DOCSLIB.ORG

The Social Cost of Resettlement: the Case of Halfawiyyin at Suburban Khartoum

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

The Social Cost of Resettlement: The Case of Halfawiyyin at Suburban Khartoum By: Haydar Mohamed Ali Hassan Bsc. (Sociology and Social Anthropology 1992) Msc.( Environmental Studies 1998) A Thesis submitted for the requirement of Ph.D. in Social Anthropology Supervisor: Dr. Fahima Zahir Faculty of Economic and Social Studies-Department of Sociology and Social Anthropology December 2008 For Rasheed, again, always Table of Contents List of tables and figures:………………………………………………………. iv (b)List of figures:…………………………………………………………… iv (c) list of Photos ............................................................................................. iv v ..…………………………………………………………………… اﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ Abstract…………………………………………………………………….. vii Acknowledgments ………………………………………………… ix Chapter One:Back ground to the research problem…………………… 2 Biases for irrigation ………………………………………………………….. 6 The New Halfa Scheme: ………………………………………………… 9 The problem ………………………………………………………………. 15 Research objectives and research assumption ……………………………. 20 Justification for choosing the topic: ……………………………………… 21 Methods of data collection: ……………………………………………….. 23 Notes: ……………………………………………………………………. 30 Chapter Two: Literature Review ……………………………………….. 32 Stresses associated with resettlement …………………………………….. 33 Types of land settlement……………………………………………………. 33 Irrigation and dams: ………………………………………………………… 37 Types and sources of irrigation: …………………………………………….. 38 Irrigation and land degradation: Error! Bookmark not 40 defined.…………………………………………….. 42 The technical and economic failure of large-scale irrigation ………………... 43 Modern Irrigation: ......................................................................................... 46 Resettlement policies ………………………………………………………. 48 Land acquisition ……………………………………………………………. 51 The problem of sedimentation ……………………………………………… 57 Notes: ………………………………………………………………………. 59 Chapter Three: Historical Background …………………………………. 59 Nubia and the Nubians …………………………………………………… 62 The economy and community: ……………………………………………. 66 The effects of the dams ……………………………………………………. 69 Cultural implication and coping strategies: ………………………………. 72 The Social costs ……………………………………………………………. 76 Notes: ……………………………………………………………………… 77 Chapter Four: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework 78 1- Conceptual framework ………………………………………………….. 84 Theories of the resettlement process ………………………………………. 84 (1) Cost-benefit analysis …………………………………………………… 88 (2) The four-stage framework ……………………………………………… 89 The first stage: ………………………………………………………………….. 90 The second stage: ……………………………………………………………… 91 The third stage: ………………………………………………………………… 93 The fourth stage: …………………………………………………………… 96 (3) Impoverishment risks and reconstruction model ………………………….. 100 (4) The Inherent Complexities Approach: …………………………………….. 107 Notes: ................................................................................................................ Chapter Five: Agricultural Production and the Present Situation………… 109 i The New Halfa Agricultural Scheme: ………………………………………. 110 (1) Introduction ……………………………………………………………….. 110 (2)The Khashm el- Girba dam ………………………………………………… 111 The turbine pumps: …………………………………………………………. 113 Farmers’ use of irrigation water: …………………………………………… 114 (3)The New Halfa Agricultural Corporation: ………………………………. 116 Participation of farmers in the management of the scheme: ……………….. 119 Rehabilitation of the New Halfa Scheme: ………………………………….. 120 (4) Agricultural rotation and crop composition …………………………….. 121 (1) Cotton crop: ……………………………………………………………… 122 (a) Joint account (1964-1980): ………………………………………………… 122 (b) Individual account (1981-1989) …………………………………………… 123 (C) Finance through Banks Portfolio: …………………………………………. 123 (d) Self- reliance system: ………………………………………………………. 124 (2) Groundnuts: …………………………………………………………….. 128 (3) Sorghum: ……………………………………………………………….. 131 (4) Wheat …………………………………………………………………… 133 The high costs of cultivation: ………………………………………………. 137 Major pests of agricultural crops in the NHAC: ……………………………. 137 (5) Freeholds and investment lands: ……………………………………….. 138 Investment lands …………………………………………………………….. 141 (6) Animal in the scheme …………………………………………………… 141 Halfwiyyin farmers and the Animal production: …………………………… 143 Bases of livestock production in the scheme: ………………………………. 145 Integrating animal to the agricultural rotation: ……………………………… 146 (7) Other related agricultural services and organizations: …………………. 