. 7, but no and Foreign Minister Masayoshi hours pay,” submitted by Inter­ m atter how the vote goes, the re­ Ohira. Staff correspondent Robert expansion of communism in Asia.” In Japan the workers have their national Harvester Local 152 at volt has already forced Beirne to R. Brunn of the C hristian Science It is a problem, he averred, that own political parties. The largest Hinsdale, Ill., was not acted upon adopt the slogan: “ Merit must go.” M onitor, Dec. 7, reports that: “most directly concerns the two Japanese trade union federation, by the conference. “What is taking place, accord­ countries who are in the strong­ SOHYO, representing some 3.5 The Local 152 resolution said in ing to observers here, is that the est position, really, Japan and the million workers, is strongly in­ part: “The long delay of the . . . Cold-War Moves United States is playing a long- United States . . . I hope that in fluenced by the Socialist Party of modern union movement to par­ run diplomatic game of trying to the months ahead thought can be Japan. allel increases in productivity with (Continued from Page 1) bring Tokyo more firm ly into the given to what role we can play The class-concious workers of an equivalent struggle for a re­ down, it is said. ‘To advocate Western political camp.” as partners . . . to prevent the Japan view support by labor of duced work week has resulted in peaceful settlements without risk­ This “diplomatic game,” is domination of Asia by a Commu­ the Japanese capitalist parties and the untenable condition of a grow­ ing nuclear war is considered in­ spelled out more specifically in nist movement . . .” candidates as political scabbery. ing mass of unemployed workers. estimable, indeed reprehensible,’ Brunn’s comment “that the United Japan is the major industrial Knowing this, Reuther was con­ This growing unemployment pro­ one diplomat commented here States leadership sees that Tokyo power in Asia. It is the key piece strained to be rather circumspect blem continues unresolved today, Friday. ‘If you are for war, you eventually w ill have a larger m il­ in the master plan for American about his advice. He could hard­ even when our economy shows are tough; you are a hero. If you itary role to play, if it w ill.” imperialist conquest of the world. ly advise the labor movement of some general improvement.” are for negotiation, you are soft Emphasizing the importance at­ The bid to make Japan junior Japan to emulate the policy of the The resolution called upon the on communism.’ ” tached by Washington to the cab­ partner in Asia of Washington’s American labor skates who keep This sums up the attitude of the inet-level negotiations, Brunn re­ International Executive Board to schemes for hegemony over a cap­ the workers here tied to the tail “give full support to organizing an U.S. ruling circles about the re­ counts that Kennedy was called in of the Democratic donkey. But italist-dominated world requires effective struggle for a ‘30-for-40’ cent Cuban crisis. Kennedy feels to address the Japanese delega­ leave it to Reuther, he knows his the re-militarization of that coun­ work week.” It declared that an he has gained a victory for im­ tion. “In an off-the-cuff state­ way around! try. “indeterminate flexible approach perialism by a unilateral show of ment fresh from a National Se­ The New York Times of Nov. But the people of Japan have, toward this key issue can serve force and nuclear brinksmanship. c u rity Council meeting,” says 25, reports from Tokyo, that “Mr. on more than one occasion, force­ only to bring further weakness He is prepared to try some more Brunn, “President Kennedy spoke Reuther . . . advised Japanese fully expressed their determined and loss to our Union and to the of the same and is arrogant toward briefly to the Japanese delega­ union men to concentrate on im­ opposition to re-militarization. The American Workers in general.” any domestic or foreign allies’ tio n .” proving wages and working condi­ frightful atrocity committed by At its 1957 convention the UAW waverings. Recent speeches by “Our major problem,” said Ken­ tions and place as little emphasis the Truman administration in adopted the shorter work week as high administration spokesmen, nedy, “is how we can contain the on politics as possible.” atom-bombing Hiroshima and its next major collective bargain­ warning Japan against trade with Nagasaki is still too fresh in their Using Kennedy’s bogeyman ap­ ing goal, but UAW President China and deflating British claims memory. Their attitude toward proach, Reuther warned the Japa­ Walter Reuther has been side­ to first-class military status, are American “cold warriors” was nese trade unionists about having tracking the demand ever since, part of this same course. any truck with “communists,” Weekly Calendar amply demonstrated by the re­ saying that he favors a “flexible” Cuba remains in the same dan­ ception accorded the Eisenhower who, he avowed, “use labor unions approach to contract talks. Presi­ ger as before. Secretary of State entourage in 1960 after Washing­ primarily to advance the foreign dent John F. Kennedy, with whom Dean Rusk repeated Dec. 10 that LOS ANGELES ton had executed its arms pact policy of the Soviet Union.” O ur Reuther has close ties, has re­ Washington’s policy remains that Celebrate New Year's Eve with friends policy, Reuther declared, “is that with the Ikeda regime. peatedly stated his complete op­ “a Marxist-Leninist government of The Militant at 1702 East Fourth St. you can’t cooperate with anyone in this hemisphere is incompatible Entertainment, dancing, refreshments. This constitutes a knotty prob­ position to the shorter work week lem for the Foreign Office and the who puts trade-union aims behind demand. with the commitments of the • other aims.” * * * hemisphere . . . we simply take N E W Y O R K American State Department. How better to cope with this problem But whose “aims” were being up again that question that we A program of classical chamber mu­ New York City’s 2,000 civilian than to enlist the aid of the labor advanced by Reuther’s Japanese had before us before the offensive sic by prize-winning Julliard Music junket? The “foreign policy of the drivers — members of Local 983 weapons got into Cuba.” School students. Also flamenco guifar lieutenants of the American cap­ of the American Federation of m usic. Sunday, Dec. 16, 8 p.m . a t 116 ita lis t class. So . . . Soviet Union,” does not constitute From the point of view of main­ State, County and Municipal Em­ University Place. Contrib. 99c., includes Walter Reuther, vice president any threat to the Japanese work­ taining peace, the hopeful aspect ployees, AFL-CIO — ended their coffee. Students, 75c. Ausp. Young So­ of the AFL-CIO and president of ers. B u t w hat about those who of the situation is that the Cuban ten-day strike Dec. 7 in an arbitra­ cialist Alliance. the United Automobile Workers, “use labor unions primarily to ad­ revolutionists have been neither * * * tion deal offered by Mayor Robert suddenly decides that the Japanese vance the foreign policy” of the intimidated by Kennedy’s force DON'T MISS the gala New Year’s F. Wagner. workers are sorely in need of his American State Department? Can nor fooled by Khrushchev’s il­ Eve p a rty a t 116 U n iv e rs ity PI. spon­ the Japanese workers “cooperate” A three-man “citizen’s panel” lusions. Peace can be maintained sored by The Militant Labor Forum. advice and guidance. w ith the likes of those? w ill recommend a settlement. The only through opposition to Ken­ Reuther’s pose as a pure and panel is composed of Rev. Phillip nedy’s war drive. The more re­ simple trade unionist would, of J. Carey, director of the Xavier solute that opposition is, both in course, be given greater credence Industrial Relations Institute, City the U.S. and abroad, the more hope INTRODUCTORY OFFER! in Japan than in the United States. Administrator Charles H. Tenney, there is fo r peace. The Reuthers of this country are and Matthew Guinan, president of immersed in politics up to their Local 100 of the Transport Work­ NAM Goes All-Out eyebrows. In domestic politics they ers Union. Guinan replaced Harry A Four-Month Subscription arc the most ardent defenders of Van Arsdale, president of the city The National Association of the capitalist two-party system. AFL-CIO Central Labor Council, Manufacturers has put its presi­ To The Militant for only $1 In foreign politics they serve as who was o rig in a lly named, but has dent on full-time — with a re­ lackeys of the American State De­ left to attend a conference in ported salary of $100,000 per year partment, ready and willing to Europe. — for the first time in its history. lend their prestige as “labor lead­ A key issue, the jobs of 16 W erner P . Gullander, former ers,” to further the most reac­ civilian drivers for the police de­ executive of General Electric, was tionary aims of Washington and partment who were fired for not named to the post. Wall Street. working during the strike, was not Fortunately, it is certain, that resolved by the settlement. The Blue-Collar Jobs Decline Reuther’s “ advice” to the Japanese men face hearings on whether they Manufacturing payrolls this year workers will not meet with any will be returned to their jobs. included 12.3 million production enthusiastic response. There is no­ Police Commissioner Michael J. w orkers in the U.S., almost one Send to The Militant, 116 University Place, thing they have to learn, either Murphy dismissed them under the m illio n less than in 1957. The same about trade-union struggle or po­ state’s Condon-Wadlin Act, which payrolls include 335,000 more New York 3, N.Y. litics, from the Reuthers of Amer­ purports to outlaw strikes by pub­ white-collar workers and execu­ ica. lic employes. The law was not tives than in 1957. Monday, December 17, 1962 THE MILITANT Page Three Behind Ban on Communist Party in Algeria

ALGIERS — The announce­ still worse; it stood on the side ment Nov. 29 that the Algerian of the colonial oppressors during Communist Party (PCA) and its some of the most desperate years. weekly paper A l H ourrya have Even today when the French CP Algerian Minister been banned drew considerable leaders could do much to mobil­ attention in the world press. Some ize help for the struggling young quarters have interpreted it as in­ country, they confine themselves dicating that Algeria has turned to pious phrases. The government Explains Action on CP away from the direction of social­ of the Soviet Union has held back ism. This is not the case although on offering substantial aid to A l­ ALGIERS, Dec. 6 — A t a spe­ National Liberation Front, the it was a step backward. geria. Thus the PCA has little to cial press conference yesterday only party recognized by the In explaining the reasons for point to. So bankrupt are they, in afternoon, Minister of Informa- Algerian Revolution.” the ban, El Moudjahid, central fact, that they are even incapable tion Hadj Hamou vigorously Since 1954, the government organ of the Party of the National of calling attention to the major denied charges that the A l­ spokesman said, “any Com­ Liberation Front (FLN), denies flaws in the arguments advanced gerian government is engaging munists who wished to join any intent to muzzle critical for banning their party. in witch-hunting. were admitted to the ranks of voices. The aim of the ban, ac­ Yet these are almost self-evi­ “The decision to ban the A l­ the National Liberation Front.” cording to the editors, is “ to clari­ dent. The lack of democracy in gerian Communist Party,” he He called attention to a re­ fy the political situation” and to the countries of the Soviet bloc is said, “gave rise to certain com­ cent declaration by Ben Bella help bring the Algerians together a glaring weakness, not a source mentaries and interpretations reaffirming that “the National in a common constructive effort. of strength. The absence of prole­ that are absolutely unjustified. Liberation Front has always The struggle for freedom was tarian democracy has been the A special attempt has been been willing to welcome Com­ Ahmed Ben Bella organized and led by the FLN, greatest single factor in alienating made to picture the measure as munists desirous of joining its the working people of the indus­ El Moudjahid continues. The PCA then it has sought to extend this occurring within the frame­ ranks as individuals.” trially advanced countries from disavowed the armed action that pretension into something even work of a