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Water Demand, Use and Hydraulic Infrastructure

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Water Demand, Use and Hydraulic Infrastructure CHAPTER 7 WATER DEMAND, USE AND HYDRAULIC INFRASTRUCTURE Nile Basin Water Resources Atlas / 169 KEY MESSAGES Ethiopia (18%). The topography and reservoirs within the Nile of the Nile provides opportuni- basin is estimated at 17.6 BCM. ties for power generation, espe- Due to the size of the reservoir cially Ethiopia. Hydropower is surface area and the climate, the a major water user in the Nile, evaporation from the High Aswan relying on water passing through Dam is the highest. turbines to generate electricity. Most power plants within the Despite the power deficits in the Nile are run of the river. However Nile Partner states, power trade water can be consumed via seep- is low, and only restricted to lim- age and evaporation from the ited exchange (Ethiopia-Sudan; reservoirs created for hydropow- Kenya-Uganda; Uganda-Rwan- er facilities. Factors determining da and Rwanda-DRC-Burundi. Photo: istock Photo: the amount of consumed water The NBI in collaboration with Agriculture is a major livelihood major limiting factor for agricul- – climate, reservoir design and the Eastern African Power Pool strategy in the Nile Basin, sus- tural development in the basin. allocations to other uses – are (EAPPP) promotes regional taining tens of millions of people. Productivity is highly influenced highly site-specific and variable. transmission interconnection. It provides occupations for more by spatial variations of rainfall in The regional interconnection than 75% of the total labour the rain-fed system while in the The net evaporation from dams backbone under development is force and contributes to one- irrigated areas scheme manage- third of the GDP in the basin. An ment is the main determining estimated 5.4 million hectares factor in the productivity varia- of land is under irrigation ba- tion sin-wide, where over 97% of this area is in Egypt and Sudan. The Energy is vital to the future actual area cultivated on aver- growth of the Nile Basin riparian age is approximately 6.4 million states. The per capita energy hectares. The total estimated consumption in the Nile riparian annual irrigation water demand states, except Egypt, is below for irrigation is approximately 85 the requirements for rural supply BCM; the actual basin-wide with- in sub Saharan Africa (250kWh/ drawal of water from the Nile for capita/year) which calls for irrigation is estimated as 82.2 increased production. Hydro- BCM. In few irrigation schemes, electric power is key in meeting due to mainly lack of sufficient the energy deficit in the partner water storage, all the irrigation states. The current installed ca- water requirements are not met. pacity of hydropower on the Nile Water scarcity in terms of both is estimated at 5660MW of which physical water scarcity and eco- 40% is generated in Egypt. This nomic water scarcity remains the is followed by Sudan (28%) and istock photo: 170 / Nile Basin Water Resources Atlas photo: istock photo: expected to add more than 4600 The per capita water availability torrential rain followed by a long fold to five to six-fold during the circuit kilometers of new trans- among the Nile riparian states is dry season which requires the same period. mission lines at various voltage decreasing, due to rapid popula- storage of water. Perhaps most levels in the riparian states of tion growth, urbanization and in- difficult of all is a combination of Although fisheries are usually non Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanza- adequate investment of riparian extreme seasonality (intra-annu- consumptive users of water, they nia, Rwanda, Burundi, DRC, South states in hydraulic infrastructure al) and variability (inter-annual) require particular quantities and Sudan, and Djibouti (outside NBI). over the last four decades. The – characteristics of many of the seasonal timing of flows in rivers Such interconnection projects very low per capita water storage Nile riparian states which affects and their dependent wetlands, allow utilities to share reserve capacity available to the Riparian the Nile riparian state economies. lakes, and estuaries. Freshwater margins across a wider operating States, Kenya (103m3/capita) and fish resources in the Nile basin area, thus reducing the need for Ethiopia (38m3/capita), clearly The total water demand for are probably among the most costly installed capacity to meet illustrates the risks the countries Municipal and Industrial uses has resilient harvestable natural reserve requirements. As exam- are facing due to the high sea- been estimated at 12,900 MCM resources, provided their habitat, ple the 500 kV HVDC Eastern sonality of the Nile and its trib- per year for the whole Nile Basin. including the quantity, timing, Electricity Highway Project under utaries, especially those in the Nearly 97% of this demand oc- and variability of river flow, is the Eastern Africa Power Inte- Eastern