148 Agricultural financing through the Banks: …………………………………... 152 Agricultural inputs private stores: ………………………………………….. 153 Transportation and storing: …………………………………………………. 153 (8) Marketing: ………………………………………………………………. 154 (9) Concluding remarks: …………………………………………………….. 155 (10) The problem of Mesquite ………………………………………………. 160 The history of Mesquite in the Sudan: ……………………………………. 161 (11) The future of the NHAC in the light of the present problems: ………… 166 Chapter Six : The Present Halfawiyyin Situation, and the rising Halfawiyyin community at suburban Khartoum………………………. 172 1-Location and characteristics: …………………………………………….. 172 2-Villages sending migrants: ………………………………………………. 182 3-Village.26. ……………………………………………………………….. 184 4-Differences in responses towards agriculture: …………………………… 197 5-Village 5, Argin north……………………………………………………… 203 Rise and Collapse of Cooperative Societies: ………………………………. 210 6- Kilo 14: ………………………………………………………………….. 213 The belly of the stone (Ard- el Hajar) ……………………………………… 217 Concluding remarks:…………………………………………………………. 226 Notes: Error! Bookmark not 236 defined................................................................................. ii Chapter Seven: Changes in Some Aspects of Halfawiyyin Social Life……... 237 Introduction…………………………………………………………………. 238 1- Marriage: ………………………………………………………………… 238 2-Death and religious occasions…………………………………………….. 240 3-Religious occasions: ……………………………………………………… 242 4- Pregnancy and Giving Birth: ……………………………………………. 247 5. Nubian dress: ……………………………………………………………. 249 6. Women ornaments: ……………………………………………………… 251 7. Halfawiyyin art: …………………………………………………………. 252 (1) Songs………………………………………………………………………. 252 (2) Nubian architecture: ………………………………………………………. 256 Concluding remarks: ……………………………………………………….. 261 notes: ………………………………………………………………………… 262 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………. 263 Bibliography……………………………………………………………...Error! 268 Bookmark not defined. iii List of tables and figures: (a) List of tables 1- Tenant population of the new Halfa scheme 13 2- Annual siltation and the storage capacity of the Dam 54 3- The declining cultivated area in the new Halfa scheme 113 4- Cultivated areas, production rates, costs and returns of Cotton 127 5- Cultivated areas, production rates, costs and returns of groundnuts 130 6-Cultivated areas, production rates, costs and returns of sorghum 133 7- Cultivated areas, production rates, costs and returns of wheat 136 8- Freehold lands 140 (b)List of figures: 1- possible resettlement locations 5 2- the new Halfa scheme 10 3- Agricultural inspections 12 4- Halfawiyyin new settlements 18 5- Batn el-Hajar 218 6-old Nubian villages 220 (c) List of Photos 1- Diesel pump to raise water from irrigation canal 168 2- Minor irrigation canal after rehabilitation 169 3- Cattle at the fringes of the scheme 169 4- Mesquite trees before and after rehabilitation 170 5- New lands at Batn el –Hajar 228 6- Silts accumulation at Batn el-Hajar 228 7- Food of Farmers at Batn el-Hajar 229 8- Engine boat 229 9- Fishermen at Batn el-Hajar 230 10- Nubian graves 230 11- New house at village 26. new Halfa 231 12- Standard resettlement house 231 13- The Karawoos 232 14- New Karawoos 232 15- Drinking water pipes 233 16- Kilo 14 233 17- Improved latrine at Kilo 14 234 18- Halfawiyyin hut at Kilo 14 234 19- El-Thawra quarter- New Halfa 235 iv v ﻣﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ أﺷﺎرت ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻷدﺑﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺎوﻟﺖ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﻣﺸﺎرﻳﻊ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺰارﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ اﺳﺎﺳﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﺧﻼت أﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ وﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮي اﻻﻧﺴﻴﺎﺑﻲ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﺪود ﻹﺣﺪاث ﻧﻘﻠﺔ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﺮﻏﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﺎة اﻟﻨﺎس ، أن ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺆدى إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻹﻓﻘﺎر وﺧﻠﻖ اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺸﺎآﻞ واﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪات، وﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﺮدودهﺎ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺎ ﺑﻮﺟﻪ ﻋﺎم ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﻤﺪى اﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ. ﻓﻜﺎن اﻟﺘﺴﺎؤل ﻟﻬﺬﻩ اﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻤﺎذا اﻷﺛﺮ اﻟﻌﻜﺴﻲ واﻻﻧﺘﻜﺎﺳﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﺤﺪث ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ رﻏﻢ اﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ اﻟﺠﻴﺪ واﻹﺷﺮاف اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻲ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ واﻟﻤﺪﺧﻼت اﻟﻐﺎﻟﻴﺔ؟ ﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻨﺎول ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺤﻠﻔﺎوﻳﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻬﺠﺮﻳﻦ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺸﺮوع ﺣﻠﻔﺎ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة،وﻳﻀﻢ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ﺑﺠﺎﻧﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﺠﺮﻳﻦ، ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت أﺧﺮى ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ، واﻟﻮاﻓﺪﻳﻦ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ واﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﺮص اﻟﺘﻲ وﻓﺮهﺎ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع. ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻼﺣﻆ أن أﻋﺪادا آﺒﻴﺮة وﻣﺘﺰاﻳﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻠﻔﺎوﻳﻴﻦ هﺠﺮوا اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺜﺮ، ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻠﻴﻦ ﺑﺴﻮء اﻷﺣﻮال اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﻴﺔ ،وإﺣﺴﺎﺳﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻮف ﻣﻦ "اﻟﻐﺮﺑﺎء". واﺗﺠﻬﻮا ﺻﻮب اﻟﺨﺮﻃﻮم ﺣﻴﺚ ﺷﻜﻠﻮا ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺿﻮاﺣﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪا (ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﻜﻼآﻼت، أﺑﻮ ادم، واﻟﺸﻘﻴﻼب وأم ﻋﺸﺮ) ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻃﻨﺎت ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻓﻲ ﻧﻤﻮ ﻣﻄﺮد، ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ اﺗﺠﻬﺖ أﻋﺪاد أﺧﺮى ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺗﺠﺎﻩ أوﻃﺎﻧﻬﻢ اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺣﻠﻔﺎ اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ، وﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻗﺮى ﺑﻄﻦ اﻟﺤﺠﺮ، ﻟﺰراﻋﺔ اﻻراﺿﻰ اﻟﻐﺮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﺨﺼﻮﺑﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻧﺖ هﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ اﻻﻃﻤﺎء اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﻟﺒﺤﻴﺮة اﻟﺴﺪ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ. وﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻘﻴﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺤﻠﻔﺎوﻳﻴﻦ، ﺗﺘﺰاﻳﺪ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع أﻋﺪاد اﻟﻮاﻓﺪﻳﻦ ﻃﻮﻋﺎ إﻟﻴﻪ ، واﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ هﻨﺎ "اﻟﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﺰراﻋﻴﻴﻦ" واﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺤﻘﻘﻮن اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻜﻴﻒ واﻟﺘﺄﻗﻠﻢ واﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﺮص واﻻﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻮﻓﺮهﺎ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع. وﺗﻤﻜﻨﻮا ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪﻣﺞ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺰراﻋﻲ واﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﻲ. ﻏﻴﺮان اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ واﻟﺤﻠﻔﺎوﻳﻴﻦ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺠﺎوز ﺣﺪود ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ اﻟﻤﻨﻔﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮآﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺰراﻋﻲ. اﻋﺘﻤﺪت اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ اﻻﺛﻨﺮوﺑﻮﻟﻮﺟﻰ، ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ اﻟﻤﻘﺎرن، آﻤﺎ اﻋﺘﻤﺪت ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ وﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة، آﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻼت اﻟﻔﺮدﻳﺔ واﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺸﺎرآﺔ، ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺼﺎدر اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ. واﻋﺘﻤﺪت اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺪاﺧﻞ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻨﺎول ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ إﻋﺎدة اﻟﺘﻮﻃﻴﻦ، ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻮﺻﻠﺖ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ
Recommended publications
  • Oldnubian.Pdf