so-called anti-Com- Attacking the evils of dema­ socialism. This has had abysmal was begun in 1954 and remained more presumptuous. munist policy.” The government gogy and factionalism, the m in­ effects on both the cause of social­ outside the struggle. “Reduced to But the truth is that the freedom considers “such an interpreta­ ister declared that the ban, far ism and the defense of the work­ few members, without links with struggle was organized and led by tion as contrary to the reality.” from having a negative aspect, er’s states. Inside the Soviet coun­ the people, whose genuine aspira­ the FLN , El Moudjahid continues, “The PCA,” he continued, aims fundamentally at “main­ tries themselves the lack of pro­ tions it lacked the knowledge or and it now falls upon the FLN to “was not banned because of its taining and reinforcing the letarian democracy facilitated the will to advance, without any lead the struggle for socialism. No ideology. It was banned as any unity and cohesion of our Rev­ roots in the country and therefore economic deficiencies, bureau­ witch-hunt is involved. Ben Bella, other party would be except the olution.” cratic abuses and inequalities in in no position to analyze its prob­ as a member of the Political all spheres, and paved the way for lems correctly, as revolutionary Bureau and President of the Coun­ parties must succeed in doing if the fearful crimes of Stalinism. cil, “ has, on two occasions, invited an absolute, without which a But the issue involved is the p rin ­ The prodigious advances in these they are conscious of their respon­ the Algerian Communists to join country is not entitled to use the ciple of proletarian democracy. countries were made despite the sibilities and duties, cut off from the FLN, where they can play a Algeria stands to gain most the confidence of the Algerians, lack of democracy, not because label “socialist.” Situations can useful role in the ranks if they through a policy aimed at demon­ the PCA played no role whatever of it! exist where only one party has ac­ are animated by a sincere desire strating the democratic side of so­ in the struggle for national libera­ To cite the one-party system of tually been organized or is over­ to contribute to the victory of cialism. Few contributions to the tion.” socialism in our country.” The the Soviet countries as a reason whelmingly supported by the struggle for socialism could bring for applying it to Algeria plays workers. Here it is all the more Only at the very end, when vic­ PCA, however, has failed to re­ Algeria more quickly into the cen­ into the hands of the imperialists necessary to establish guarantees tory was in sight, did the PCA spond to this offer. ter of world politics than this. In who have long taken advantage suddenly announce that it was an Moreover, El Moudjahid de­ for the democratic rights of all the imperialist countries, France of the practices of Stalinism to tendencies inside the single party. “integral part of the FLN.” Since clares, the Tripoli program calls especially, it would bring fresh in­ argue that totalitarianism and so­ In completely exceptional circum­ for a single party. “It was sup­ spiration to the working people cialism are synonymous. The stances, such as war, it may be ported by the Communists them­ and perhaps soon alter the political truth is that socialism signifies the necessary to curtail democracy selves . . .” This is a dubious in­ balance in favor of socialism. In extension and development of temporarily. However, departures Where Socialists terpretation, since the draft pro­ the Soviet Union, Algeria’s ex­ democracy into the economic and gram which the FLN unanimous­ from the norm entail grave dan­ ample would help speed the resto­ social structure itself. Anything gers that can only be mitigated by ly adopted at Tripoli speaks only ration of proletarian democracy Are Much Too Shy else is a departure from socialism. clearest explanation of the situa­ in terms of “the revolutionary such as the workers knew in the In a country that takes the road tion and recognition that the norm By George Breitman party," not a one-party system. time of Lenin and Trotsky. In to socialism, the working class is being violated. Algeria itself it would surely help DETROIT — One thing I find it One-Party System should be free to organize as many Whether or not the Algerian in ra lly in g the masses fo r the hard to understand is the attitude In addition to these arguments political parties as it wishes. That Communist Party has something heroic effort now needed to recon­ most socialists show toward the A l Chaab, the official daily news­ is the norm of proletarian democ­ to offer the Revolution is not the struct the country after eight work of raising money for the paper, notes that “A ll the coun­ racy. issue. And, of course, it is un­ years of devastating war and socialist cause. tries traveling the road of the so­ It is true that this norm is not deniable that it has a poor record. ferocious suppression. I don’t mean their attitude to­ cialist revolution live under the ward giving money themselves; regime of a single party . . .” A l most are pretty good about that. Chaab maintains that it was the I mean their attitude toward col­ unity made possible by a one- lecting money from friends and party system which enabled these fellow-workers who are sympa­ countries to advance at such pro­ World Events thetic to socialism to one degree digious rate. “Neither counter­ or another. revolutionary bourgeois tendencies Like Batista and Trujillo Court against the Association of walked out amid catcalls.” The Victims of Nazism were adjourned Most socialists I have known nor leftist formations” are per­ A Chicago Daily News dispatch of Times’ Leopoldville correspondent, Nov. 30 when a spectator in the (that is, people who belong to a mitted in these countries; there­ Dec. 7 states that “ A cold war also said, “There is evidence that court rose and charged the presid­ socialist organization) seem to be fore they should not be permitted raises a frost over much of Nica­ the government hoped to use the ing judge with having been a bashful about asking for money. in Algeria. Let “all the Algerians, ragua today. The issue is whether unpopular Mr. Weregermere as a Bashful, or embarrassed, or even member of the Nazi Party. The scapegoat and urged some of its whether Marxist or not,” find free elections will be held here West German government is seek­ supporters to vote for the censure.” u n w illin g . their place in the ranks of the Feb. 3 ... If elections are not held, ing to have the association banned They will try to recruit their FLN. street violence or even revolution as an illegal pro-Communist group. friends into the socialist move­ In reply to this, Bachir Hadj Ali, is freely predicted.” A greater Czechs Blast Albanians ment. This means asking them to a leader of the PCA, said that the Informed sources confirmed that Vladimir Kouky, Secretary of danger than the Communists, a the court president, Dr. Fritz Wer­ give their time, their lives, to the ban was a “grave measure,” “com­ Conservative Party spokesman the Czechoslovakian Communist ner, had been a member of the socialist cause. I t may result in pletely illegal,” “ lacking any jurid­ said, is the young group, between Party charged in a speech to the Nazi Party but explained that an unpopularity, ostracism, economic ical or political basis.” It was an 18 and 25 who have never had a party’s central committee that and political victimization, maybe “anti-democratic decision” which Allied de-Nazification board had “The Albanian slanderers remind chance to vote. Most of them given him “clearance.” worse. could only bring "rejoicing to the don’t belong to any party, “but us of the methods of Hitler and imperialists.” Goebbels,” and that he can’t view Isn’t it strange that socialists they know what is happening in The Real Trouble w ill ask their friends for all that, The ban doubtlessly aroused no other countries, and know they the Albanian leaders as Commu­ and at the same time be hesitant protests among the imperialists. should have the right to vote.” Costa Rica’s President Francisco nists any more. He referred to the about asking for money? What is The New York Times thought that Luis Somoza, president-dictator of Orlich on Dec. 7 foresaw increased “disgusting slanders” against the money compared with the other, Ben Bella is trying to steer a Nicaragua for 26 years is running subversive action by “Cuban” Soviet Union during the Cuban more precious things we ask of “middle course.” The New York a hand-picked stooge. The major agents. “ As fa r as we are con­ crisis when, he said, Albania ac­ people friendly to the socialist Herald Tribune declared that the party opposing him, the Conser­ cerned Castro is strengthening his cused Moscow of agreeing “in movement? ban was “expected to give new vative Party, wants a “relaxed” position,” he said. “Costa Rican treacherous ways to a Cuban I may be wrong, but it strikes impetus to Algerian talks with dictatorship. Castroist agents are constantly on Munich.” He called the Albanian me that this backwardness in French and American diplomats the move to and from Cuba.” position one of hysterical dogmat­ soliciting money reflects an over­ about aid . . .” Korean Censorship Costa Rica’s real trouble is short­ ism which has been “transferred valuation of money. Its source But aside from this, the argu­ age of capital and the drop in into a cold-blooded anti-Soviet ments of Hadj Ali lacked force. Hankook llbo, an “indenpen- coffee prices which since 1957 has subversion.” must be our capitalist and petty- dent” daily in Seoul, South Korea, bourgeois environment, which in­ The fact is that the PCA agrees in cost the country 130 million dol­ principle with the one-party sys­ resumed publication Dec. 5 after lars. Kennedy is scheduled to visit How to Get Out the Vote fluences and exerts pressure on a three-day “voluntary” suspen­ tem. The PCA leaders hold simply the Central American nations next Morocco will now have a new a ll of us — on socialists less than sion because the m ilitary dictator­ others, but on socialists too. Being that Algeria is not yet ripe for it. February or March. Constitution after what appears to ship which suceeded Syngman They contend that the masses have been a rigged election. The aware of an influence sometimes Rhee accused it of having pub­ must first receive a political edu­ Congo Minister Censured Opposition National Union of makes it easier to overcome it. lished a false story about the m il­ cation. The PCA, naturally, nom­ The Chamber of Deputies of the Popular Forces accused the royal Money is a necessary means for itary. The editors thought that inates itself to play the key role Congo in Leopoldville voted to authorities of creating a climate maintaining and expanding the their “voluntary” suspension in this. What it proposes for the censure Jean Chrétien Wereger- of intimidation and arresting over movement. Therefore a good so­ would satisfy the dictators but time being is a “united front of mere, Premier Cyrille Adoula’s 1,000 of its members. After the cialist does more than ask his the owner and three editors were all the anti-imperialist tendencies right-hand man, by a vote of 76-4 election King Hassan claimed that friends and fellow-workers to read arrested anyway. The next day on the road toward a single party for his role in arresting four Op­ he got 97% of the vote. 13% of and distribute socialist literature, the military junta approved a new on the basis of socialism.” position deputies last month. “ Mr. the voters followed the advice of walk on picketlines, get petitions constitution providing for a strong The PCA, quite clearly, is han­ Weregermere,” a dispatch in the the National Union and abstained signed, attend meetings and join president and a weak premier. the socialist movement — he also dicapped in this debate by poor Dec. 8 New York Times reports, by casting blank ballots. To show asks them to give money to fi­ credentials. Its role during the “tried to explain his position for how democratic he is, King Has­ nance all these activities. fight for freedom was negative. Former Nazi Tries Victims more than an hour and a half san II voted in an office set up Money is literally the least of The role of its sister organization, Proceedings in the West Ger­ against increasingly violent jeer­ in a poor residential quarter near the things they can give. the French Communist Party, was man Supreme Administrative ing. After the censure vote, he the palace. Page F o u r THE MILITANT Monday, December 17, 1962

