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GEOGRAPHY, CLIMATE and POPULATION Sudan Is the Largest Country in Africa and Has a Special Geopolitical Location Bonding the Arab World to Africa South of the Sahara

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GEOGRAPHY, CLIMATE and POPULATION Sudan Is the Largest Country in Africa and Has a Special Geopolitical Location Bonding the Arab World to Africa South of the Sahara 1 Sudan GEOGRAPHY, CLIMATE AND POPULATION Sudan is the largest country in Africa and has a special geopolitical location bonding the Arab world to Africa south of the Sahara. It has an area of 2.5 million km2 extending between 4º and 22º North latitudes and 22º to 38º East longitudes. Its north-south extent is about 2 000 km, while its maximum east-west extent is about 1 500 km. On the north-east it is bordered by the Red Sea and it shares common borders with nine countries: Eritrea and Ethiopia in the east, Kenya, Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo in the south, The Central African Republic, Chad and the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya in the west, and Egypt in the north. The country is a gently sloping plain with the exception of Jebel Marra, the Red Sea Hills, Nuba Mountains and Imatong Hills. Its main features are the alluvial clay deposits in the central and eastern part, the stabilized sand dunes in the western and northern part and the red ironstone soils in the south. The soils of Sudan are broadly divided into six main categories according to their locations and manner of formation: i) desert; ii) semi-desert; iii) sand; iv) alkaline catena; v) alluvial; and vi) iron stone plateau. Within these soil categories there are many local variations with respect to drainage conditions. The cultivable area is estimated at about 105 million ha (42 percent of the total land area), while in 2002 the cultivated land was 16.65 million ha (7 percent of the total land area and 16 percent of the cultivable area), comprising 16.23 million ha arable land and 0.42 million ha under permanent crops (Table 1). The forest resources of Sudan cover approximately 27 percent of the total country’s area. The main forest types include: i) arid and semi-arid shrubs; ii) low rainfall savannah; iii) high rainfall savannah; iv) special areas of mountainous vegetation in Jebel Marra, the Red Sea Hills and the Imatong Mountains. Rangelands cover about 117 million ha. They spread over most ecological zones: the desert in the north, the semi-desert, the low rainfall savannah and the high rainfall woodlands in the south. Annual herbaceous plants with scattered trees and bushes dominate the northern rangelands. In the southern part, perennial herbaceous plants increase with dense stands of woody cover. The livestock population includes camels, sheep and goats, which are raised in the desert and semi-desert, and cattle that are raised in the medium rainfall savannah and in the flood plain of the Upper Nile. Almost all livestock is raised under nomadic and semi-nomadic systems. The country has a diverse and fairly rich wildlife. Of the 13 African mammalian orders, 12 are present in Sudan. The protected wildlife areas cover around 36 million ha. There are 8 national parks, 13 game reserves and 3 sanctuaries. Sudan is under federal rule with 26 States. Each State is governed by a Wali (Governor) with 7 to 10 State Ministers, 4 to 5 Commissioners for the different provinces and a number of localities. Each State has complete administrative and fiscal autonomy and its own State Legislative Assembly for legislative matters of the State. Sudan has a tropical sub-continental climate, which is characterized by a wide range 2 Irrigation in Africa in figures – AQUASTAT Survey 2005 TABLE 1 Basic statistics and population Physical areas Area of the country 2002 250 581 000 ha Cultivated area (arable land and area under permanent crops) 2002 16 653 000 ha • as % of the total area of the country 2002 7 % • arable land (annual crops + temp. fallow + temp. meadows) 2002 16 233 000 ha • area under permanent crops 2002 420 000 ha Population Total population 2004 34 333 000 inhabitants • of which rural 2004 60 % Population density 2004 14 inhabitants/km2 Economically active population 2004 13 806 000 inhabitants • as % of total population 2004 40 % • female 2004 30 % • male 2004 70 % Population economically active in agriculture 2004 7 925 000 inhabitants • as % of total economically active population 2004 57 % • female 2004 38 % • male 2004 62 % Economy Gross Domestic Product (GDP) 2003 17 800 million US$/yr • value added in agriculture (% of GDP) 2002 39.2 % • GDP per capita 2003 518 US$/yr Human Development Index (highest = 1) 2002 0.505 Access to improved drinking water sources Total population 2002 69 % Urban population 2002 78 % Rural population 2002 64 % of variations extending from the desert climate in the north through a belt of summer- rain climate to an equatorial climate in the extreme south. The average annual rainfall is 416 mm, but ranges between 25 mm in the dry