    Oldnubian.Pdf

    CONTENTS Włodzimierz Godlewski, Adam Łajtar Foreword xiii Abbreviations xv Map xix GENERAL Eugenio Fantusati Three “Italian” graffiti from Semna and Begrawiya North ........................... 3 Gerald Lauche Sitte Masmas — the life and work of Gertrud von Massenbach (1883-1975) .............. 7 Samia Bashir Dafa’alla Macadam’s files. Notebooks and manuscripts in the personal custody of Professor Abdelgadir Mahmoud Abdalla ........................................................ 13 Constanza De Simone Activities for the preservation of Nubian heritage at the UNESCO Cairo Office ............ 19 Krzysztof Grzymski Gebel Adda revisited ...................................................... 25 Ahmed Siddig Babiker The contribution of archaeology to the Sudanese heritage ............................ 31 Faisal Mohd Musa Transference of kingship from the Anag to the Fung in the Sennar Kingdom .............. 35 FIELDWORK Claudia Na¨ser The Great Hafir at Musawwarat es-Sufra. Fieldwork of the archaeological mission of Humboldt University Berlin in 2005 and 2006 ............................................ 39 Azhari Mustafa Sadig Es-Sour, a Late Neolithic site in the neighborhood of Meroe. First and second seasons 2005–2006 47 Julie Rene´e Anderson and Salah el-Din Mohamed Ahmed Bread, the Staff of Life: recent discoveries at Dangeil, Sudan .......................... 55 Henryk Paner, Aleksandra Pudło, Zbigniew Borcowski Funerary customs in the GAME Fourth Cataract concession in the light of radiocarbon analysis ...............................................................
  • The Effects of Relocation on Nubian Women's Health

    The Effects of Relocation on Nubian Women's Health

    Dotawo: A Journal of Nubian Studies Volume 5 Nubian Women Article 8 2018 The Effects of Relocation on Nubian Women's Health Hanna Paesler [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fairfield.edu/djns Recommended Citation Paesler, Hanna (2018) "The Effects of Relocation on Nubian Women's Health," Dotawo: A Journal of Nubian Studies: Vol. 5 , Article 8. Available at: https://digitalcommons.fairfield.edu/djns/vol5/iss1/8 This item has been accepted for inclusion in DigitalCommons@Fairfield by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Fairfield. It is brought to you by DigitalCommons@Fairfield with permission from the rights- holder(s) and is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/or on the work itself. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 99 The Effects of Relocation on Nubian Women’s Health Hanna Paesler “[U]prooting or resettling people is a dramatic human event that creates stress, produces stress reaction, and requires the use of strategies to cope with a wide range of pressures. [...F]orced migration or resettlement constitutes an abrupt form of social change. It is disrup- tive, occasionally tragic, and in many cases generates irreversible problems.”1 Introduction Community relocation schemes have become a worldwide phenom- enon. This quote shows their dramatic effects and some of its prob- lems.
  • Old Nubian — Black African Language of Most Ancient Attestation