LETTER FROM LONDON the MILITANT Editor: JOSEPH HANSEN Jobs, Votes and Yemen Managing Editor: GEORGE LA VAN Business Manager: KAROLYN KERRY * * * harbor of Jidda. Published weekly, except from July 11 to Sept. 5 when published bi-weekly, By T. J. Peters by The Militant Publishing Ass’n., 116 University PI., New York 3, N.Y. Phone LONDON — Unemployment A revolution in Yemen last “ This was a plain message that CH 3-2140. Second-class postage paid at New York, N.Y. Subscription: $3 a year; passed the h a lf-m illio n m ark last September, organized mainly the United States would keep Canadian, $3.50; foreign. $4.50. Signed articles by contributors do not necessarily month in a steady upward curve within the army, overthrew the order,” says a report to the Lon­ represent The Militant’s views. These are expressed in editorials. over the past year. Particularly Imman or king and launched a re­ don Times, “ and it seems to have hard hit is the industrial north public which soon found the sup­ been fortified since by the re­ Vol. 26 - No. 46 - ^ ^ > 3 4 5 Monday, December 17, 1962 where unemployment of 5 per cent port it needed from Egypt. From ported arrival of two American of the work force is the average all reports it was a classic nation­ bombers or reconnaissance air­ against 2.5 per cent for the coun­ alist revolution, aiming as one craft in Saudi Arabia. It could not try as a whole. In parts of north­ reporter put it, at bringing the have been missed by President The Trial of the Communist Party ern England and Scotland the people of Yemen “from the 12th Nasser . . . Brigadier al-Sallal’s average is 10 per cent and even into the 20th Century.” It im­ concept of an Arabian Republic On December 11, in Washington, D. C., the trial of the Com­ more. It hits the young people mediately received the support of was suddenly broadcast and as munist Party under the McCarran Act began. For the first time very heavily as the steep rise in the impoverished masses of people suddenly dropped.” in U.S. history, a political party was brought into criminal court recruitment to the armed forces — not only in Yemen but also in The tentacles of American im­ and placed on trial. Thus, another long step down the road of always a reliable indicator — has neighboring Saudi Arabia, which perialism reach into the most thought control and ideological regimentation was taken by the shown: some 13,000 in the last is ruled by a despot whose main obscure corners of the world to Attorney General. quarter as against 3,000 in the revenue comes from the oil ex­ curb revolutions. Not only are ploitation rights he has granted attempts made to bully and brow­ James J. Tormey, executive secretary of the Gus Hall-Ben- same period a year ago. Even the U.S. monopolists. beat the Cuban Revolution — jamin J. Davis Defense Committee, pointed out Dec. 7 that “the more significant than the general unemployment figures is the The Yemen revolution alerted which is led by self-proclaimed real aim of the McGarran Act is to curb freedom and to silence growing element of the perma­ not only the American oil interests Marxist-Leninists with a clear so­ any opposition to official policy.” nently jobless. but also the British in nearby cialist program — on the pretext This trial is part of the drive of the Kennedy administration The newspapers are full of the Aden, headquarters for their Near that their presence 90 miles from — carried over from previous administrations, both Democratic problem. Stories about local dis­ East empire. The British have been Key West constitutes a danger; but and Republican — to outlaw the Communist Party. tress are becoming a regular known for putting spokes into the intimidation of the same stripe is The drive is further aimed at all manifestations of protest feature. Scare headlines are fre­ wheels of revolutions in that area used against the most primitive quent. The general consensus is for half a century, and this one sort of incipient colonial revolu­ or dissent against Washington’s cold-war policies and, partic­ seems to have been no exception. tion — with a little more initial ularly, at the entire workers’ movement. that the gloss is rubbing off the ‘affluent society.’ Automation, But apparently American inter­ success, perhaps — thousands of The purpose of the drive is to maintain a witch-hunt atmos­ more limited in scope here than vention was more effective. It miles away in Asia. It demon­ phere in which persecution of unpopular political ideas becomes in the U.S., is beginning to pro­ seems that the revolutionary strates that neither nearness to the customary and to establish precedents for subsequent use against duce its toll of technologically un­ government in Yemen under Brig­ U.S. nor even the revolution’s pro­ other sections of the workers’ movement. employed. adier General al-Sallal broadcast claimed program has anything to Differences with the ideas of the Communist Party should In response to pressure, the its intention of creating a “Repub­ do with it. Any rising of the not deter anyone, sincerely concerned with the defense of civil Tory government merely unwinds lic of the Arabian Peninsula,” slaves in the “underdeveloped” measures it had previously taken which would include parts of countries of the world, any revolt liberties, from defending the Communist Party against this at­ Saudi Arabia and other Arab against abject poverty and des­ tack. to control inflation, manipulating the money market and credit sys­ states which are now protectorates, potism is, in the last analysis, For the radical movement this is particularly important. One tem. The reformist leadership of in one form or another, of the oil subject to military action by of the most important traditions this movement should uphold, the Labour Party, which all along trusts. Suddenly, then, U.S. Air Washington. The high and mighty spread, and teach the youth, is that workers must close ranks has confined itself m erely to Force Super Sabre jet fighters rulers of the American citadel in the face of attacks by the capitalist class. The tradition that in demands for various spurs to pro­ and bombers from West Germany proclaim by their actions that the the workers’ movement, regardless of differences, an attack by duction, is beginning to demand an and elsewhere appeared on the status quo is to be protected and the capitalist upon one, is an attack upon all. upward revision of unemployment Saudi Arabia-Yemen border and maintained by military power a U.S. warship put in at the Saudi everywhere in the world. The Hall-Davis Defense Committee is urging all Americans compensation, which has not kept to write, wire or telephone Attorney General Kennedy, asking pace proportionately with rising prices, and various connected so­ him to stop all proceedings under the McCarran Act. We urge cial benefits. our readers to do likewise and to rally to the defense of the civil The industrialists are naturally Four Areas Achieve Quotas liberties of the Communist Party. trying to take advantage of the situation to cut down the power of unionism. The British Ford For Socialist Education Fund Company has been in the van of This will be the next-to-last tion in appreciation of the M ili­ this attempt. After a sudden scoreboard and fund story in the tant’s publishing both the speech ... NYC Newspaper Strike swoop to eliminate militant shop SWP Socialist Education Fund by Castro and that delivered stewards at its Dagenham plant in campaign to raise $15,000. As of before the UN by Dorticos. F.C., (Continued from Page 1) the big-city dailies.” Powers, it London, which has resulted in see­ today the score stands at 75 per Delevan, N.Y., signed his note sipated. Along with this, the pub­ says, “ deliberately set his union’s sawing negotiations between union cent. But despite this seeming lag, “gratefully.” Several other con­ lishers gave the crafts and object demands at an unacceptable high.” officials and management to avoid which is more apparent than real, tributors have thanked the paper lesson in unity. They announced Absent from the Time magazine a showdown strike — already we are confident that all areas for printing the poems by Yevtu­ that it would be their doctrine to piece was the simple truth that authorized — the head of the com­ w ill fu lfill th e ir pledges, and some shenko. E.R.M. of Georgia, also close all the papers if any were the strike was called, not by pany, S ir P atrick Hennessey, has of them have promised to go over made a contribution. We thank all struck. They did exactly this in Powers, but by the workers, in a warned of coming curtailment of the top! The mail this week should of these good friends who prove, the 1953 photo-engravers strike secret-ballot referendum by more operations. Visiting the hard-hit really be heavy. with their money, that they un­ and the 1958 deliverers’ shutdown. than 2,000 to 47. Since the ITC Lancashire area, he threatened There are now four cities in the derstand the problems of a small They were restrained from a city- is widely known for its internal that unless unofficial strikes are 100 per cent category. St. Louis socialist organization engaged in wide shut-down at the time of union democracy and full mem­ curbed by the labor leaders, a new and Detroit joined Chicago and a gigantic task — countering, with the News strike because of an bership participation in union de­ plant under construction near San Diego. the truth, the entire capitalist NLRB examiner’s ruling that this cisions at every level, this calum­ Liverpool w ill be left uncompleted. The response to a letter sent to propaganda brainwashing ma­ was an unfair labor practice. This ny that the strike was due to the There have also been rumors of a limited number of M ilita n t read­ chine. ruling was reversed by the board desire of an ambitious union boss the company concentrating more ers has already brought in a total Even though the fund formally last month just in time for the is seen through by every printer. and more of its operations in Bel­ of $219! ends on December 15, we hope all publishers to use their lockout However, the union’s side, the gium and elsewhere on the Con­ One le tte r from F. and B. C., our friends will keep the money weapon in this strike. truth, is totally absent from this tinent. Minneapolis, was especially wel­ flowing in. There is literally no and virtually every article and Meanwhile, determined picket A militant temper marks the come, not only because it con­ time of the year, or any year, for piece of reportage coming out lines are at the entrances of the attitude of the workers in the tained $20 but because it said: that matter, when contributions to about the strike. eight major daily papers on a face of the pressures now being “ . . . The Militant is doing an ex­ the work of building a socialist so­ The strikers are asking for a round-the-clock basis as the print­ exerted on them. Resentment is cellent job in defending the Cuban ciety in this bastion of capitalism $19 package over the next two ers dug in for a long and difficult mounting and sharp conflicts on Revolution. Keep it up.” Another isn’t welcome and needed. You years, a 35-hour work week (their strike. the in dustrial scene are in the sizable donation was received can contribute to this fund by present work week is 361/4 hours offing. The strikers are determined to from Mc.’s in St. Paul. A friend sending your Truth Dollars to 116 and their original demand was * * * in Chicago sent in her contribu- University Place, New York 3, N.Y. keep up the fight for as long as for a 30-hour week), and im­ Last week five by-elections for it takes in order to win long over­ proved sick leave and vacation parliament took place. Since they due improvements in wages and benefits. were spread over England, the working conditions. They are showing the labor press played them up as “ little Each chapel (shop union) has movement of New York and the a general election.” They resulted Fund Scoreboard set up its own strike or lockout nation the power of the workers in an even greater deflation of the Percent headquarters and under the super­ to “stop the presses” until they City Quota Paid Tory vote than had been expected. vision of chapel committees, all win. They w ill stand firm for one The General $ 300 $ 550 181 The Labour Party took away two workers have been assigned pic­ month, six months or six years. San