north and over 1 600 mm in the tropical rain forests in the south. The country can be divided into three zones according to rainfall regime: • The annual rainfall in the northern half of Sudan varies from 200 mm in the centre of the country to 25 mm northwards towards the border with Egypt. Where it rains, the rainy season is limited to 2-3 months with the rest of the year virtually dry. Rainfall usually occurs in isolated showers, which vary considerably in duration, location, and from year to year. The coefficient of variation of the annual rainfall in this northern half of the country could be as high as 100 percent. • In the quarter south of the centre of the country, the annual rainfall barely exceeds 700 mm, and is concentrated in only four months, from July to October. The average annual rainfall of that region is between 300-500 mm. Rainfed agriculture in Sudan is mainly practised in this quarter. As the coefficient of variation in annual rainfall in this region is around 30 percent and the dry season extends for about eight months, the area cultivated and the productivity vary widely from one year to another. • In the most southern quarter of the country, where the annual rainfall exceeds 700 mm and can go up to 1 600 mm, the area is dominated by extensive wetlands some parts of which are infested by insects which are hazardous to humans and livestock. The mean temperature ranges from 30 ºC to 40 ºC in summer and from 10 ºC to 25 ºC in winter. Potential annual evapotranspiration ranges from 3 000 mm in the north to 1 700 mm in the extreme south. Most of the agricultural activities are concentrated in the Sudan 3 center of the country, in the generally semi-arid dry savannah zone, through which the Blue Nile and the Atbara River flow. The growing season in the region is around four months. The major limiting factor is not the agricultural potential, but the short duration of the rainy season and the erratic distribution of rainfall during the growing period. Sudan’s population is 34.3 million (2004) with an annual growth rate of 2.2 percent (Table 1). Population density is 14 inhabitants/km2 and 60 percent of the total population is rural. Most of the population lives along the Nile and its tributaries, and some live around water points scattered around the country. At the national level, 69 percent of the population had access to improved drinking water sources in the year 2002. In urban areas this coverage was 78 percent, while in rural regions it was 64 percent (Table 1). Displaced families have increased the total population of villages, which has placed pressure on potable water resources. The Human Development Index ranks Sudan in 139th place among 177 countries. Poverty in the Sudan is massive, deeply entrenched and predominantly a rural phenomenon. Over two-thirds of the population, and under the most favourable assumptions still around 50-70 percent, are estimated to live on less than US$1/day. In recognition of the severity of poverty in general, and of rural poverty in particular, the Government started to prepare a draft Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) and launched a pilot poverty-reduction programme in 2001 to improve long-neglected rural social services. The programme is financing basic education, primary health care, malaria prevention and drinking-water supply. ECONOMY, AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY Although endowed with rich natural resources, Sudan remains comparatively underdeveloped primarily as a result of protracted civil strife and poor economic management. The economy showed a limited response to reform packages during the 1980s and early 1990s. Budget deficits have been common, the average annual rate of inflation peaked at 70 percent for the period 1991-1995 but gradually subsided to less than 5 percent in 2001, then climbed to 8 percent in 2002. Interest rates remained negative during that period and resulted in the collapse of savings, affected the banking system adversely and eroded public confidence. The GDP of the Sudan was US$17.8 billion (current US$) in 2003. The agricultural sector is the most dominant in the country’s economy, even though its share has declined recently because of decreased agricultural production and the increased exploitation and export of mineral oil. In 2002, the sector contributed over 39 percent to the GDP and employed 57 percent of the total economically active population in 2004 (Table 1). It contributed about 90 percent of the Sudan’s non-oil export earnings. Sudan’s agro-ecological zones support a variety of food, cash and industrial crops. Vast natural pastures and forests support large herds of livestock including cattle, sheep and goats. The main exported crops are cotton, Arabic gum, sesame, groundnuts, fruits and vegetables; livestock is also important for exports. Within the agricultural sector, crop production accounts for 53 percent of agricultural output, livestock for 38 percent and forestry and fisheries for 9 percent.
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