    Old Nubian — Black African Language of Most Ancient Attestation

    1 Old Nubian — Black African Language of Most Ancient Attestation By Helmut Satzinger 1. Nubian Languages. Nubian is a dialect cluster, or a cluster of closely related languages. Nubian idioms were spoken in the Nile Valley between the 1st and the 3rd cataract (the greatest part of them has been displaced in the 1960s because of the flooding of their land), in the Kordofan mountains and in the Dar Fur Region. The Nubianlanguage areas suffered great losses in the past 125 years: In the Mahdist Wars many villagers were dispersed, if not killed in the fights; Nubian was replaced by Arabic as vernacular language in many places, especially in the South of the present Nubian-speaking area. After 1900, the Aswân Dam was built; the farmers of Lower Nubia lost their fields and therefore their economic basis. Many migrated to the towns in the north, in particular to Cairo. In the early 1960s the High Dam was erected south of Aswân, Lake Nasser (in Nubia: “Lake Nubia”) began to flood anything that remained from the Nubian lands in Egypt as well as in Northern Sudan. The Nubians had to settle elsewhere: the Egyptians mostly near Kôm Ombo, north of Aswân; the Sudanese (the "Halfâwis", from the district of Wâdi Halfa) near Khash el-Girba on the ‘Atbara River, near the Ethiopian border. Presently, dam projects (Merowe, Kajbar) cause severest irritation and opposition in the Sudanese Nile Valley. The 1980s brought particular desaster to the languages of many Sudanese peoples: the First Civil War 1965-72; 1983/1984 a horrid famine, with nearly 100,000 Darfûris left dead; the Second Civil War, 1983 to present, and in particular the Darfur Conflict,1 from 1 “The conventional point indicated to be the start of the conflict in Darfur was 26 February 2003, when a group calling itself the Darfur Liberation Front (DLF) publically claimed credit for an attack on Golo, the headquarters of Jebel Marra District.
  • I Master's Thesis Regional Studies Development Geography RESETTLEMENT and IRRIGATION SCHEMES AS KEYS to DEVELOPMENT?

    I Master's Thesis Regional Studies Development Geography RESETTLEMENT and IRRIGATION SCHEMES AS KEYS to DEVELOPMENT?

    Master’s thesis Regional Studies Development Geography RESETTLEMENT AND IRRIGATION SCHEMES AS KEYS TO DEVELOPMENT? THE CASE OF NEW HALFA AGRICULTURAL SCHEME, SUDAN Marianna Wallin 2013 Supervisors: Senior Lecturer Paola Minoia, Ph.D. Professor John Westerholm, Ph.D., Head of Department UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI DEPARTMENT OF GEOSCIENCES AND GEOGRAPHY DIVISION OF GEOGRAPHY PL 64 (Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2) 00014 University of Helsinki i Tiedekunta/Osasto Fakultet/Sektion ) Faculty Laitos Institution ) Department Matemaattis-luonnontieteellinen Geotieteiden ja maantieteen laitos TekijäFörfattare ) Author Marianna Wallin Työn nimi Arbetets title ) Title Uudelleenasuttaminen ja keinokastelualueet kehityksen keinoina? New Halfan keinokasteluprojekti, Sudan Oppiaine Läroämne ) Subject Kehitysmaantiede Työn laji Arbetets art ) Level Aika Datum – Month and Year Sivumäärä Sidoantal – Number of Pages Pro Gradu Marraskuu 2013 122 + liitteet Tiivistelmä Referat ) Abstract Suuret patohankkeet aiheuttavat usein ihmisten pakkosiirtoja ja uudelleenasuttamista. Monet alkuperäisväestöt joutuvat muuttamaan pois näiden kehityshankkeiden alta ja voivat menettää elinkeinonsa, sosiaaliset verkostonsa ja perinteisen maanomistuksen. Tämä johtaa usein köyhtymiseen ja marginalisoitumiseen. Patohankkeet ovat yleensä valtion ja monikansallisten organisaatioiden ajamia ja ylhäältä alas suunniteltuja. Paikallisia asukkaita ei oteta tarpeeksi huomioon suunnitteluvaiheessa ja heidän omia toiveita kehityshankkeesta ja uudelleenasuttamisesta kuunnellaan heikosti. Tämä
  • Identity and History in a Sudanese Arab Tribe