Diego 250 250 100 of the Tories’ seats, one probably keting and other duties to make Those who know the printers and Chicago 700 700 100 the strike completely effective. their deep affection for their union due to a split in local conservative Detroit 625 625 100 ranks over the Common Market The eight newspapers have 20,- have no doubt of this. St. Louis 75 75 100 000 employes and a total circula­ issue. The slogan under which Connecticut 150 130 87 tion of nearly 6,000.000. Prime Minister Macmillan won the Freedom Songs San Francisco 560 488 87 The strike is having a wide and 1959 elections for his party — Twin Cities 850 700 82 adverse effect on many retail Reviewers agree that the record­ “You never had it so good.” — A llentow n 115 90 78 businesses as December’s busy re­ ing Freedom in the Air, a docu­ sounds today like a rather shabby New Y ork 4,300 3,293 77 joke. ta il season reaches its peak. The mentary produced by the Student Seattle 475 355 75 public is unable to know that it is Nonviolent Co-ordinating Com­ Although the heavy Tory losses Oakland-Berkeley 525 370 70 the publishers who insured a total mittee, is the best album on the enabled the Labour Party to gain Milwaukee 225 159 70 news blackout. Southern Negro freedom move­ in parliamentary representation, Boston 600 367 61 The usual distortion of labor’s ment. It contains “blazing, chant­ there was no tide running in its Newark 125 76 61 position are rife in all other news ing sermons and sweeping gospel favor — it merely lost very little Philadelphia 225 133 60 media. For example: Tim e maga­ tunes as well as sharply turned support compared to the Tories. Los Angeles 4,300 2,500 58 zine’s Dec. 14 issue, in an article, adaptations of pop material to the Indeed, the Liberal Party revival Cleveland 500 328 56 “Strikes for Christmas,” gives the revolution at hand,” and is avail­ showed its continued strength. But Denver 100 27 27 publisher’s position that “Typo­ able for a minimum $4 contribu­ that also is of very lim ited scope. graphers’ Boss Powers . . . is try­ tion from the offices of SNCC, 6 From present indications it looks Totals through ing to make a name for himself Raymond Street, N.W., Atlanta 14, as though the Labour Party will Dec. 10, 1962 $15,000 $11,216 75 with a successful strike against Georgia. regain power at the next elections. Monday, December 17, 1962 THE MILITANT Page Five Negro Workers and the Seniority System

By George Breitman white and Negro conditions can­ the bottom of the seniority list seniority, because for every work­ the prejudices that make it dif­ “In an article entitled “Les­ not be closed, unless fo r a certain and who are the bottom of that er who benefits immediately from ficult for white workers to admit sons fo r W hites on the Negro period the Negro can have “pre­ list because for decades the plants such changes there is another who that the seniority system is unfair Struggle,” which appeared in this ferential treatment” or “special wouldn’t hire them at all?” is h u rt by it. to Negroes. But I want to point paper Nov. 5, I made some ob­ priority” (or pro-Negro “dis­ That’s all I wrote about the 3) Even if changes are possible, out to him, and everybody else, servations about Negro workers crimination,” as I put it). seniority system. I did not, as E.B. I honestly don’t know what that the “opportuneness” of dis­ and the seniority system. Among As an example of this demand puts it, call for “upgrading out of specific changes would be best cussing this problem, and doing comments on that article was a I cited the Urban League’s call turn Negroes at the bottom of the (partly because the whole issue is something about it, no longer de­ letter in the Nov. 26 M ilita n t for a ten-year program of “special union seniority list” or make a rarely discussed). pends solely on the white work­ signed E.B. E.B.’s criticism is consideration” for Negro youth in “proposal to bypass seniority in 4) Maybe instead of changing ers. It now also depends on what based partly on a misunderstand­ the South’s segregated schools the trade unions.” What I did was the seniority system at all ,it Negroes think about it. ing or misreading of what I ac­ and the North’s segregated slums predict that the same logic which would be better to make non­ It’s all very well for radicals to tually wrote. Let me try to clear as the only way of enabling them leads to demands for compensatory seniority changes, such as in the “understand” how deep-seated the that up first. to achieve genuinely equal oppor­ preferential treatment for Negro policy of hiring new workers for prejudices among white workers I sought to present “ some sit­ tunity. Urban League director youth will lead to demands for a certain period. are, to realize that white workers uations that should be approached Whitney M. Young, Jr. recently compensatory preferential treat­ Anyhow, E.B. misunderstood did not originate prejudice and with understanding and imagina­ put it this way: ment for Negro workers. me. I was not advocating specific are themselves victims of it, and tion by white people who sym­ “We must go further than fine I did not say what that pre­ changes in the seniority system, I to be sensitive about the best ways pathize with the struggle for racial impartiality. We must have, in ferential treatment should be — merely referred to it to stress the to help white workers to over­ fact, special consideration if we equality.” The last of these situa­ whether it should be a change in need for white workers to learn come their prejudices. are to compensate for the scars what is happening and to begin tions concerned what I called the the seniority system itself, or But isn’t it also time to “un­ left by 300 years of deprivation, thinking about what to do about demand for pro-Negro “discrimi­ whether it should be some other derstand” that Negroes are justly which actually represented special nation.” changes. I deliberately left that the growing sentiment for “special becoming impatient with all as­ consideration of another type. treatment,” which I consider com­ Until recently, I noted, most point open; I deliberately did not pects of second-class citizenship, Equality for a while, therefore, is Negro groups asked only for try to formulate any concrete way pletely legitimate and timely. and to be equally sensitive to their not enough. We must have better equality and equal opportunity. of compensating Negroes for the * * * justified demand for equality in schools, better teachers, better Lately, however, the feeling has unfairness of the seniority system. I find another thing in E.B.’s this lifetim e? grown that because of past and facilities . . For the following reasons: Young says this is not an letter more disturbing than his All they hear from the govern­ present disabilities real equality is 1) The Negro people are per­ failure to read me right. When I not possible, and the gap between original idea because “after World ment, the liberals and the labor War II veterans were given a ten- fectly capable of formulating their say the seniority system is unfair bureaucrats is, “This is not the point preference in Civil Service own demands to correct the in­ to Negroes, he agrees this is tim e” (th a t is, the opportune exams because they had been out justices of which they have been “valid” (and even says a proposal time). They are fed up to here the victims. I think specific pro­ to change the seniority system, 10 YEARS AGO of the mainstream of American with that approach. The radical life for four years. Certainly those posals on this whole question which I did not make, is “valid” ). movement, which wants to abolish of us who have been out of it for should properly originate w ith But, he adds, “It’s not opportune the whole capitalist system and 300 years are not being unrealistic them, not with me or any other because it would take years of forever wipe out all the forms of IN THE MILITANT when we ask for special consid­ white worker, however sympa­ education to lay the groundwork racist inequality that have been eration.” thetic; and that in due course for even class-conscious, rank- fostered by this system, deserves “The International Red Cross I then wrote that many liberals they w ill. and-file unionists to accept this not to be lumped together with Committee, with world headquar­ would reject this approach, but 2) I am well aware of the dif­ valid idea.” the government, liberals and labor ters in Geneva, Switzerland, has that I could see “its spread to ficulty of making any changes in But is it “opportune” NOW to officials. But it w ill be, unless it censured the U.S.-U.N. military other areas of the Negro strug­ the seniority system. Even when begin to lay the groundwork by learns to see what is happening in command in Korea in connection gle,” meaning non-youth areas: racial factors are absent, much starting to discuss it openly? And the Negro community and to re­ with the massacres of Chinese and “Why can’t it be applied, for ex­ bitterness results whenever de­ if it isn’t opportune now, why not spond to it, as I urged in my Korean prisoners of war by U.S. ample, to Negro workers who are partment-wide seniority is chang­ and when w ill it be? article, with understanding, imag­ and South Korean guards last laid off first because they are at ed to plant-wide or company-wide I know that E.B. does not share ination, sympathy and support. spring on Koje Island. “This sensational fact, which ex­ plodes the lying pretexts given out by U.S. officials for their frightful atrocities against unarmed war prisoners, has been buried by the pro-war capitalist press. The New Y ork Times, w hich boasts the most complete news coverage of any newspaper, published only Against Castro Stand Negro struggle and learn that the rhinestones and pearl diadems, better access to the land; new, only way to get results is through the debutantes from 29 countries modem housing; the elimination two tiny paragraphs on the Red Chapel H ill, N.C. Cross censure as reported in a militant action, what a difference were escorted onto the stage of of illiteracy and racial discrimina­ I am a new subscriber and I Dec. 16 Associated Press dispatch there w ould be! The shackles on the Paris Opera House, where they tion — all by Castro who has kept have been appreciative of your from Geneva. labor — Taft-Hartley, Landrum- were presented to Princess Maria his word to the Cuban people and p rin tin g Dr. Castro’s recent speech, “The censure was made public Griffin and the “right-to-work” Pia D’Orleans Bragance, a des­ w ill not be bought off by Wash­ and your general coverage of the day after the disclosure that laws — would become meaning­ cendant of Emperor Maxmilian of ington. Cuba. another 84 Korean civilian ‘inter­ less statutes. Mexico.” And our Charlotte was So he was compelled by Wash­ From this I have learned new nees,’ formerly classified as pris­ Apropos liberalism and the there! ington, through its elimination of things: namely that Dr. Castro has oners of war, were murdered and Negro, Simple made a poignant People usually think of Detroit the sugar allotment, to turn toward the same ego-centrism and lack 118 othere wounded by machine- and telling point in Langston in term of auto factories and sit- Russia which took up the slack on of awareness of other peoples as gun and automatic-rifle fire from Hughes’ column last week. Part down strikes and union activities. Cuba’s production. does President Kennedy. His U.S. and South Korean troops on of the dialogue between Simple That’s only part of the picture. U.S. forces in Guantanamo are speech uses several of the same Dec. 14 during w hat U.S. A rm y and his anonymous friend ran like The other part is local-girl Char­ likely to start an incident any justifications as does Kennedy’s, press handouts called a ‘riot.’ this: lotte Ford m aking the scene in time which might realize the though for opposite reasons. “This latest act of frightfullness “It is so easy to blame all one’s high society. Really, I’m so over­ warmongers’ desire, as plainly I live literally between Wash­ against war prisoners occured on failures on race,” I said, “ to whine, come at the thought of Detroit evidenced by hot-headed Legion- ington and Cuba, and I am un­ Pongran Island — a rocky speck I can’t do this, I can’t do that be­ being represented at this glittering aires. happy at the prospect of being off the South Korean coast that cause I ’m colored. That, I think, is occasion that I must break off Truly, one is ashamed