Nile. This exposes Nile curs in Egypt. Nearly 97% of this maintained. The Nile Basin annual gration Program will allow Kenya basin riparian states to flood and demand occurs in Egypt. While fresh fish production is estimated to purchase relatively cheaper drought risks. Even more diffi- population in the Nile basin ripar- at three million tons of which 57% hydropower energy from Ethiopia cult hydrology is in the Blue Nile ian states is estimated to nearly is apportioned to capture fish- and support Ethiopia’s system system, where rainfall is mark- double by 2030, domestic water eries in the lakes and rivers. The when water is scarce. edly seasonal – a short season of demand is expected to grow five- total fisheries capture is estimat- ed at three million tons annually in the Nile riparian states (WDI, 2016). Egypt has the greatest yield in fisheries production at 50%, followed by Uganda 19% and Tanzania 12%. There has been a long history of water transport on Lake Victoria, contributing to domestic and in- ternational trade within the lake basin. However, deterioration of train service severely affected rail networks and the rail-depen- dant lake transport. Most cargo and passengers are now moving by road around the lake, whose economic life decreased. As for South Sudan, navigation is also a long established practice, although it suffered during the South/North political conflict. Cheaper and safer than roads, it now represents a mode of consid- erable importance for the coun- try developing transport sector. photo: istock photo: Nile Basin Water Resources Atlas / 171 INTROduCTION photo: istock photo: Water use is simply the amount of as well as non-consumptive Together, the countries of the other countries in the basin (FAO water used by a country or other uses. The water use sectors Nile basin use almost 90% of Aquastat 2005). lower entity such as a household. that have been included in the the region’s renewable water Some of the varied uses in the Nile Basin water Resources resources. Egypt and Sudan, which Recent strategic analysis by the Nile basin riparian states include Atlas are: Irrigated agriculture; need water from outside their Nile Basin Initiative secretariat hydro-electricity generation, Hydropower, Municipal and borders, account for the largest supports this fact indicating Municipal and Industrial water Industrial (M and I) uses for large water withdrawals at 57 and 31 per that most of the stream flow of supply, agriculture, fishing, urban centers. Evaporation from cent of the total renewable water the Nile is allocated - used for recreation, transport, tourism and dams is also considered as water withdrawals, respectively. The industrial, domestic, agricultural waste disposal. use. Water demands for other per capita withdrawals for these and ecological water supply. Each uses are not included due to lack two countries are almost 10 to 15 year, on the average, 12 – 14 BCM Water use includes consumptive of information. times the amounts withdrawn by reaches the Mediterranean. 172 / Nile Basin Water Resources Atlas HYDRAULIC INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE NILE Edfina weir Alexandria Zifta Barrage El-Giza Location of a Dam / Barrage Delta Barrage Cairo Suez Location of small scale irrigation scheme Large scale Irrigation scheme Main Nile Assiut Barrage Egypt Photo: Milly Mbuliro Milly Photo: Nag-Hammady Barrage Jebel Aulia dam Esna barrage Old Aswan dam High Aswan Dam Lake Nasser Bur Sudan Photo: ENTRO Photo: Tekeze dam in Ethiopia Merowe Main Nile Tekeze Sudan Khartoum Eritrea Asmara Jebel Aulia Khashm el Girba Sennar Dam Tekeze Dam TK5 El Obeid Blue Nile Rahad Photo: A’Melody Lee; World Bank White NileWhite Lake Tana Kira power station Jinja, Uganda Roseires Dam Tana Beles Koga Bahr el Arab Amerti Sobat Finchaa Lol Addis Ababa Jur Ethiopia Baro Bahr el Zeraf Kuru Akobo Alwero Pongo South Sudan Pibor Suo Photo: istock Photo: High Aswan dam Tanj Bahr El Jebel Albert Nile Aswa Lake Albert Lake Kyoga Uganda Kampala Bujagali Ellegirini Democratic Republic of the Congo Owen Falls Sondu Miriu Kenya Lake Edward Lake George Photo: NBI Photo: Migori Kagera Lake Victoria Nairobi GERD dam under construction Mara Rwanda Ruwana Ntaruka Mugere United Republic of Tanzania 0 95 190 380 Ruvyironza Kilometers Burundi The NBI is not an authority on international boundaries Nile Basin Water Resources Atlas / 173 DAMS Storage dams in the Nile Basin Growth in Cummulative Storage of Dams in the Nile Basin 450 400 350 300 250 200 Cumulative Storage (BCM) Storage Cumulative 150 100 50 0 1902 1937 1964 1970 1995 2009 2011 2012 2015 Photo: Milly Mbuliro Milly Photo: Year Storage dam in Ethiopia 3 Data obtained from NBI member states Renaissance Dam, which has become the Renewable internal fresh water resources per capita (m ) show that as of 2014, there are 14 stor- key project in the nation’s plan to increase Burundi 930 age dams basin-wide with a total storage its electricity supply fivefold by 2015. It DR Congo 12,020 capacity of about 203 BCM.
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