    Identity and History in a Sudanese Arab Tribe

    Durham E-Theses The Lahawiyin: Identity and History in a Sudanese Arab Tribe AHMED-KHALID-ABDALLA, TAMADOR How to cite: AHMED-KHALID-ABDALLA, TAMADOR (2010) The Lahawiyin: Identity and History in a Sudanese Arab Tribe, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/707/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 The Lahawiyin: Identity and History in a Sudanese Arab Tribe Tamador Ahmed Khalid Abdalla Thesis submitted For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History Durham University December 2010 I The Lahawiyin: Identity and History in a Sudanese Arab Tribe Tamador Ahmed Khalid Abdalla Abstract This thesis is concerned with the Lahawiyin of northern Sudan, and it explores the relationship between identity and history in this Sudanese Arab tribe since the late nineteenth century. The history of the Lahawiyin reveals continuous crossings of borders and boundaries through a period of substantial political and economic change, much of it driven by external forces.
  • Master Reference

    Master Reference

    Master Introducing the Nubian language in the Primary Schools : A feasibility Study ABDALRAHMAN MOHAMED ALI, Nemat Abstract Nubian language is an ancient language spoken in southern Egypt, northern and western Sudan. According to the Ethnologue catalogue, this is a threatened language that requires a program of revitalization possibly through introducing it as a subject in primary schools. To begin with, it is important to involve the pupils' parents as stakeholders to see whether they would accept the concept or not. This study aims to provide insight into that concept and used two methods of data- collection (questionnaires and interviews) to present parents' point of view and their overall attitude towards the language. The results are positive and encourage further efforts towards the implementation of the revitalization program. The study also illustrated two experiences of promoting native languages, one in the local context and the other in neighboring countries. The local case example appears to be more feasible for implementation in the case of the Nubian language. Reference ABDALRAHMAN MOHAMED ALI, Nemat. Introducing the Nubian language in the Primary Schools : A feasibility Study. Master : Univ. Genève, 2020 Available at: http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:144936 Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version. 1 / 1 University of Geneva, Collage of translation and interpreting, ABSTRACT “LANGUAGE IS THE Introducing Nubian Language In PERFECTThe INSTRUMENT OF EMPIRE” Primary Schools, (MORRIS,2003) A feasibility Study, Nemat Introducing the Nubian Abdalrahman Mohamed Supervised by Prof Language in Primary François Grin Prepared By: Nemat Abdalrahman Mohamed SchoolsSupervised By: prof, François Grin A Feasibility Study Page | 1 Acknowledgements The present study was motivated by my desire to preserve my own language, which has been prohibited in schools for a long time.
  • The Effects of Relocation on Nubian Women's Health

    The Effects of Relocation on Nubian Women's Health

    99 The Effects of Relocation on Nubian Women’s Health Hanna Paesler “[U]prooting or resettling people is a dramatic human event that creates stress, produces stress reaction, and requires the use of strategies to cope with a wide range of pressures. [...F]orced migration or resettlement constitutes an abrupt form of social change. It is disrup- tive, occasionally tragic, and in many cases generates irreversible problems.”1 Introduction Community relocation schemes have become a worldwide phenom- enon. This quote shows their dramatic effects and some of its prob- lems. No matter how much governments campaign for the people affected, this political decision always entails an abrupt change to their living environment, their habits and lifestyle and their whole culture. This was the situation of the Nubians in southern Egypt and northern Sudan when the Egyptian government decided to build a high dam south of Aswan and to relocate the Nubians. In the literature on Nubian relocation in 1963 and 1964, it is strik- ing that there were many promises made to the Nubians concerning their quality of life. The governments of Egypt and Sudan estab- lished committees with the objective of considering cultural aspects in planning the relocation, with an expected improvement in living standards.2 This means that several studies on Nubian culture were incorporated into the planning. Ethnologists advised the commit- 1 Fahim, Egyptian Nubians, p. vii. 2 Ibid, p. 35 and Fahim, Nubian Resettlement in the Sudan, pp. 3–4. Though reckoning their approach in retrospect, one is tempted to suspect that they pursued the goal of “optimizing” Nubian culture to their own agenda.
  • Water Demand, Use and Hydraulic Infrastructure