to call exterminated on the one hand “to the U.S. military have converted one bad habit you have, friend — here and calm myself down. himself an American. save the free world” and on the into a ‘Devil’s Island’ for so-called always bring up race.” Evelyn Sell other hand, “to save the Revolu­ Paul Dennie ‘die-hard Communists’ who have , “I do,” said Simple, “because tion.” A Familiar Story rejected, despite all threats and that is what I am always coming Sold! My four-and-a-half year old San Antonio, Texas brutalities, to say they would ‘for­ face to face with — race . . . You Valley Stream, N.Y. daughter, Anna, is with me just The bullying of Cuba by Wash­ cibly resist’ repatriation to Com­ are about the most UN-NEGRO I would like to receive some now — not a photograph on the ington is not a new story. The munist-ruled North Korea.” — NEGRO I know. You ought to be information on the Socialist Work­ wall, but a living person in the only difference is that this time Dec. 22, 1952. a race leader. White folks would ers Party. I was very much im ­ room w ith me. Should she and I the Marines are conspicuous by love you.” pressed by your literature and by become atomized soon, where w ill their absence. It’s a long, long “I’m a liberal. I’m trying to The Militant. The newspaper was my sympathy for the so-called story of interference into South look on both sides of the question,” recommended to me by a friend “good” of mankind then be? Who American affairs. Wherever there 20 YEARS AGO I said. who I understand already has a w ill be free, and who w ill be fed is any patriotic attempts on the “To do which, you have to subscription and after having read “Government control over the when we are all incinerated? part of some leaders to restore the straddle BOTH sides of the fence. it, I immediately decided to take nation’s principal propaganda in­ I submit that the situation is land to the people, Uncle Sam has Me, I stand on one side and look a four-month subscription. En­ struments is being extended to the more desperate than you seem to interfered. on the other — and all I see over closed please find $1 to cover the motion pictures. This was revealed Now it has come to the point imagine, with your continued sup­ there is white. On my side is me. cost. last week in the news that the where an old Spanish-American port of any one side against an­ Setting on the fence is you.” S.Z. movie version of Hemingway’s other. If you truly believe the war veteran (as is the writer) is “I didn’t build the fence,” I said. not permitted to visit the country novel, For Whom the Bells Toll, United States Government to be “Then tear it down,” said Sim­ Supernaturalism Gaining is being edited by the State De­ mad — which I do — then treat where he spent two years of his ple. youth. After seeing the poverty Cleveland, Ohio partment to fit its policy of friend­ it with the calm and quiet persist­ Sim ple Fan liness and co-operation with Gen­ ence that a doctor treats an insane and misery of Cuba in 1898 and Supernaturalistic institutions in eral Franco and the Spanish patient. Not the anger another in­ Detroit Girl Makes Good ’99, I’m sure I would like to visit America are gaining in prestige Fascists. mate in the same institution might Detroit, Mich. Cuba after her clean-up of cap­ and power due to their defense of “According to the Hollywood Re­ be tempted to exhibit! I have a great deal of local italist exploiters. capitalism via anti-communism. porter and V ariety, movie trade Z.C. pride and I am always happy to Those who availed themselves This development w ill eventually papers, the U.S. State Department hear about a home-town girl mak­ of the opportunity before the result in disaster for our country, forced the picture makers to sub­ Simple Makes a Point ing good in the big world out travel ban have told so well of It should be prevented if it can.' mit the Hemingway movie script New York, N.Y. there. So you can imagine my Cuban liberation from capitalism; Joseph Manlet to Spanish representatives after George Breitman’s article in the delight and civic pride when I Franco had expressed ‘concern’ Dec. 3 issue on the radicalization read in the paper that Miss Char­ over the fact that the movie refers of the Negro struggle and the con­ lotte Ford, daughter of Henry Thought for the Week to the two sides in the Civil War sequent growing rejection of “go- Ford II, made her formal entry "In Asia, Africa and Latin America, the living standards have as ‘loyalists’ and ‘facists.’ Heming­ slow” liberals — both white and into French society at a “glittering largely remained stationary, or have even declined. Throughout the way’s story was anti-fascist but black — is the best explanation international debutantes’ ball last decade, the fall in the price of raw materials, while priming the it now appears that the entire pol­ I ’ve seen of the current upsurge in marking the highlight of the Paris a ffluent societies of the West, has not only cancelled out the sum total itical content w ill be altered so the civil-rights movement. w in te r social season.” of W estem aid, but in many cases has led to an absolute drop in na­ as not to offend the fascists.” — If the trade unions would only The Detroit News described the tional income.” — From a Dec. 2 speech at Johns Hopkins University Dec. 19, 1942. take a leaf out of the book of the scene: “Wearing white gowns and by UN General Secretary U Thant. Page Six THE MILITANT Monday, December- 17, 1962 Fruits of Calif. Labor’s Election “Victory” By Paul Montauk of intense mechanization from the co-operates with the “farmers” in the fields, concentrated their and banks where the “farmers” field to the supermarket counter. importing Mexican nationals to energies on a program of putting hang out], where he had been in OAKLAND, Calif. — During the The major source of unskilled break the field strikes. pressure on the legislature for a trouble due in large part to his course of the recent election, the agricultural labor in the state Nevertheless, this struggle has minimum-wage law. The existence previous advocacy of a $1.25-an- California labor press came out consists of imported Mexican la­ thrown up many militant leaders of the large pool of destitute farm hour base wage fo r all C alifornia with banner headlines calling for borers and some native-born and has at times taken on the labor is a constant threat to the workers, including farm hands. the support of Governor Edmund migrants, many of them Negroes characteristics of local war. The conditions of city workers in or­ “ Asked for comment at the time, G. (“Pat”) Brown, the “working — a large army hauled into the Farm Bureau — the big owners' ganized industries. The minimum- mail’s friend.” Stringing along the Brown disclosed his change of fields when the crop is ready and organization — does not look lig h t­ wage law would help alleviate sidelines in this endeavor was the heart. State AFL-CIO Secretary then thrust back across the border ly upon unionization. In February that situation, though, of course, Pitts was mum. This was to be W est Coast People’s W orld, the or onto the roads when picking it wouldn’t organize the field weekly paper which supports the expected since Pitts and virtually time is over. workers. the entire hierarchy of organized ideas of the Communist Party. It The native whites, while con­ advocated a “vote against Nixon,” Although the vast bulk of Cali­ labor were at the moment dedicat­ tributing to the “stoop labor” fornia agricultural products are ing their full energies to getting Brown’s opponent, and a vote for supply, monopolize the steady, “the progressive forces,” namely shipped across state lines, this Brown elected . . . One thing skilled jobs such as tractor drivers, highly rationalized industry is Brown’s aides insist upon: His “ Pat.” combine operators, irrigators, exempt from the federal mini­ policy change was based on p rin ­ Now the obnoxious N ixon has machinists, checkers, etc., and mum-wage law. Where a mini­ ciple and not on the fact that he been defeated and the labor lead­ thus fare much better than their mum rate does exist, it runs about recently acquired some ranch land ers can rest on their laurels. But Latin brothers. 75 cents an hour or a few pennies in Colusa County and has been what about the “friend of labor,” For some tim e now a part of more depending on shifting con­ telling farm groups, ‘I’m a farmer Brown? Have the workers of the labor movement here has been ditions. There is no such thing as now myself’.” California really achieved a vic­ involved in a most determined, overtime penalty pay. The work­ tory by supporting him instead of There you have it. Brow n is militant struggle to bring this ing hours are from sun up to sun now a man of principle. When it striking out on the road of in­ huge body of workers into the down. A 14-hour day, seven days dependent labor political action? came to capital punishment — to fold of the trade-union movement. a week is not unusual. which he said he was opposed on The major industry of this The struggle has been terribly All of this is justified with the principle — he let Caryl Chess­ fastest growing state is agriculture. weakened by the tendency of the excuse that family farmers should man die in the gas chamber. But The “factories in the field” here unionists to fall into a self- not have to submit to regulations in this case he stands on principle are the highest form of agricul­ defeating policy — centering their — for their hired hands — that and is able to overcome his tender tural rationalization ever develop­ struggle around the demand that are designed for city factory feelings for the labor movement ed. The enormous agricultural Mexican citizens be deported, workers. The reality is that there and the farm laborers who live in concentration and its technique instead of concentrating energies are very few family farms left in pitiful hovels devoid of the most here is a source of wonder to on organizing the Mexican m i­ California’s irrigated valleys. The elementary sanitation and who visitors from other countries. The grants together with the native “farmers” who hire most of the have to have their entire family machines move down pre-planned born. Until that problem is over­ labor are millionaires and often work in order to get a few dollars rows stretching for miles. The long come, California field workers 1961, for example, over 30 union­ absentee corporate owners. together. In this case he stands by “arms” of the machines contain cannot be organized successfully, ists were arrested during a lettuce the principle that the agents of the conveyor belts, part of a system because the government always At the time of the campaign for strike in Imperial Valley. the state minimum-wage law, the Farm Bureau and the Bank of Supreme Court Justice Gold­ proposal met with wide support. America arc the real power in berg, then Secretary of Labor, Governor Brown, “the working­ the Democratic Party — as well flew out to “arbitrate” the dispute man’s friend,” came out support­ as in the Republican. and from his “impartial” efforts ing such a law and favored a com­ Besides, the farm laborers — Xmas Book Bargains came a settlement leaving the mission to seek ways of improving Mexican citizens or migrants w ith­ out residential status — can’t vote THE WEST INDIES AND THEIR REVOLT IN THE SOUTH by Dan union without a contract and back the plight of the oppressed agri­ FUTURE by Daniel Guerin, noted Wakefield. A report on the rising where it had started. The strike cultural workers. anyway. French M a rx is t scholar. Cloth, $3.00. struggle of Southern Negroes. Paper­ THE REVOLT OF THE MIND by back 95c was the high point in a drive by These statements of Brown were It is now reported that, having Tamas Aczel and Tibor Meray. Grip­ BLACK MOSES — THE STORY OF the Agricultural Workers Organiz­ heralded by the labor bureaucrats suppressed this information in ping account of the Hungarian rev­ MARCUS GARVEY by E. D. Cronan. olution of 1956 and the events that Paperback. $1.95. ing Committee (AWOC). as proof that labor had a real and order to corral votes for Brown, brought it about. Cloth, regularly BLACK BOURGEOISIE by E. AFL-CIO President George true friend in the Governor’s the labor leaders are now plan­ $5.00, special price $1.49. F ra n k lin Frazier. Cloth, $4.00; paper­ THE INTERNATIONAL by Alfred back 95c Meany, leery of the sums of Mansion. ning to put the minimum-wage Maund. Noteworthy novel about con­ 