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Case Study: Rahad Scheme - Sudan

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Case Study: Rahad Scheme - Sudan A Management Perspective on the Performance of the Irrigated Sub-Sector: Case Study: Rahad Scheme - Sudan By Osman Roman Jermalili Kiri B.Sc. (Agric. Engineering), Alexandria University (1980) M.Sc. (Agric. Engineering), Cranfield University, U.K. (1988) A Thesis Submitted to the University of Khartoum in fulfillment for the requirements of the degree PhD (Agric) Supervisor: Dr. Amir Bakhiet Saeed Co-Supervisor: Dr. Hassan Ibrahim Mohamed Department of Agricultural Engineering Faculty of Agriculture University of Khartoum June 2007 i ABSTRACT It is widely recognized that the performance of large scale schemes in the Sudan (Rahad Scheme as an example) has not fulfilled the objectives supposed to be furthered by the agricultural development strategy. The performance of these projects has been below any expectation. Therefore much attention has been given to the question of how these large scale schemes can be made to perform efficiently and effectively in order to increase their potential contribution. The purpose of this study is to assess the performance of irrigation water management of Rahad schemes and what steps can be taken to improve its performance with reference to planning, implementation and progress monitoring processes of water supply activities. The study was carried out using different data collection methods, a survey- questionnaire, in-depth group and individual interviews, document reviews and personal observation. Results of assessment of the water supply activities indicated that there was no acceptable planning, implementation and monitoring processes available in the scheme for the following reasons: - The detailed operational procedures available in the scheme were only perfunctorily applied. - There is lack of proper management functions. - There is a problem regarding information feedback and the quality of information collected is sometimes doubtful. - No proper system for monitoring is present in the scheme. - There is lack of motivation of the staff at all levels. - The amount of funds available for recurrent maintenance works is very limited. Concerning farmers’ participation, the farmers’ knowledge on production and the level of farmers’ water management skills at the different major canals selected had improved substantially. To conclude it can be said that no effective planning, implementation and monitoring processes of water supply activities were there in the scheme. i ﺑﺴﻢ اﷲ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ اﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎرف ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎق واﺳﻊ أن أداء اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ اﻟﺰراﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﻜﺒﺮى ﻓﻰ اﻟﺴﻮدان ( ﻣﺸﺮوع اﻟﺮهﺪ آﻤﺜﺎل ) ﻟﻢ ﻳﺤﻘﻖ اﻷهﺪاف اﻟﻤﺮﺟﻮة ﻣﻦ اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺰراﻋﻴﺔ . ﺣﻴﺚ أن اﻷداء اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﺘﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ آﺎن أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ . وﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﺮآﺰ اﻻه ﺘﻤﺎم اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻇﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع آﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ اﻟﻜﺒﺮى ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻜﻔﺎءة وﺑﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ وذﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ زﻳﺎدة إﺳﻬﺎﻣﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ. واﻟﻬﺪف ﻣﻦ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ هﻮ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ اﻷداء اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﺈدارة ﻣﻴﺎﻩ اﻟﺮى اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻤﺸﺮوع اﻟﺮهﺪ واﻟﺨﻄﻮات اﻟﺘﻰ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﺗﺨﺎذهﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ ذﻟﻚ اﻷداء ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻟﻠﻨﻄﻮر اﻟﺤﺎﺻ ﻞ ﻓﻰ ﻣﺠﺎﻻت اﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ واﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻨﺸﺎﻃﺎت اﻹﻣﺪادات اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ. هﺬا وﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ اﻟﻘﻴﺎم ﺑﻬﺬﻩ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت، اﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت، اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻼت اﻟﻔﺮدﻳﺔ واﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ، اﻵراء اﻟﻤﻮﺛﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻼﺣﻈﺎت اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ. وﻗﺪ أ وﺿﺤﺖ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎت إﻣﺪادات اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ هﻨﺎك ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻣﻘﺒﻮل أو ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ أو ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع وذﻟﻚ ﻟﻸﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ : • اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻔﺼﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ﺗﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺳﻴﺌﺔ وﻣﺘﻌﺠﻠﺔ. • آﺎن هﻨﺎك ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد ﻟﻠﻤﻬﺎم اﻹدارﻳﺔ اﻟﺼﺠﻴﺤﺔ. • هﻨﺎك ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎع اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻰ وأن ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﻳﻌﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ اﻟﺸﻚ ﻓﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺣﻴﺎن . • ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد ﻧﻈﺎم ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﺮاﻗﺒﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع . • إﻧﻌﺪام اﻟﺘﺤﻔﻴﺰ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ آﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت. • اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﺪود ﻟﻸﻣﻮال اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة اﻟﻤﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﺪورﻳﺔ. وﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺸﺎرآﺔ اﻟﻤﺰارﻋﻴﻦ ﻓﻬﻢ اﻟﻤﺰارﻋﻴﻦ اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺘﺎج واﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﻤﻬﺎرات اﻟﻤﺰارﻋﻴﻦ ﻓﻰ إدارة اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻰ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻗﻨﻮات اﻟﺮى، ﻓﺈن هﻨﺎك اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻄﻮر اﻟﻤﻠﺤﻮظ. وﻓﻰ اﻟﺨﺘﺎم، ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻘﻮل ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ هﻨﺎك ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع أى ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻓﻌﺎل أو ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ أو ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺎﻃﺎت اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺈﻣﺪادات اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ. ii Acknowledgement I would like to express my very sincere thanks and appreciation to my supervisor Dr. Amir. B. Saeed for his extremely valuable guidance, continuous help and support and encouragement. I also acknowledge assistance and useful suggestions of Dr. Hassan. I. Mohamed. I am appreciative of the help and assistance offered by officials and staff of the Rahad Agricultural Corporation and Irrigation Department (El Fau) for their warm friend and readiness to help. I express my deep gratitude to my friend and brother Dr. Samson A. Koi Director of research station (El Fau) for the support and encouragement throughout the field work time. I wish to thank my colleagues in the department Mr. Anthony Crane who assisted me much in carrying out my field work, Mr. Lazarous for his invaluable assistance in the analysis of results and my friend Miss Azaharia who has always been supportive and encouraging. Special thanks must go to Dr. Jaafar K. Juma for the assistance, time and care he gave for printing out the materials. iii Dedication To my parents who in my mind define unconditional Love and who continue to guide me through life and have been supportive in every endeavor I have chosen. To my two sons Labi and Jermalili and their Mother whose strength and love and courage have sustained me throughout the course of this study. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page. Abstract--------------------------------------------------------------------- i Arabic Abstract------------------------------------------------------------ ii Acknowledgement--------------------------------------------------------- iii Dedication------------------------------------------------------------------ iv Table of Content----------------------------------------------------------- v List of Tables--------------------------------------------------------------- xi List of Figures-------------------------------------------------------------- xii List of Maps---------------------------------------------------------------- xiii CHAPTER ONE 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background and Justification-------------------------------- 1 1.1.1 Rahad Irrigation Scheme------------------------------------- 2 1.1.1.1 Water Supply--------------------------------------------------- 3 1.1.1.2 Storage Facilities---------------------------------------------- 4 - Roseirs Dam - Meina Pump Station 1.1.1.3 Conveyance and Distribution System----------------------- 5 - The Main Canal - The Major Canal - The Minor Canals - Water courses - Field Channels 1.1.1.4 Division and Control structures of the Scheme----------- 6 - Canal Regulators - Moveable Weir 1.1.1.5 Drainage System---------------------------------------------- 7 1.1.1.6 Farmers--------------------------------------------------------- 8 1.1.1.7 Tenancy size--------------------------------------------------- 8 1.1.1.8 Crop Mix-------------------------------------------------------- 9 1.1.1.9 Crop Rotation-------------------------------------------------- 9 v 1.1.1.10 Water Management of the Rahad Scheme----------------- 9 - The Rahad Irrigation Department - The Rahad Agricultural Corporation 1.2 The Problem---------------------------------------------------- 11 1.3 Objectives of the Study--------------------------------------- 14 1.4 Limitations and Focus----------------------------------------- 14 CHAPTER TWO 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Irrigation Management--------------------------------------- 16 2.1.1 Productivity---------------------------------------------------- 18 2.1.2 Equity----------------------------------------------------------- 18 2.1.3 Sustainability-------------------------------------------------- 18 2.1.4 Quality of life-------------------------------------------------- 19 2.2 Management Structures-------------------------------------- 20 2.2.1 Agency-Managed Irrigation Systems---------------------- 21 2.2.2 Farmer-Managed Irrigation Systems----------------------- 21 2.2.3 Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM)--------------- 23 2.2.4 Irrigation Management Transfer---------------------------- 25 2.3 Modernization of Irrigation Systems----------------------- 27 2.3.1 Improving Irrigation Water Management----------------- 27 2.3.2 The Scope and concept of modernization----------------- 27 2.3.3 Defining Modernization-------------------------------------- 28 2.3.4 Obstacles in the way of modernization -------------------- 29 2.4 Main System Management---------------------------------- 30 2.5 Concept of Performance------------------------------------- 32 2.5.1 Performance Indicators--------------------------------------- 33 2.5.1.1 Adequacy------------------------------------------------------- 33 2.5.1.2 Efficiency------------------------------------------------------ 33 2.5.1.3 Dependability-------------------------------------------------- 34 2.5.1.4 Equity---------------------------------------------------------- 34 2.5.2 Area Indicator------------------------------------------------- 34 vi 2.5.3 Water Delivery Performance-------------------------------- 34 2.5.4 Performance of Irrigation Systems and Agencies-------- 34 2.6 Scheduling of Water Deliveries----------------------------- 37 2.6.1 Concepts-------------------------------------------------------- 37 2.6.2 Location of Decision Making------------------------------- 38 2.6.3 Water-Delivery Schedules----------------------------------- 39 2.6.3.1 Rotation Scheduhng------------------------------------------ 39 2.6.3.2 Central Scheduling-------------------------------------------- 39 2.7 Previous studies in Sudan in Evaluating Performance--- 40 CHAPTER
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