    Water Demand, Use and Hydraulic Infrastructure

    CHAPTER 7 WATER DEMAND, USE AND HYDRAULIC INFRASTRUCTURE Nile Basin Water Resources Atlas / 169 KEY MESSAGES Ethiopia (18%). The topography and reservoirs within the Nile of the Nile provides opportuni- basin is estimated at 17.6 BCM. ties for power generation, espe- Due to the size of the reservoir cially Ethiopia. Hydropower is surface area and the climate, the a major water user in the Nile, evaporation from the High Aswan relying on water passing through Dam is the highest. turbines to generate electricity. Most power plants within the Despite the power deficits in the Nile are run of the river. However Nile Partner states, power trade water can be consumed via seep- is low, and only restricted to lim- age and evaporation from the ited exchange (Ethiopia-Sudan; reservoirs created for hydropow- Kenya-Uganda; Uganda-Rwan- er facilities. Factors determining da and Rwanda-DRC-Burundi. Photo: istock Photo: the amount of consumed water The NBI in collaboration with Agriculture is a major livelihood major limiting factor for agricul- – climate, reservoir design and the Eastern African Power Pool strategy in the Nile Basin, sus- tural development in the basin. allocations to other uses – are (EAPPP) promotes regional taining tens of millions of people. Productivity is highly influenced highly site-specific and variable. transmission interconnection. It provides occupations for more by spatial variations of rainfall in The regional interconnection than 75% of the total labour the rain-fed system while in the The net evaporation from dams backbone under development is force and contributes to one- irrigated areas scheme manage- third of the GDP in the basin.
  • Aquaculture Quick Scan Sudan

    Aquaculture Quick Scan Sudan

    Aquaculture Quick Scan Sudan The Netherlands, November 2017 Assignment of: Dutch Embassy in Khartoum, Sudan Aquaculture Quick Scan Sudan Assignment of: Dutch Embassy in Khartoum, Sudan November 2017 By: Bert Schuilenburg AquaFarmingConsult Table of contents Page Acknowledgement 2 Executive Summery 3 1. Introduction 6 2. The Sudanese Aquaculture Value Chain 7 2.1 Inputs and services 7 2.1.1 Land and water 7 2.1.2 Labour 11 2.1.3 Legal and institutional support 11 2.1.4 Technical support 13 2.1.5 Equipment 13 2.1.6 Seed 13 2.1.7 Feed 16 2.1.8 Chemicals 16 2.2 SWOT Analysis Inputs and Services 18 2.3 Production 19 2.3.1 Species farmed 20 2.3.2 Farm types and sizes 21 2.3.3 Farming methods 22 2.4 SWOT Analysis Production 26 2.5 Trade and Marketing 27 2.5.1 From harvest to market 27 2.5.2 Markets 28 2.6 SWOT Analysis Trade and marketing 31 3. The Aquaculture Value Chain Map of Sudan 32 4. Strategies for Aquaculture Development in (Eastern) Sudan 33 4.1 Private Sector led Aquaculture Development and Smallholder Support 33 4.2 Strengthening the Aquaculture value chain 34 4.3 Aquaculture development in Red Sea State 36 4.4 Aquaculture development in Kassala and Gedaref State 40 5. SWOT Analysis selected cage dams 42 6. Important Sudanese and Dutch Aquaculture Stakeholders with Africa experience 44 Annex 1: Tor of Reference Annex 2: List of institutes and persons visited Annex 3: List of literature sources 1 | P a g e Acknowledgement This study is conducted with support of the Royal Dutch Embassy in Khartoum.
  • Resettled for Development. the Case of New Halfa Agricultural Scheme

    Resettled for Development. the Case of New Halfa Agricultural Scheme

    CURRENT AFRICAN ISSUES 59 Resettled for Development The Case of New Halfa Agricultural Scheme, Sudan Marianna Wallin (M.Sc., University of Helsinki) NORDISKA AFRIKAINSTITUTET, UPPSALA 2014 1 INDEXING TERMS: Sudan, New Halfa Agricultural development Resettlement Irrigation Living conditions Nubians Pastoralists Nomads The opinions expressed in this volume are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Nordic Africa Institute. ISSN 0280-2171 ISBN 978-91-7106-751-7 Language editing: Peter Colenbrander © The author and the Nordic Africa Institute Production: Byrå4 Print on demand, Lightning Source UK Ltd. 2 Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................4 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................5 2. Dams as catalysts for development: Hydraulic engineering in Sudan .....................10 3. The changing agricultural landscapes of Sudan .....................................................14 4. Development perspectives .....................................................................................17 4.1 Displacement for development .........................................................................17 4.2 Resettlement consequences .............................................................................18 4.3 Land rights and territorialisation .....................................................................20 4.4 Social consequences
  • International Conference for Nubian Studies University of Neuchâtel, Monday 1St to Saturday 6Th of September 2014