100 YEARS OF LYNCHING by money being spent and the polit­ Now that the election is over a issue on the agenda at Sacramento. temporary union officialdom. Cloth, Ralph Ginzburg. Paperback, 75. $5.95. BLACK MUSLIMS IN AMERICA ical repercussions of the drive, leading San Francisco newspaper Now, however, the bill w ill face THE COOL WORLD by Warren by C. Eric Lincoln. Cloth, $4.95; pa­ withdrew official financial support. publishes the following report: the legislature without the gov­ Miller. Remarkable novel about a perback, $1.75. juvenile gang in Harlem by the THE STRANGE CAREER OF JIM A great hue and cry arose as a “Although you didn’t hear ernor’s support. Some victory! author of 90 M iles From Home. CROW by C. Vann Woodward. Cloth, result. Many central labor bodies about it during the campaign, And the People’s World glows Cloth, special price $1.25. Xm as price, $1.19. THADDEUS STEVENS by Ralph THE UN-AMERICANS by Frank J. in the state brought pressure on labor leaders and liberal Demo­ with satisfaction at the election Korngold. Magnificent biography of Donner. A leading civil-liberties at­ him to continue aid to the or­ crats were unhappy with Gov. triumph of the “progressive the great figure of Radical Recon­ torney provides devastating docu­ struction. Only a limited quantity on mentation of the House witch hunt­ ganizing drive. Meany then con­ Brown’s sudden reversal of his forces,” namely “Pat” Brown. hand, so order now. Cloth, regularly ers’ activities. Paperback, 60c. tinued some support but demoted earlier strong stand in favor of a How much better off the Cali­ $6.00, special price $4.00. GRAND INQUEST by Telford Tay­ HISTORY OF THE HAYMARKET lor. A fact-filled companion volume the field organizers and imposed Calif, minimum wage. Brown’s fornia labor movement would be AFFAIR by Henry David. Another to the Un-Amerlcans by a constitu­ a well-tamed hierarchy on the switch, announced two months if labor had broken with the classic, long out of print, now avail­ tional law yer. Paperback, 75c. able. The celebrated frame-up and drive. before his re-election, no doubt Democratic Party and begun to the origin of May Day. Cloth, reg­ BOOKS BY LEON TROTSKY These bureaucrats having failed attracted votes out on the farm wield its political power in its own u larly $6.75, special price $5.50. ISLAND IN THE CITY by Dan Combination Offer: THE STALIN to establish any significant base in [that is, in the rich men’s clubs interests by building a labor party. Wakefield. The Puerto Rican com­ SCHOOL OF FALSIFICATION and munity in New York. Paperback. THE THIRD INTERNATIONAL AFT­ ER L E N IN . Paperback, both fo r $5.00. $1.75. SAM ADAMS — Pioneer In Propa­ TROTSKY’S DIARY’ IN EXILE: ganda — by John C. Miller. Only 1935. Cloth, Xm as price, $3.50. a limited quantity on hand, so order TERRORISM & COMMUNISM. A now. Cloth, reg ularly $7.50, special classic work of Marxist theory, out of print for three decades. Paperback. ...The Revolt in Portuguese Angola price $6.00. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION by $1.95. WHITHER FRANCE. The French A . M athiez. Cloth. $10.00. (Continued from Page 1) Intoxicated with their speedy rich resources of these territories THE GREAT TRADITION IN ENG- social crisis in the mid-1930’s an al­ GLISH LITERATURE from Shake­ yzed. Paperback, Xm as price $1.45. throwing everything it can behind accumulation of wealth and now — coal, iron, oil, manganese, wol­ WHERE IS BRITAIN GOING? An speare to Jane Austen by Annette T. Portuguese colonialism. challenged by France and Britain, fram, bauxite, uranium, diamonds, Rubinstein. Paper, $1.95. analysis of the British general strike FIVE FAMILIES by Oscar Lewis. of 1926 and the perspectives of Bri­ The Salazarist rulers of Por­ the “explorers” vigorously en­ gold and other precious metals as tish im perialism . Paperback. $1.50. Paper, $1.95. tugal are not normal people: they trenched their positions by means well as rich soil for agriculture BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS arc more like a gang of pirates of setting up trading posts on the and livestock breeding — remain O N C U B A BY JAMES P. CANNON with a 16 th Century mentality coast of Southwest Africa. After in the hands of imperialism and M-26: BIOGRAPHY OF A REVOLU­ FIRST TEN YEARS OF AMERI­ who happen to exist in the 20th an epoch of difficulties arising the Africans have no control over TION by Robert Taber. Cloth, reg­ CAN COMMUNISM. Cloth. S6.00. century and remain totally from differences with Spain, Hol­ them. u la rly $4.95, special price $3.00. THE HISTORY OF AMERICAN THE TRUTH ABOUT CUBA by T R O T S K Y IS M . Cloth, $2.75: paper­ ignorant of the world around them. land, Britain, France, Belgium and “Angola is described by Krupp Joseph Hansen. Pam phlet, 25c. back special price $1.50. They cling to an outworn mish­ Germany over spoliation of the THE THEORY OF THE CUBAN THE STRUGGLE FOR A PROLE­ sources as ‘the greatest African REVOLUTION by Joseph Hansen. T A R IA N P A R T Y . Cloth. $2.75. mash of “racial superiority over continent, Portugal’s “ legal” rights treasure house outside the Con­ Pam phlet, 25c. SOCIALISM ON TRIAL. Paperback, Africans” and the view that they over her “possessions” were not IN DEFENSE OF THE CUBAN 50c. go,’ ” wrote the Johannesburg REVOLUTION by Joseph Hansen SOCIALISM & DEMOCRACY. Pa­ are commissioned by God to civil­ fully established until the latter Star on May 5, 1962. Pam phlet, 25c. perback, 15c. ize Africa. But behind this facade part of the 19th century. HOW CUBA UPROOTED RACE Angolan production is chiefly DISCRIMINATION by Harry Ring. MARXIST CLASSICS of holiness they conduct ruthless In 1880 full-scale occupation of agrarian, although there is also Pamphlet 15c. exploitation both at home and in COMBINATION OFFER OF FIDEL FOUNDATIONS OF CHRISTIAN­ Angola was begun in defiance of exploitation of mineral resources. C A S T R O ’S SPEECHES—A ll for $3.00 ITY by Karl Kautsky. Cloth, regular­ the colonies. the wishes of its people, and de­ The Portuguese have geared the History Will Absolve Me! ly $3.00, Xm as price $2.00. Oct. 16, 1953 $1.00 LETTERS TO AMERICANS by In metropolitan Portugal and in spite constant rebellion, Portugal's Angolan economy to the sole aim To The Children M a rx & Engels. Paperback, $1.85. its “overseas provinces” (as Sala­ “mission” of civilizing the Af­ of extracting raw materials, and Sept. 14. 1960 .25 ECONOMIC AND PHILOSOPHIC On Unemployment MANUSCRIPTS OF 1844 by Marx. zar calls the colonies), every ves­ ricans went ahead. Under the this method applies to all her Feb. 11, 1961 .25 Cloth. $1.50. tige of civil rights is trampled terms of the alliance with Por­ other colonies. Cuba’s Socialist Destiny KARL MARX by Franz Mehring. July 26, 1961 .25 The definitive biography. Paperback, upon, but in the colonies bayonets tugal, dating from 1383 and after­ But since Portugal herself is a United Nations Speech $2.95. and torture enforce Portuguese wards amplified, Britain protected semi-colony exploited by British Sept. 26. 1961 .25 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE On Marxism-Leninism MONIST VIEW OF HISTORY by domination. In Portugal itself the her semi-colony from the other and other foreign monopolies, she Dec. 2. 1961 1.00 George Plekhanov. Cloth, Xmas price people have the lowest standard imperialist powers — with the is not the only power interested The Revolution Must Be a $1.95. School of Unfettered THE CIVIL WAR IN THE U.S. of living in Europe. purpose of better exploiting both in her colonies. Apart from her Thought M a r. 13, 1962 .15 by M a rx & Engels. Paperback, $1.95. The Portuguese were the first Portugal and Africa. Fidel Castro Denounces THOMAS MORE & HIS UTOPIA own vested interests, she also Bureuacracy and Sectarian­ by K a rl K autsky. Cloth, $3.95. Europeans to step on African soil, Finally, the Berlin Conference plays the role of intermediary, a ism M ar. 26. 1962 .35 COMMUNISM IN CENTRAL EU­ ROPE IN THE TIME OF THE RE­ and their so-called discovery of of 1885 sealed and confirmed the kind of ground landlord, conced­ CIVIL RIGHTS AND FORMATION by Karl Kautsky. Cloth, Africa was a lucrative one. They rights of all the European colon­ ing the right to foreign companies $4.95. CIVIL LIBERTIES THE CONDITION OF THE WORK­ subtly penetrated the Congo from izers to their various spheres of to exploit her colonies and draw­ NEGROES ON THE MARCH by ING CLASS IN ENGLAND by Engels. 1483 onwards, and under cover of influence in Africa. Portugal, ing a tribute from the transaction. Now back in print. Cloth, reduced Daniel Guerin. A Frenchman’s report evangelizing African chiefs — under British protection, emerged Even now American companies of the American Negro struggle, to $1.95. based on an extensive tour of the (Include 15c postage for hard-cover regarded as “assimilation” to from the deal with an area of over too have penetrated Angola, fi­ South. Cloth. $1.00; paperback, 50c. books, 10c for paperbacks.) white civilization — the Por­ three-quarters of a million square nancing hydroelectric stations, tuguese immediately embarked miles of the African continent: the ports and highways. For Orders or Catalogue upon trade in slaves, or “black colonies of Angola on the west So a veritable stranglehold is PIONEER PUBLISHERS ivory.” Hundreds of thousands of coast and Mozambique on the east imposed on the Angolan people by Africans were uprooted from their coast. world imperialism. It is thus not 116 University Place, New York 3, N. Y. agricultural existence and trans­ Today, this area accounts for surprising that NATO arms are ported to the West Indies, South eleven million people living in the used in Portugal’s genocidal cam­ America and later North America. most degraded conditions. The paign of repression. Monday, December 17, 1962 THE MILITANT Page Seven A Soviet Novel on Stalin's Prison Camps

B y George Saunders chev himself took responsibility appear books which in themselves At the instigation of the Soviet for having it printed in full. To are more important than any government a new literary de- this is attributed the wide pub­ bright new author. This is because Stalinization drive was recently licity given by Soviet news media of the effect such books have on opened. A New York Times article to the book. For instance, it is what will be written after them. of Nov. 29 on the subject points being published in the English They appear, not by accident, but to the link between a poem by language paper, Moscow News. because a developing process calls Yevgeny Yevtushenko, a short At this writing the novel was them forth. They are needed and novel by A. Solzhenitsyn on Sta­ not available here, but the Nov. 22 anticipated by the reading public, lin’s concentration camps and a Literaturnaya Gazeta contains a After the appearance of such a play, The W ard, by Samuil Alyo­ lengthy review with interesting book, the quality of the literature shin, which scathingly attacks a comment on the work. From it we as a whole changes, not because current ‘neo-Stalinist’ party func­ learn that Solzhenitsyn, a new that particular theme is going to tionary. In the as-yet-unpublished name in literature, and now a be exhausted, but because a new closing speech to the recent Cen­ school teacher in Ryazan, was a level of discourse between author tral Committee plenum Soviet World War II Red Army officer and public has been reached. The Premier Khrushchev is reported when he was removed to prison significance of this novel, says the to have taken personal respon­ camp. reviewer, lies not in the facts it sibility for publication of the first The novel recounts a day in the reveals. These have been generally two works. Top Soviet officials life of the inmates of one of known since the 20th Congress. attended a select pre-opening per­ Stalin’s “special camps.”' One But it marks the arrival of a time formance of the play, a clear token prisoner, a naval captain, new to of “thinking over,” of delving in- of governmental support for its the camp, still cries out naively, to causes. message. SOVIET POET Yevgeny Yevtushenko (center) talks with Amer­ “You don’t have the right. You’re To the question whether it is These three works are the most ican newsmen at Helsinki Youth Festival. not Soviet people. You’re not worthwhile to probe old wounds, prominent in a recent outpouring communists.” A nother had escaped the reviewer replies: “A wound of literary attack on Stalin, his era York Times myopically dismissed not to let foreign impressions three times from Buchenwald but which is still bleeding must be and present advocates of that as mere patriotic pieces.) make him indifferent. is unable to escape from Stalin’s healed.” Truth is the only treat­ era’s harsh practices. Let us look One of these, entitled Fears, camp. One has been a prisoner ment. The Stalin cult fostered a “Amidst hard-working families’ in greater detail at the content gives an unsparing picture of the for 21 years (the story is laid in psychology which in turn rein­ daily cares, and significance of this literature, terror of the Stalin years, when 1951). forced Stalin’s rule. The rational- amidst someone’s well-fed two- particularly at some of Yevtu­ fears attended at the palace “of The hero, Ivan Denisovich, was ization went something like, “ If he facedness, be courageous! shenko’s recent poetry and Solzhe­ the triumphant lie,” — fear of the taken from the front in 1943. does it, there must be some higher I f in Russia something bad exists nitsyn’s novel. nocturnal knock on the door, the While one might expect him to sense to it . . . We forced ourselves don’t leave it to Uncle Sam — hate “the forced, debasing and Stalin’s Heirs, which was trans­ ever-present fear of being de­ to believe, not the plain facts, but set it straight yourself!” sometimes senseless labor,” he lated in this newspaper’s last issue, nounced to the police and the him .” surprisingly maintains an attitude and The Fate of Names, which was consequent fear of talking with The theme that the truth should Such self-imposed blindness of responsibility in his work. discussed in the accompanying ar­ anyone, even one’s intimates. be told, no m atter how hard, is cannot be permitted in the future, “Having experienced everything,” ticle, are not Yevtushenko’s only The poem closes by listin g con­ very characteristic for the spokes­ the reviewer asserts. To root but says the reviewer, “these people contributions to the anti-Stalin temporary fears — of pompous men of the post-Stalin ferment in the remnants of this psychology preserved a stern goodness and literary wave. As early as last speechifying, of debasing true Soviet intellectual life. The con­ of subservience is not an easy or respect for the human individual, Ju ly 16 Literaturnaya Gazeta pub­ ideas with falsehood. These are cept includes the idea of freedom quickly done job. In this work, an amazing tact and a rare virtue lished two of his poems on this clearly the fears of a bureaucrat of discussion as well as freedom Soviet literature, by telling the considering their conditions of same theme. before an increasingly aroused of subject and style in artistic people the truth, should play a life.” As was often true of revolu­ The first, Morning City, recalls public. matters. This demand for truth at tremendous role. tionaries in Tsarist days, these the Stalin days with their sudden present coincides with the regime’s The reviewer, a young writer Another poem in Komsomolska­ political “criminals” arc generally arrests, house searches, informers desire to extend the de-Staliniza- who, like Yevtushenko, has had ya Pravda bears the title, Intim ate of a higher moral and intellectual and denunciations. It closes w ith tion drive. Anti-Stalin literature his share of controversy, seems to L yric, and apologizes for the poet’s caliber than the men guarding the stanza: plays an obvious role in an as be setting a task for the literature not writing lyrics of love and na­ yet unclarified Kremlin political them. of tru th -te llin g w hich goes beyond This city— it does not have any ture, explaining that “struggle struggle. But the free-speech de­ The novel gives an interesting official desires — that is to nur­ doubts about itself. against any untruth” is for him mand goes beyond narrow con­ analysis of the mechanism behind ture consciously a habit of inde­ It w ill not let the gloomy shades the most “intimate lyric.” siderations of o fficia l needs, as the the close and ruthless guard sys­ pendent th in kin g in the masses be resurrected. I hale it when they eulogize and sentiments expressed in these tem. Guards were apparently se­ which will enable and encourage Deathless in it w ill be the mem­ blabber, poems suggest. The truth about lected from the less-educated, them to question the leadership. orable year, ’17. befouling Leninism with Soviet life should be stated. And backward sectors of the populace. When this reviewer reminds his Never again in it w ill be the rhetoric. if it is to stir the Soviet people They were kept underfed to make readers that today’s shortages and year, ’37. Lenin — that’s my friend most against privilege and power, still them harsher. And they lived in shortcomings have their roots in The poem bases its optim ism on intim ate the truth must out. fear of the punishment they would the years of “what is now called a picture of thoughtful, confident and I w ill not let him be The truth of conditions in Sta­ incur if a prisoner should escape: the personality cult,” we can see workers, professionals and youth befouled. lin’s concentration camps is de­ “A man was dearer than gold. If how the brutal truth about the tailed in A Day in the Life of Ivan a head was missing behind the Stalin era — such as told in arguing and discussing as they Another poem in the youth pa­ Denisovich. It is said that Khrush­ wire, you had to make up for him Solzhenitsyn’s novel —- leads both travel to work. They are “ironical per is addressed to José Eche­ with your own head.” author and public in a direct line and self-assured,” while those varria, Cuban revolutionary mar­ chev revealed in his closing speech to the Central Committee plenum The reviewer’s comment on the toward ever closer scrutiny of and “who have grown accustomed to tyr. It was about a falsification that some top officials, who read novel’s political significance could challenge to the run of things only cowardice and faking” are of Echevarria’s last testament at this novel before publication, be paraphrased as follows: Now today. disconcerted. a commemorative ceremony last wanted to cut parts of it. Khrush- and then in Soviet literature there [Second of a series] The newspaper of the Young year in Havana, that Fidel Castro Communists, Komsomolskaya made his memorable speech, The Pravda, on Oct. 21 devoted its Revolution Must Be a School of whole back page to poems by Unfettered Thought [Printed in Yevtushenko (which the New full in the April 2 M ilita n t, now It Was Reported in the Press available as a pamphlet from Pio­ neer Publishers], Yevtushenko, High Spirits on Capitol Hill — and youth leader Baldur von selling imports from “Communist” who knows and strongly approves “ Washington year after year has Shirach are s till prisoners. Hess is countries. According to the Asso­ of Castro’s drive against “Esca- the largest per capita whiskey ciated Press the city fathers say The First 10 Years Of lantism,” is certainly familiar serving a life term, Speer and von consumption of any major city in they have received more than lOD w ith this speech. American Communism the nation — the recent range was Shirach 20 years each. The pris­ letters from across the country on Yevtushenko describes Eche­ between five and seven gallons a on . . . costs $60,000 annually to their action, with but one of them varria as a youth living under a year per person, which, if con­ maintain. The city of West Berlin critical. They announce that the Report of a Participant government of lies, who after seiz­ sumed by local residents, would foot the bill. There have been com­ rest hail the ordinance as “ad­ ing a radio station, dies for the have even the kiddies going to plaints about the high cost of mirable, inspiring, terrific, pro- sake of “three minutes of truth.” school on the bleery side.” — Mer- maintaining the prison for three American and the best news ever By James P. Cannon In closing, the poet addresses the rimam Smith in the Dec. 6 New convicts but the four powers have to come out of the South.”' youth of the world, urging: “When York World-Telegram. been unable to agree on what to The author is a founder of American the lie rules any country, when Complexities of High Finance •— do with the prisoners.” Trotskyism and the only living top they blabber ceaselessly in the Socialized Medicine, Anyone? — “TOKYO, Dec. 1 (AP) — Coun­ leader of the early years of the U.S. press . . . go to your death, fo r­ The nation’s medical b ill was $21.1 Free-World Report — “ A n as­ terfeit 1,000-yen notes that have Communist Party who has not re­ getting ease and com fort, but billion in 1961, according to the sistant secretary of state urged turned up in the last year are pudiated communism. speak the truth — if only for three Social Security Administration. businessmen and industrialists worth more than the genuine bills m inutes!” This represents an increase of yesterday to make foreign invest­ now. In an effort to trace the $1.3 billion over the previous year The book contains: The last poem from the Oct. 21 ments and said for the first time counterfeit money’s origin, the po­ Komsomolskaya Pravda I have and averages $116.60 fo r each per­ the federal government can pro­ lice have offered a 10,000 yen Sketches of Foster, Ruthenberg, son in the country. Of this amount space to discuss is You A re Rus­ vide guarantees on such invest­ ($27.78) reward for each bogus Browder, Lovestone and others, as only 28.3 per cent was covered by sia. In it the poet describes his ments. In an interview, Seymour 1,000-yen note turned in. The well as of leading figures in the Com­ insurance benefits. feelings on returning home after M. Peyser . . . said: ‘We can help owners w ill be questioned bn how munist International. extensive tours abroad where, he American companies solve their they got the notes.” What We Fought For — The fo l­ problems abroad, political risks for Essays on th e In d u s tria l W o rke rs says, he acted as “ representative lowing is from a Dec. 2 AP Berlin Tough Situation — A Buenos and propagandist” for Russia, the example, by guaranteeing against of the World, Eugene V. Debs and dispatch: “Thirty-two American expropriation of their property.’ .. Aires correspondent reported in “enigmatic land” which sheltered the socialist movement of his time, 'soldiers relieved 32 Russian sol­ He also pointed out that when he the Dec. 10 National Observer infant communism with her bul­ diers Saturday as guards at Span- that Argentina faces “frightening and the effect of the Russian Rev­ let-ridden greatcoat. He cautions urges American businessmen to dau war crimes prison . . . Guard invest overseas ‘I talk profit, not problems” including “a severe re­ olution on the U. S. Negro struggle. himself that when speaking of his duty at the prison rotates on a an appeal to their humanitarian cession and a potentially disastrous country he should not lie, for “ any monthly basis among the United instincts.’ ” From a Dec. 1 AP dis­ economic situation;” In an ef­ 344 pp. — $6.00 falsity of yours they may con­ States, Britain, France and the patch. fort to indicate how bad things are, sider communism’s.” In the Soviet Soviet Union. The prison was he quotes a junior airline execu­ Union, he states, “some things do Order through: placed under four-power control Greatest Since Richmond Took tive: “We don’t have parties any not exist in plenty and of other for the detention of Nazi leaders Grant — Polish ham is going to more, because nobody can afford Pioneer Publishers things there are shortages. . . . convicted in the 1946 Nuremberg be expensive in Columbus, Ga., to give them. And besides, I don’t (there) life is stern and compli­ war crimes trial. Only former what with the adoption by the city want to go to a party and listen to 116 University Place, N. Y. 3, N. Y. cated, and many questions not yet deputy fuehrer R udolf Hess, Nazi commission of an ordinance levy­ other, people’s money troubles — answered.” But he reminds himself armaments minister Albert Speer ing a $1,000 license , fee on stores I’ve got troubles of my own.” Page Eight Monday, December 17, 1962 THE MILITANT Professor in Michigan Fired There M ay Be Demand Federal For Speaking Truth on Cuba A Slight Delay Protection From Dr. Samuel Shapiro, a noted At Shelter Door authority on Cuba and Latin Have you ever noticed signs in America and an outspoken critic office or other commercial build­ of U. S. policy in these areas, has ings announcing that the structure Racist Violence been fired as assistant professor has been designated as a civil- W ASHINGTO N, D. C. Dec. 10 — chicken feed valued at $25 were and head of the history depart­ defense shelter? Did you ever ment of Michigan State Univer- The Nonviolent Action Group, a allegedly stolen from the Forrest wonder what those signs really student anti-segregation organiza­ County Cooperative Warehouse. sity-Oakland. mean? Some indication was given MSU-O Associate Dean George tion affiliated with the Student Another Negro, Johnny Lee Ro­ by a story in the Nov. 28 Cleve­ Nonviolent Co-ordinating Com­ berts, 19, confessed the theft, but Matthews, Prof. Shapiro’s imme­ land Plain Dealer. diate superior, claimed there were mittee, picketed the White House after claiming that Kennard had It seems that the operators of “academic” reasons for Shapiro’s today to protest “the absence of engineered the robbery, was freed the Schofield Building made news dismissal, although he added, “I First Amendment rights in Al­ on five years’ probation. Kennard, when they rejected a Civil De­ cannot give the academic reasons bany, Ga. ” however, was convicted as an “ ac­ fense plan to designate the build­ for our judgment. They are in­ Slater King, executive vice pres­ cessory” and was sentenced to ing as a public fallout shelter. The ternal considerations, which are ident of the Albany Movement — seven years. He is still behind bars rejection is believed to be the first private. ” which has been leading the anti­ at Parchman State Penitentiary. received by the CD in the Cleve­ He conceded, however, that Prof. segregation protests that began in The Student Nonviolent Co­ Shapiro “would have had a bet­ land area. the southwest Georgia city over a ordinating Committee has asked ter chance” of having his univer­ According to John J. Pokorny, year ago and have resulted in over student groups, human-relations sity contract renewed if he had local Civil Defense co-ordinator, 1, 000 arrests — said last week that and civil-rights organizations and w ritte n and spoken less on the the Schofield Building was sur­ “another wave of persecution has individuals to send letters and te- veyed for shelter purposes by an begun. ” controversial matters of Cuba and Dr. Samuel Shapiro Latin America. architectural firm under contract King wired Attorney General Prof. Shapiro himself said that to the army. Robert F. Kennedy Dec. 5 for he had been informed by a top It is a fact that outside pres­ The architects decided the build­ federal protection for a Negro MSU-O official that “if I hadn’t sure has been brought to bear and ing could shelter 9, 050 people in youth active in the Albany Move­ published anything on Latin Dr. Shapiro had been subjected to an emergency and recommended ment who was jailed on trumped America I would have had a bet­ smear attacks since he visited storage of 200 tons of survival up charges of sodomy. Albany ter chance to be retained. ” Cuba in January 1961 and publicly food for those seeking shelter. Movement officials said they called for fairer and more truth­ “emphatically” do not believe the Built Up Department ful reporting of what was actually Owners Object charges against Luther Wood­ He told a correspondent of the happening in Cuba. He sued for In the letter of rejection, the all, 17, who was arrested earlier Detroit News on Dec. 7 in Iowa damages against a Lansing TV operators of the 15-story Schofield this month and held on $2,500 City, la., where he had addressed station for an attack by its com­ building noted that not more than cash bond. Woodall has been a group at the State University of mentator on him. The suit is still 1, 000 persons an hour could enter arrested six times before for his Iowa on foreign policy, that he pending. the lobby of the building. This anti-segregation activities. He led was “completely surprised” by the would mean that it would take a a demonstration through down­ university’s action. Visited Cuba good nine hours for the designated town Albany Oct. 11 wearing a “On the subject of my work, my Dr. Shapiro has visited Cuba 9, 050 persons to get into the build­ T-shirt on which was printed: conscience is clear, ” Prof. Shapiro several times in the past three ing when the bomb hits. “Don’t Shop Downtown or Mid­ said. “I was the first American years, most recently in August. He Further, the owners objected, town. ” He was jailed and beaten history teacher at the school and has w ritte n articles fo r such pub­ 200 tons supplies spread over 15 by police at that time. Albany built up the department myself, lications as the London Economist, floors would mean 13 tons per Negroes have been boycotting ordered library books and taught Columbia University Forum, floor and would occupy space now downtown stores as part of their Atty. Gen. Kennedy a ll the classes. How can anyone American Heritage Journal of bringing in rent of about $7, 500 a protest against segregation. say I’m not interested in my sub­ Inter-American Studies, The Na­ year. The Atlanta-based Student Non­ legrams of protest to their con­ je ct! " tion, The New Republic, the Re­ violent Co-ordinating Committee Admits Problem gressmen and to the President. This last question was a re­ porter and Commentary. He has has begun a campaign to free Students at Tougaloo Southern sponse to the claim of an unnamed spoken in a courageous and truth­ Civil Defense Co-ordinator Po­ Clyde Kennard, a 30-year old Ne­ Christian College in Mississippi top university spokesman who told ful manner on Cuba and Latin korny conceded that spending nine gro, currently serving a seven-year are preparing a petition for Ken- the Detroit News “privately” that America before many different hours to get the people through jail term in Mississippi as a result nard’s release. SNCC Chairman, Dr. Shapiro was hired as an groups and forum s where he has the revolving door could be a of attempting to enter one of the Charles McDew, has urged that American history teacher but it been invited to give his author­ problem. But he pointed out that state’s a ll-w h ite colleges. letters also be sent to Kennard at was felt that his interest had itative, first-hand reports on what there should be no apprehension Kennard, a native of Hatties­ the State Penitentiary in Parch­ turned to Latin and South Amer­ he had learned and observed on about all those people being jam­ burg, became the first of his race man, Mississippi, and that these be ica. ” his trips. med into the basement. He noted to apply, in 1958, to Mississippi by registered mail to ensure their that each flo o r except the second Southern College. This brought a receipt. and top, would be used for shelter series of economic and police re­ “Kennard’s imprisionment is a purposes. Apparently the method prisals against him. national shame, ” McDew said, of taking shelter once you get in­ After his second visit to the “and every American should work side is to stay away from the white college in 1959, Kennard toward his release. It is comfort­ windows. was arrested for “reckless driv­ ing to think of the might of the Pokorny also agreed that storing ing, ” and was then confronted at Federal Government protecting 200 tons of supplies would be a the police station with five James Meredith at Ole Miss, but problem. But, he suggested, whiskey bottles which police we must not forget Clyde Ken­ “Maybe we can get additional claimed to have discovered in his nard, like Meredith a veteran, storage space near the Schofield car. He was found guilty of pos­ whose reward for trying to enjoy Building. ” sessing illegal whiskey and fined an education in his home state is Why not? And each morning the $600 and costs. The resultant pub­ a seven-year prison term on a survivors in the Schofield Building licity spurred the campaign of trumped-up charge. ” From Minnesota comes the fol­ the campaign. If New Yorkers can could draw lots to see who’s going economic reprisals against him. lowing message: “We, i. e., the go out in 20 degree weather to The Student Nonviolent Co­ out to bring back breakfast. Or His credit was cut off and he soon ordinating Committee, which is Twin Cities, also finished our sell The Militant then surely re­ maybe it could be stored in nearby found it increasingly difficult to conducting a voter-registration quota on time and in full. Your sidents of the “ sunshine state” can luncheonettes that feature delivery buy feed for his poultry. drive among Negroes in Mississip­ comment in the Dec. 3 M ilita n t brave the elements. service. On Sept. 5, 1960, five sacks of that only Bloomington, Detroit, Los Angeles, San Francisco, pi, has recently moved its head­ Baltimore, Connecticut, Boston and Denver, Akron-Cleveland, Seattle quarters to 6 Raymond Street, New York had finished on time and Philadelphia — there are N. W., A tlanta 14, Ga. is erroneous. Our quota was ful­ new friends in each of your cities W inter Issue filled on Wednesday night, Nov. just waiting for a paper like The CINCINNATI, Ohio — Opera­ 28; I mailed subs and check the M ilita n t. Don’t keep them waiting. tion Freedom, which has assisted next day which was still two days Negroes, suffering economic re­ early. ” Thanks to this protest, and early.Area ” Thanks toQuota this protest, Subs andPct International Socialist Review taliation for registering to vote in a justified protest it is, we now a Bloomington justified protest 10 it is, we39 now 390 Tennessee, is planning to extend have the opportunity to express haveD etroit the opportunity100 to157 express 157 its operations to the Mississippi our gratitude to all those who ourBaltim gratitude ore to 10 all those14 who 140 Delta region. The Delta area, have done such a wonderful job haveConnecticut done such a 50 wonderful39 job133 CONTENTS which adjoins one of the Tennes­ an this campaign for 1, 200 new onNew this York campaign 150 for 1,177 200 new118 see counties, is the cotton-growing M ilita n t readers. MChicago ilita n t readers. 90 105 117 U . S. — Cuba Crisis: alluvial plain in Northwestern When we first started this drive WhenSan we Diego first started30 this 35drive 117 Mississippi formed by the wander­ we knew it would require the ef­ weBoston knew it would 25require 28 the ef­112 ings of the Mississippi River be­ The Week of the Brink ...... by Farrell Dobbs forts of many people. Those who fortsTwin of Cities many people.100 Those110 who 110 tween Memphis and Vicksburg. Case History of Guantanamo ...... by Henry Gitano accepted quotas also realized it acceptedOakland- quotas also realized it Oxford, scene of the riots at the would mean a lot of energy, time wouldBerkeley mean a lot of75 energy,81 time108 Fidelismo and Marxism in Latin America ...... by Luis Vitale University of Mississippi, lies on and footwork. It is to their credit andM ilw footwork. aukee It is25 to their24 credit 96 the eastern edge of the Delta, and that they set their own goals and thatSt. they Louis set their 10 own goals9 and 90 American Labor — Fact and Fiction ...... by A r t Preis the vast plantation of U. S. Senatori then fulfilled them. We think the thenNewark fulfilled them.15 We think11 the73 Unionism and its Critics ...... by Milton Alvin James O. Eastland is in the heart above message fro m the T w in aboveSan Francisco message fro75 m the42 T w in 56 of the region, south of Ruleville Cities is an example of the spirit CitiesPhiladelphia is an example75 of the35 spirit47 Review of James P. Cannon’s "The First Ten Years of in Sunflower County. shown throughout this subscrip­ shownA kro n throughout - this subscrip­ American Communism" ...... by Carl Feingold Thousands of Negroes there, as tion drive. tion Cleveland drive. 55 25 33 a result of the voter-registration Let us at this point pay our re­ LetLos us Angelesat this point150 pay our45 re­ 30 Send 35 cents for a copy drives, have been denied credit or spects to San Diego which this spectsSeattle to San Diego75 which 18 this24 surplus food, driven off the land, week made its quota and a little weekDenver made its quota50 and a8 little16 International Socialist Review or have been shot at and arrested over. Since the sub drive has been over.General Since the sub30 drive has 60 been200 on trumped-up charges. A news 116 University Place, extended through December we extended through December we blackout on these events has added hope that the other cities on the hopeTotal that through the other cities on the New Yorlc 3, N. Y. to the hardship of the Negroes in West Coast will get to work on WestDec. Coast 11 w ill 1, 200get to1, 063w o rk 89% on the 18-county area.