    International Conference for Nubian Studies University of Neuchâtel, Monday 1St to Saturday 6Th of September 2014

    The 13th International Conference for Nubian Studies University of Neuchâtel, Monday 1st to Saturday 6th of September 2014 Abstracts of papers presented at The 13th International Conference for Nubian Studies Edited by Matthieu Honegger 2014 University of Neuchâtel We thank the International Society for Nubian Studies to give the opportunity to organize the 13th International Conference for Nubian Studies at the University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland. This conference is supported by : La Faculté des Lettres et Sciences humains de l’Université de Neuchâtel Le Fonds national Suisse de la recherche scientifique (requête no 10CO11_155027) La Fondation Kerma pour la mise en valeur du patrimoine archéologique nubien L’Institut d’archéologie de l’Université de Neuchâtel La Société des Alumni de l’Université de Neuchâtel (Fonds Jean-Pierre Jéquier) La Maison des Sciences historiques de l’Université de Neuchâtel 2 PROGRAMME OF THE CONFERENCE 3 MAIN SESSIONS - MORNING Monday 1st September Aula des Jeunes Rives 2-5 pm Registration Tuesday 2nd September Aula des Jeunes Rives 8.15-9 am Registration 9-9.30 am Official Opening of the Conference and Welcome Main session 1: From Prehistory to the Kingdom of Kerma (30’ communication followed by 15’ discussion) 9.30-10 am Donatelle Usaï Prehistory in Central Sudan 10.15-10.45 am Maria Carmela Gatto Current Research in the Pre- and Protohistory of Lower and Upper Nubia 11-11.30 am Break 11.30-12 noon Matthieu Honegger New Data on the Origins of Kerma 12.15-12.45 pm Derek Welsby Ancient Kerma Cemeteries. Similarities and Regional Variations 1 pm Lunch (individual arrangement) 2.30-6 pm Parallel Sessions: recent fieldwork and thematic research results 6.30 pm Exhibition on Nubia.
  • A Study of Economic Adaptations in the New Halfa Scheme

    A Study of Economic Adaptations in the New Halfa Scheme

    A Study of Economic Adaptations in the New Halfa Scheme Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, Uppsala Tenants and Nomads in Eastern Sudan Tenants and Nomads in Eastern Sudan A Study of Economic Adaptations in the New Halfa Scheme Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, Uppsala, 1985 Gunnar M. S@rb@ is a Senior Research Scholar at the Department of Social Anthropology, University of Bergen. He is an author of numerous articles and reports on irrigated agriculture, pastoralism and applied anthropology and has worked in the Sudan, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria and Sri Lanka. Sdrbd is a Board Member of the International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA) and serves also on the Project Committee of the Norwegian Agency for International Development (NORAD). This books has been published with support from the Norwegian Agency for International Development. ISBN 91-7106-242-4 O Gunnar M. SQrbd and Nordiska afrikainstitutet 1985 Printed in Sweden by Motala Grafiska AB, Motala 1985 CONTENTS Preface 7 Chapter 1: Introduction 12 Chapter 2: Social Reproduction and Differentia.tion in Sudanese Tenant Communities - The New Halfa Case 23 Chapter 3: Rural Settlement and Urban Orientation - Nubians on the New Halfa Scheme 56 Chapter 4: Nomadic Tenants and the Butana Rangelands - a Study of Land Use Patterns and the Role of Livestock among the Shukriya 94 Chapter 5: The Jiddah Connection: On the Transformation of the Basalwa in New Halfa Town 119 Chapter 6: Nubian Songs and Shukriya Poems: Protest and Renaissance Bibliography 153 Nomad : During day and night you are on your donkey's back and never at rest.